Skip to main content
Top
Published in:

01-02-2025

PCF-based multi-analyte refractive index sensor for pathogen detection in water

Authors: Mahia Rukhsana Deepti, Md. Aslam Mollah

Published in: Journal of Computational Electronics | Issue 1/2025

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

A photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based multi-analyte refractive index sensor is introduced in this study for the detection of four waterborne pathogens: Vibrio cholerae, Bacillus anthracis, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis. The sensor comprises a tri-core structure with hexagonal rings encased in a silica substrate. Two selective holes are infused with water samples, enabling concurrent detection of two analytes. The sensor integrates liquid-silica mode coupling as its sensing mechanism. The couplings are precisely estimated and numerically evaluated using a finite-element method (FEM)-based simulation tool. The optimization of the sensor’s structural characteristics resulted in wavelength sensitivity of 6386 nm/RIU, 7104 nm/RIU, 8510 nm/RIU, and 3409 nm/RIU for sample pairs of V. cholerae–pure water, V. choleraeV. cholerae, V. choleraeB. anthracis, and E. coliV. cholerae, respectively. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits the highest wavelength resolution of \(\text {1.59} \times \text {10}^{-5}\) RIU and figure of merit of 142 \(\text {RIU}^{-1}\) and is also assessed for detection limit, detection accuracy, and signal-to-noise ratio. Featuring a straightforward design and remarkable sensing capabilities, the proposed sensor is anticipated to be exceptionally effective at detecting waterborne pathogens, with potential to excel in identifying chemicals, biomedical substances, and other diverse analytes.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
2.
go back to reference Wen, X., Chen, F., Lin, Y., Zhu, H., Yuan, F., Kuang, D., Jia, Z., Yuan, Z.: Microbial indicators and their use for monitoring drinking water quality-a review. Sustainability 12(6), 2249 (2020)MATH Wen, X., Chen, F., Lin, Y., Zhu, H., Yuan, F., Kuang, D., Jia, Z., Yuan, Z.: Microbial indicators and their use for monitoring drinking water quality-a review. Sustainability 12(6), 2249 (2020)MATH
3.
go back to reference Edition, F.: Guidelines for drinking-water quality. WHO Chron. 38(4), 104–108 (2011) Edition, F.: Guidelines for drinking-water quality. WHO Chron. 38(4), 104–108 (2011)
5.
go back to reference Shayo, G.M., Elimbinzi, E., Shao, G.N., Fabian, C.: Severity of waterborne diseases in developing countries and the effectiveness of ceramic filters for improving water quality. Bull. National Res. Cent. 47(1), 113 (2023) Shayo, G.M., Elimbinzi, E., Shao, G.N., Fabian, C.: Severity of waterborne diseases in developing countries and the effectiveness of ceramic filters for improving water quality. Bull. National Res. Cent. 47(1), 113 (2023)
7.
go back to reference Beaudeau, P., Valk, H., Vaillant, V., Mannschott, C., Tillier, C., Mouly, D., Ledrans, M.: Lessons learned from ten investigations of waterborne gastroenteritis outbreaks, France, 1998–2006. J. W. Health 6(4), 491–503 (2008) Beaudeau, P., Valk, H., Vaillant, V., Mannschott, C., Tillier, C., Mouly, D., Ledrans, M.: Lessons learned from ten investigations of waterborne gastroenteritis outbreaks, France, 1998–2006. J. W. Health 6(4), 491–503 (2008)
8.
go back to reference Blasi, M.F., Carere, M., Pompa, M.G., Rizzuto, E., Funari, E.: Water-related diseases outbreaks reported in Italy. J. W. Health 6(3), 423–432 (2008) Blasi, M.F., Carere, M., Pompa, M.G., Rizzuto, E., Funari, E.: Water-related diseases outbreaks reported in Italy. J. W. Health 6(3), 423–432 (2008)
9.
go back to reference Craun, M.F., Craun, G.F., Calderon, R.L., Beach, M.J.: Waterborne outbreaks reported in the United States. J. W. Health 4(S2), 19–30 (2006) Craun, M.F., Craun, G.F., Calderon, R.L., Beach, M.J.: Waterborne outbreaks reported in the United States. J. W. Health 4(S2), 19–30 (2006)
10.
go back to reference Achyar, A., Putri, I.L.E., Putri, D.H.: Sensitivity and specificity of molecular-based pathogen detection method in refillable drinking water samples. Nat. Sci: J. Sci. Technol. 11(02), 74–78 (2022)MATH Achyar, A., Putri, I.L.E., Putri, D.H.: Sensitivity and specificity of molecular-based pathogen detection method in refillable drinking water samples. Nat. Sci: J. Sci. Technol. 11(02), 74–78 (2022)MATH
11.
go back to reference Park, J.-H., Cho, Y.-W., Kim, T.-H.: Recent advances in surface plasmon resonance sensors for sensitive optical detection of pathogens. Biosensors 12(3), 180 (2022)MATH Park, J.-H., Cho, Y.-W., Kim, T.-H.: Recent advances in surface plasmon resonance sensors for sensitive optical detection of pathogens. Biosensors 12(3), 180 (2022)MATH
12.
go back to reference Singh, P., Onodera, T., Mizuta, Y., Matsumoto, K., Miura, N., Toko, K.: Dendrimer modified biochip for detection of 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene on SPR immunosensor: Fabrication and advantages. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 137(2), 403–409 (2009) Singh, P., Onodera, T., Mizuta, Y., Matsumoto, K., Miura, N., Toko, K.: Dendrimer modified biochip for detection of 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene on SPR immunosensor: Fabrication and advantages. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 137(2), 403–409 (2009)
13.
go back to reference Ehyaee, A., Mohammadi, M., Seifouri, M., Olyaee, S.: Design and numerical investigation of a dual-core photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor for cancer cells detection. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 138(2), 129 (2023) Ehyaee, A., Mohammadi, M., Seifouri, M., Olyaee, S.: Design and numerical investigation of a dual-core photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor for cancer cells detection. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 138(2), 129 (2023)
14.
go back to reference Yang, T., Zhang, L., Shi, Y., Liu, S., Dong, Y.: A highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber for terahertz spectroscopic chemical sensing. Sensors 21(5), 1799 (2021)MATH Yang, T., Zhang, L., Shi, Y., Liu, S., Dong, Y.: A highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber for terahertz spectroscopic chemical sensing. Sensors 21(5), 1799 (2021)MATH
15.
go back to reference Paul, B.K., Ahmed, K., Vigneswaran, D., Ahmed, F., Roy, S., Abbott, D.: Quasi-photonic crystal fiber-based spectroscopic chemical sensor in the terahertz spectrum: Design and analysis. IEEE Sens. J. 18(24), 9948–9954 (2018) Paul, B.K., Ahmed, K., Vigneswaran, D., Ahmed, F., Roy, S., Abbott, D.: Quasi-photonic crystal fiber-based spectroscopic chemical sensor in the terahertz spectrum: Design and analysis. IEEE Sens. J. 18(24), 9948–9954 (2018)
16.
go back to reference Paul, B.K., Ahmed, K., Dhasarathan, V., Al-Zahrani, F.A., Aktar, M.N., Uddin, M.S., Aly, A.H.: Investigation of gas sensor based on differential optical absorption spectroscopy using photonic crystal fiber. Alex. Eng. J. 59(6), 5045–5052 (2020) Paul, B.K., Ahmed, K., Dhasarathan, V., Al-Zahrani, F.A., Aktar, M.N., Uddin, M.S., Aly, A.H.: Investigation of gas sensor based on differential optical absorption spectroscopy using photonic crystal fiber. Alex. Eng. J. 59(6), 5045–5052 (2020)
17.
go back to reference Kumar, K.V., Ramya, K., Karthikumar, S., Kumar, K.K.: Design of temperature sensor using twisted photonic crystal fiber. Res. Phys. 10, 856–857 (2018)MATH Kumar, K.V., Ramya, K., Karthikumar, S., Kumar, K.K.: Design of temperature sensor using twisted photonic crystal fiber. Res. Phys. 10, 856–857 (2018)MATH
18.
go back to reference Kaur, V., Singh, S.: D-shaped photonic crystal fiber based surface plasmon resonance sensor using dual coating of metal oxide for healthcare applications. In: 2021 IEEE 16th Nanotechnology Materials and Devices Conference (NMDC), pp. 1–4 (2021). IEEE Kaur, V., Singh, S.: D-shaped photonic crystal fiber based surface plasmon resonance sensor using dual coating of metal oxide for healthcare applications. In: 2021 IEEE 16th Nanotechnology Materials and Devices Conference (NMDC), pp. 1–4 (2021). IEEE
19.
go back to reference Mollah, M.A., Yousufali, M., Ankan, I.M., Rahman, M.M., Sarker, H., Chakrabarti, K.: Twin core photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor for early detection of blood cancer. Sens. Bio-Sens. Res. 29, 100344 (2020) Mollah, M.A., Yousufali, M., Ankan, I.M., Rahman, M.M., Sarker, H., Chakrabarti, K.: Twin core photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor for early detection of blood cancer. Sens. Bio-Sens. Res. 29, 100344 (2020)
20.
go back to reference Vijayalakshmi, D., Manimegalai, C., Ayyanar, N., Vigneswaran, D., Kalimuthu, K.: Detection of blood glucose with hemoglobin content using compact photonic crystal fiber. IEEE Transact. NanoBioscience 20(4), 436–443 (2021) Vijayalakshmi, D., Manimegalai, C., Ayyanar, N., Vigneswaran, D., Kalimuthu, K.: Detection of blood glucose with hemoglobin content using compact photonic crystal fiber. IEEE Transact. NanoBioscience 20(4), 436–443 (2021)
21.
go back to reference Singh, S., Prajapati, Y.K.: Novel bottom-side polished PCF-based plasmonic biosensor for early detection of hazardous cancerous cells. IEEE Transact. NanoBioscience 22(3), 647–654 (2023)MATH Singh, S., Prajapati, Y.K.: Novel bottom-side polished PCF-based plasmonic biosensor for early detection of hazardous cancerous cells. IEEE Transact. NanoBioscience 22(3), 647–654 (2023)MATH
22.
go back to reference Singh, S., Chaudhary, B., Upadhyay, A., Taya, S.A.: Bottom side partially etched D-shaped PCF biosensor for early diagnosis of cancer cells. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 138(6), 511 (2023) Singh, S., Chaudhary, B., Upadhyay, A., Taya, S.A.: Bottom side partially etched D-shaped PCF biosensor for early diagnosis of cancer cells. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 138(6), 511 (2023)
23.
go back to reference Almawgani, A.H., Alhamss, D.N., Taya, S.A., Hindi, A.T., Upadhyay, A., Singh, S., Colak, I., Pal, A., Patel, S.K.: Identification of four detrimental chemicals using square-core photonic crystal fiber in the regime of THz. J. Appl. Phys. 133(24), 243103 (2023)MATH Almawgani, A.H., Alhamss, D.N., Taya, S.A., Hindi, A.T., Upadhyay, A., Singh, S., Colak, I., Pal, A., Patel, S.K.: Identification of four detrimental chemicals using square-core photonic crystal fiber in the regime of THz. J. Appl. Phys. 133(24), 243103 (2023)MATH
27.
go back to reference Kaur, V., Singh, S.: A dual-channel surface plasmon resonance biosensor based on a photonic crystal fiber for multianalyte sensing. J. Comput. Electron. 18, 319–328 (2019)MATH Kaur, V., Singh, S.: A dual-channel surface plasmon resonance biosensor based on a photonic crystal fiber for multianalyte sensing. J. Comput. Electron. 18, 319–328 (2019)MATH
28.
go back to reference Yasli, A., Ademgil, H.: Multianalyte sensing analysis with multilayer photonic crystal fiber-based surface plasmon resonance sensor. Mod. Phys. Lett. B 34(33), 2050375 (2020) Yasli, A., Ademgil, H.: Multianalyte sensing analysis with multilayer photonic crystal fiber-based surface plasmon resonance sensor. Mod. Phys. Lett. B 34(33), 2050375 (2020)
29.
go back to reference Zhang, Y., Zhou, C., Xia, L., Yu, X., Liu, D.: Wagon wheel fiber based multichannel plasmonic sensor. Opt. Express 19(23), 22863–22873 (2011) Zhang, Y., Zhou, C., Xia, L., Yu, X., Liu, D.: Wagon wheel fiber based multichannel plasmonic sensor. Opt. Express 19(23), 22863–22873 (2011)
30.
