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Published in: Political Behavior 1/2019

06-02-2018 | Original Paper

Phenotypic Preference in Mexican Migrants: Evidence from a Random Household Survey

Authors: Rosario Aguilar, D. Alex Hughes, Micah Gell-Redman

Published in: Political Behavior | Issue 1/2019

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Abstract

Does pre-existing preference based on skin tone, facial features, and other observable characteristics, i.e., phenotypic preference, affect immigrant voters’ support for political candidates competing in their countries of origin? Do these preferences change as migrants’ tenure in their host society increases? These questions are important for ethnic and racial politics in general, and particularly for the sizable foreign-born population in the United States, which includes 11 million Mexicans. Using a unique, random sample of foreign-born Mexicans in San Diego County, we employ a voting experiment to test the impact of skin tone and phenotype on vