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2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

5. Particularities in Data as Capital

Author : Chunlei Tang

Published in: Data Capital

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Previous research has shown that intangible capital has unusual economic characteristics. This chapter looks at these characteristics to examine distinctive economic scenarios when the data becomes a capital, start from the two particularities (i.e., value and shareability) of the data itself. These include human coordination and enterprise concentration at the future “virtual nations,” inequalities in data capital migration, and commercialization of online data remains. The two data particularities can also help to identify a core set of issues relating to data rights, many of which, mentioned continuously by both academia and industry, have been debated in an ever-growing mountain of scholarly literature. But the perspective of examining “data sovereign” here is unique.

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Footnotes
1
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2
This article is a recommendation for Haskel’s and Westlake’s book. See: Hemphill TA. Capitalism without Capital: The Rise of the Intangible Economy by Jonathan Haskel and Stian Westlake. CATO Journal. Fall 2018. Retrieved from https://​www.​cato.​org/​cato-journal/​fall-2018/​capitalism-without-capital-rise-intangible-economy-jonathan-haskel-stian.
 
3
While this article was published in 2009, there is some evidence that this study began in 2005. See: Corrado, C., Hulten, C., & Sichel, D. Intangible capital and US economic growth. Review of Income and Wealth, 2009;55(3):661-685.
 
4
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12
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This viewpoint is based on a consensus in the data science community. I here quoted the two sources: one is from my doctoral advisor Yangyong Zhu’s a popular science book, and the other comes from Kevin Kelly has made a career in predicting the future of technological advances. See: (1) Zhu Y. Beautiful Data: Understanding Big Data in 100 Minutes. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers; (October 1, 2018), 2018: 184 pages, in Chinese; (2) Ogilvy J. The future according to “Wired” editor Kevin Kelly. Forbes. 2017, March 30. Retrieved from https://​www.​forbes.​com/​sites/​stratfor/​2017/​03/​30/​the-future-according-to-kevin-kelly/​#46b07cbf76bf.
 
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17
See: Tang, C., Plasek, J.M., Zhu, Y. et al. Data sovereigns for the world economy. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 7, 184 (2020). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1057/​s41599-020-00664-y.
 
18
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19
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20
There are two references. See: (1) Weber T (translator). Weber’s rationalism and modern society: New translations on politics, bureaucracy, and social stratification. Palgrave Macmillan; 2015 edition (April 8, 2015), 2015: 245 pages; (2) The entry of “Politics as a Vocation” on Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://​en.​wikipedia.​org/​wiki/​Politics_​as_​a_​Vocation.
 
21
See: Gronewold N. Island nations may keep some sovereignty if rising seas make them uninhabitable. The New York Times. May 2011. Retrieved from https://​archive.​nytimes.​com/​www.​nytimes.​com/​cwire/​2011/​05/​25/​25climatewire-island-nations-may-keep-some-sovereignty-if-63590.​html?​pagewanted=​1.
 
22
See: The world’s most valuable resource is no longer oil, but data. The Economist. May 2017. Retrieved from https://​www.​economist.​com/​news/​leaders/​21721656-data-economy-demands-new-approach-antitrust-rules-worlds-most-valuable-resource.
 
23
See: Taylor, C. R. (1997). A modest proposal: statehood and sovereignty in a global age. U. Pa. J. Int’l Econ. L., 18(3), 745-809.
 
24
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26
There are two references related to 2019 Nobel laureate Olga Tokarczuk, in which one is written by herself. See: (1) Shotter J. Nobel laureate Olga Tokarczuk: Why populist nostalgia will past. Ft. com. February 14, 2020. Retrieved from https://​www.​ft.​com/​content/​36cfd978-4c1a-11ea-95a0-43d18ec715f5; (2) Tokarczuk O. A new world through my window. Newyorker.com. April 8, 2020. Retrieved from https://​www.​newyorker.​com/​books/​page-turner/​a-new-world-through-my-window.
 
27
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28
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29
This is a comment on this book given by Harvard’s Jeffrey Franket. See: Frieden JA. Currency Politics: The Political Economy of Exchange Rate Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; Reprint edition (September 6, 2016). 2016: 320 pages.
 
30
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31
The two references come from the UK and US, respectively. See: (1) Symons T. The nation state goes virtual: whey citizenship need no longer be determined by geography. Newstatesman.com February 1, 2018. Retrieved from https://​tech.​newstatesman.​com/​guest-opinion/​virtual-nation-states; (2) Virtual Nations: An Emerging Supranational Cyber Trend. Mad Scientist Laboratory. July 9, 2018. Retrieved from https://​madsciblog.​tradoc.​army.​mil/​66-virtual-nations-an-emerging-supranational-cyber-trend.
 
32
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34
There exist several references. See: (1) Weber A. Alfred Weber’s Theory of the Location of Industries. London, UK: Forgotten Book (September 16, 2017). 2017; 294 pages; (2) The entry of “Weber problem” on Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://​en.​wikipedia.​org/​wiki/​Weber_​problem.
 
35
There are two language version (in both Chinese and English) reports about The Future of the Automotive Value Chain: 20205 and beyond. See: Helbig N, Sandau J. The Future of the Automotive Value Chain: 20205 and beyond. Newstatesman.com March 2017. Retrieved from (1) https://​www2.​deloitte.​com/​content/​dam/​Deloitte/​us/​Documents/​consumer-business/​us-auto-the-future-of-the-automotive-value-chain.​pdf; (2) https://​www2.​deloitte.​com/​content/​dam/​Deloitte/​cn/​Documents/​consumer-business/​deloitte-cn-consumer-automotive-value-chain-2025plus-zh-180913.​pdf.
 
36
See: The entry of “Data Migration” on Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://​en.​wikipedia.​org/​wiki/​Data_​migration.
 
37
See: Natesw. My dead girlfriend keeps messaging me on Facebook. I’ve got the screenshots. I don’t know what to do. Reddit/nosleep.com. Retrieved from https://​www.​reddit.​com/​r/​nosleep/​comments/​29kd1x/​my_​dead_​girlfriend_​keeps_​messaging_​me_​on_​facebook.
 
38
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39
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40
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Metadata
Title
Particularities in Data as Capital
Author
Chunlei Tang
Copyright Year
2021
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60192-8_5