go back to reference Kamrunnahar, Q., Haider, F., Aoni, R.A., Mou, J.R., Shifa, S., Begum, F., Abdul-Rashid, H.A., Ahmed, R.: Plasmonic micro-channel assisted photonic crystal fiber based highly sensitive sensor for multi-analyte detection. Nanomaterials 12(9), 1444 (2022) Kamrunnahar, Q., Haider, F., Aoni, R.A., Mou, J.R., Shifa, S., Begum, F., Abdul-Rashid, H.A., Ahmed, R.: Plasmonic micro-channel assisted photonic crystal fiber based highly sensitive sensor for multi-analyte detection. Nanomaterials 12(9), 1444 (2022)
32.
go back to reference Yasar, S., Faisal, M.: Highly sensitive dual core photonic crystal fiber-based LSPR sensor with simultaneous multi-analyte detection of a wide refractive index range. Opt. Contin. 2(11), 2316–2332 (2023)MATH Yasar, S., Faisal, M.: Highly sensitive dual core photonic crystal fiber-based LSPR sensor with simultaneous multi-analyte detection of a wide refractive index range. Opt. Contin. 2(11), 2316–2332 (2023)MATH
33.
go back to reference Kerimani, P., Gudagunti, F.D., Sharan, P., Talabuttula, S.: Photonic crystal based nano scaled sensor for the detection of agents causing typhoid in water. In: 2015 International Conference on Communications and Signal Processing (ICCSP), pp. 1171–1175 (2015). IEEE Kerimani, P., Gudagunti, F.D., Sharan, P., Talabuttula, S.: Photonic crystal based nano scaled sensor for the detection of agents causing typhoid in water. In: 2015 International Conference on Communications and Signal Processing (ICCSP), pp. 1171–1175 (2015). IEEE
34.
go back to reference Dandapat, K., Tripathi, S.M., Chinifooroshan, Y., Bock, W.J., Mikulic, P.: Compact and cost-effective temperature-insensitive bio-sensor based on long-period fiber gratings for accurate detection of E. coli bacteria in water. Opt. Lett. 41(18), 4198–4201 (2016) Dandapat, K., Tripathi, S.M., Chinifooroshan, Y., Bock, W.J., Mikulic, P.: Compact and cost-effective temperature-insensitive bio-sensor based on long-period fiber gratings for accurate detection of E. coli bacteria in water. Opt. Lett. 41(18), 4198–4201 (2016)
35.
go back to reference Sharma, V., Kalyani, V.L.: Designing four channel nano cavities coupled photonic crystal based bio-sensor for detection in water bactria. In: 2017 International Conference on Computing and Communication Technologies for Smart Nation (IC3TSN), pp. 84–88 (2017). IEEE Sharma, V., Kalyani, V.L.: Designing four channel nano cavities coupled photonic crystal based bio-sensor for detection in water bactria. In: 2017 International Conference on Computing and Communication Technologies for Smart Nation (IC3TSN), pp. 84–88 (2017). IEEE
36.
go back to reference Jahan, N., Rahman, M.M., Ahsan, M., Based, M.A., Rana, M.M., Gurusamy, S., Haider, J.: Photonic crystal fiber based biosensor for pseudomonas bacteria detection: a simulation study. IEEE Access 9, 42206–42215 (2021) Jahan, N., Rahman, M.M., Ahsan, M., Based, M.A., Rana, M.M., Gurusamy, S., Haider, J.: Photonic crystal fiber based biosensor for pseudomonas bacteria detection: a simulation study. IEEE Access 9, 42206–42215 (2021)
37.
go back to reference Haque, E., Al Noman, A., Ahmed, F.: Numerical investigation of photonic crystal fiber-based biosensor for pathogens detection in water. IEEE Access 10, 88885–88893 (2022) Haque, E., Al Noman, A., Ahmed, F.: Numerical investigation of photonic crystal fiber-based biosensor for pathogens detection in water. IEEE Access 10, 88885–88893 (2022)
38.
go back to reference Abbas, F.F., Ahmed, S.S.: Photonic crystal fiber pollution sensor based on surface plasmon resonance. Iraqi J. Sci. pp. 658–667 (2023) Abbas, F.F., Ahmed, S.S.: Photonic crystal fiber pollution sensor based on surface plasmon resonance. Iraqi J. Sci. pp. 658–667 (2023)
39.
go back to reference Abbas, F.F., Ahmed, S.S.: Photonic crystal fiber pollution sensor based on the surface plasmon resonance technology. Baghdad Sci. J. 20(2), 0452–0452 (2023)MATH Abbas, F.F., Ahmed, S.S.: Photonic crystal fiber pollution sensor based on the surface plasmon resonance technology. Baghdad Sci. J. 20(2), 0452–0452 (2023)MATH
40.
go back to reference Barua, U., Barua, D., Faisal, M.M.A.: Carcinogenic element detection in water using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based photonic crystal fiber. In: 2023 IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications and Photonics (ICTP), pp. 1–5 (2023). IEEE Barua, U., Barua, D., Faisal, M.M.A.: Carcinogenic element detection in water using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based photonic crystal fiber. In: 2023 IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications and Photonics (ICTP), pp. 1–5 (2023). IEEE
41.
go back to reference Alhamss, D.N., Taya, S.A., Almawgani, A.H., Hindi, A.T., Upadhyay, A., Singh, S., Colak, I., Pal, A., Patel, S.K.: Numerical analysis of a photonic crystal fiber-based biosensor for the detection of Vibrio cholera and Escherichia coli bacteria in the THz regime. physica status solidi (a) 221(2), 2300622 (2024) Alhamss, D.N., Taya, S.A., Almawgani, A.H., Hindi, A.T., Upadhyay, A., Singh, S., Colak, I., Pal, A., Patel, S.K.: Numerical analysis of a photonic crystal fiber-based biosensor for the detection of Vibrio cholera and Escherichia coli bacteria in the THz regime. physica status solidi (a) 221(2), 2300622 (2024)
42.
go back to reference Du, Z., Liu, H.: Elliptical photonic crystal fiber sensor for multi-function detection based on surface plasmon resonance. Ind. J. Phys. 98(1), 349–356 (2024)MATH Du, Z., Liu, H.: Elliptical photonic crystal fiber sensor for multi-function detection based on surface plasmon resonance. Ind. J. Phys. 98(1), 349–356 (2024)MATH
43.
go back to reference Jahan, M.R., Islam, M.S., Alharbi, M., Zouch, W., Mollah, M.A.: Design and characterization of highly sensitive plasmonic sensor for pathogens detection in water. Opt. Quantum Electron. 56(5), 781 (2024) Jahan, M.R., Islam, M.S., Alharbi, M., Zouch, W., Mollah, M.A.: Design and characterization of highly sensitive plasmonic sensor for pathogens detection in water. Opt. Quantum Electron. 56(5), 781 (2024)
44.
go back to reference Trisha, I.J., Patwary, A.K., Sayem, M.A., Rahman, A., Hossain, M.R., Mollah, M.A.: Numerical analysis of a single channel exposed core elliptical shaped PCF based highly sensitive SPR sensor for wide RI sensing. Opt. Express 32(14), 25472–25487 (2024) Trisha, I.J., Patwary, A.K., Sayem, M.A., Rahman, A., Hossain, M.R., Mollah, M.A.: Numerical analysis of a single channel exposed core elliptical shaped PCF based highly sensitive SPR sensor for wide RI sensing. Opt. Express 32(14), 25472–25487 (2024)
45.
go back to reference Ayyanar, N., Raja, G.T., Sharma, M., Kumar, D.S.: Photonic crystal fiber-based refractive index sensor for early detection of cancer. IEEE Sens. J. 18(17), 7093–7099 (2018)MATH Ayyanar, N., Raja, G.T., Sharma, M., Kumar, D.S.: Photonic crystal fiber-based refractive index sensor for early detection of cancer. IEEE Sens. J. 18(17), 7093–7099 (2018)MATH
46.
go back to reference Vigneswaran, D., Ayyanar, N., Sharma, M., Sumathi, M., Rajan, M., Porsezian, K.: Salinity sensor using photonic crystal fiber. Sens. Actuators A: Phys. 269, 22–28 (2018) Vigneswaran, D., Ayyanar, N., Sharma, M., Sumathi, M., Rajan, M., Porsezian, K.: Salinity sensor using photonic crystal fiber. Sens. Actuators A: Phys. 269, 22–28 (2018)
47.
go back to reference Liu, C., Wang, J., Wang, F., Su, W., Yang, L., Lv, J., Fu, G., Li, X., Liu, Q., Sun, T.: Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) infrared sensor based on d-shape photonic crystal fibers with ITO coatings. Opt. Commun. 464, 125496 (2020)MATH Liu, C., Wang, J., Wang, F., Su, W., Yang, L., Lv, J., Fu, G., Li, X., Liu, Q., Sun, T.: Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) infrared sensor based on d-shape photonic crystal fibers with ITO coatings. Opt. Commun. 464, 125496 (2020)MATH
48.
go back to reference Guiyao, Z., Zhiyun, H., Shuguang, L., Lantian, H.: Fabrication of glass photonic crystal fibers with a die-cast process. Appl. Opt. 45(18), 4433–4436 (2006)MATH Guiyao, Z., Zhiyun, H., Shuguang, L., Lantian, H.: Fabrication of glass photonic crystal fibers with a die-cast process. Appl. Opt. 45(18), 4433–4436 (2006)MATH
49.
go back to reference Pysz, D., Kujawa, I., Stępień, R., Klimczak, M., Filipkowski, A., Franczyk, M., Kociszewski, L., Buźniak, J., Haraśny, K., Buczyński, R.: Stack and draw fabrication of soft glass microstructured fiber optics. Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci. 62(4), 667–682 (2014) Pysz, D., Kujawa, I., Stępień, R., Klimczak, M., Filipkowski, A., Franczyk, M., Kociszewski, L., Buźniak, J., Haraśny, K., Buczyński, R.: Stack and draw fabrication of soft glass microstructured fiber optics. Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci. 62(4), 667–682 (2014)
50.
go back to reference Amouzad Mahdiraji, G., Chow, D.M., Sandoghchi, S., Amirkhan, F., Dermosesian, E., Yeo, K.S., Kakaei, Z., Ghomeishi, M., Poh, S.Y., Yu Gang, S.: Challenges and solutions in fabrication of silica-based photonic crystal fibers: an experimental study. Fiber Integr. Opt. 33(1–2), 85–104 (2014) Amouzad Mahdiraji, G., Chow, D.M., Sandoghchi, S., Amirkhan, F., Dermosesian, E., Yeo, K.S., Kakaei, Z., Ghomeishi, M., Poh, S.Y., Yu Gang, S.: Challenges and solutions in fabrication of silica-based photonic crystal fibers: an experimental study. Fiber Integr. Opt. 33(1–2), 85–104 (2014)
51.
go back to reference Kieu, K., Schneebeli, L., Norwood, R., Peyghambarian, N.: Integrated liquid-core optical fibers for ultra-efficient nonlinear liquid photonics. Opt. Express 20(7), 8148–8154 (2012) Kieu, K., Schneebeli, L., Norwood, R., Peyghambarian, N.: Integrated liquid-core optical fibers for ultra-efficient nonlinear liquid photonics. Opt. Express 20(7), 8148–8154 (2012)
52.
go back to reference Kumar, A., Chhabra, K., Sethi, L.: Injected micro structured fabricated optical fibers with a standard fusion splicer. Int. J. Res. 1(10) (2014) Kumar, A., Chhabra, K., Sethi, L.: Injected micro structured fabricated optical fibers with a standard fusion splicer. Int. J. Res. 1(10) (2014)
53.
go back to reference Zhang, M., Lai, Y., Yuan, W., Seah, Y.P., Shum, P.: Femtosecond laser assisted selective infiltration of dual-core photonic crystal fiber. In: 2013 6th IEEE/International Conference on Advanced Infocomm Technology (ICAIT), pp. 169–170 (2013). IEEE Zhang, M., Lai, Y., Yuan, W., Seah, Y.P., Shum, P.: Femtosecond laser assisted selective infiltration of dual-core photonic crystal fiber. In: 2013 6th IEEE/International Conference on Advanced Infocomm Technology (ICAIT), pp. 169–170 (2013). IEEE
54.
go back to reference Vieweg, M., Gissibl, T., Pricking, S., Kuhlmey, B., Wu, D., Eggleton, B., Giessen, H.: Ultrafast nonlinear optofluidics in selectively liquid-filled photonic crystal fibers. Opt. Express 18(24), 25232–25240 (2010) Vieweg, M., Gissibl, T., Pricking, S., Kuhlmey, B., Wu, D., Eggleton, B., Giessen, H.: Ultrafast nonlinear optofluidics in selectively liquid-filled photonic crystal fibers. Opt. Express 18(24), 25232–25240 (2010)
55.
go back to reference Rusyakina, O., Baghdasaryan, T., Mergo, P., Poturaj, K., Thienpont, H., Berghmans, F., Geernaert, T.: Selective liquid filling of photonic crystal fibers using two-photon polymerization lithography without post-exposure development. In: Micro-Structured and Specialty Optical Fibres VI, vol. 11355, pp. 120–128 (2020). SPIE Rusyakina, O., Baghdasaryan, T., Mergo, P., Poturaj, K., Thienpont, H., Berghmans, F., Geernaert, T.: Selective liquid filling of photonic crystal fibers using two-photon polymerization lithography without post-exposure development. In: Micro-Structured and Specialty Optical Fibres VI, vol. 11355, pp. 120–128 (2020). SPIE
56.
go back to reference Wang, F., Yuan, W., Hansen, O., Bang, O.: Selective filling of photonic crystal fibers using focused ion beam milled microchannels. Opt. Express 19(18), 17585–17590 (2011) Wang, F., Yuan, W., Hansen, O., Bang, O.: Selective filling of photonic crystal fibers using focused ion beam milled microchannels. Opt. Express 19(18), 17585–17590 (2011)
57.
go back to reference Kulkarni, S., Khan, N., Sharan, P., Ranjith, B.: Bacterial analysis of drinking water using photonic crystal based optical sensor. In: 2020 7th International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), pp. 186–191 (2020). IEEE Kulkarni, S., Khan, N., Sharan, P., Ranjith, B.: Bacterial analysis of drinking water using photonic crystal based optical sensor. In: 2020 7th International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), pp. 186–191 (2020). IEEE
58.
go back to reference Bulbul, A.A.-M., Rahaman, H., Podder, E.: Design and quantitative analysis of low loss and extremely sensitive PCF-based biosensor for cancerous cell detection. Opt. Quantum Electr. 54(2), 123 (2022)MATH Bulbul, A.A.-M., Rahaman, H., Podder, E.: Design and quantitative analysis of low loss and extremely sensitive PCF-based biosensor for cancerous cell detection. Opt. Quantum Electr. 54(2), 123 (2022)MATH
59.
go back to reference Zhou, C.: Theoretical analysis of double-microfluidic-channels photonic crystal fiber sensor based on silver nanowires. Opt. Commun. 288, 42–46 (2013)MATH Zhou, C.: Theoretical analysis of double-microfluidic-channels photonic crystal fiber sensor based on silver nanowires. Opt. Commun. 288, 42–46 (2013)MATH
60.
go back to reference Wang, J., Liu, C., Wang, F., Su, W., Yang, L., Lv, J., Fu, G., Li, X., Liu, Q., Sun, T.: Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on coupling effects of dual photonic crystal fibers for low refractive indexes detection. Res. Phys. 18, 103240 (2020)MATH Wang, J., Liu, C., Wang, F., Su, W., Yang, L., Lv, J., Fu, G., Li, X., Liu, Q., Sun, T.: Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on coupling effects of dual photonic crystal fibers for low refractive indexes detection. Res. Phys. 18, 103240 (2020)MATH
61.
go back to reference Fang, H., Wei, C., Wang, D., Yuan, L., Jiao, S., Bao, Z., Yang, H.: Research on photonic crystal fiber based on a surface plasmon resonance sensor with segmented silver-titanium dioxide film. JOSA B 37(3), 736–744 (2020) Fang, H., Wei, C., Wang, D., Yuan, L., Jiao, S., Bao, Z., Yang, H.: Research on photonic crystal fiber based on a surface plasmon resonance sensor with segmented silver-titanium dioxide film. JOSA B 37(3), 736–744 (2020)
62.
go back to reference Mollah, M.A., Sarker, H., Ahsan, M., Elahi, M.T., Based, M.A., Haider, J., Palani, S.: Designing highly sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with dual analyte channels. IEEE Access 9, 139293–139302 (2021)MATH Mollah, M.A., Sarker, H., Ahsan, M., Elahi, M.T., Based, M.A., Haider, J., Palani, S.: Designing highly sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with dual analyte channels. IEEE Access 9, 139293–139302 (2021)MATH
Metadata
Title
PCF-based multi-analyte refractive index sensor for pathogen detection in water
Authors
Mahia Rukhsana Deepti
Md. Aslam Mollah
Publication date
01-02-2025
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Computational Electronics / Issue 1/2025
Print ISSN: 1569-8025
Electronic ISSN: 1572-8137
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-024-02239-5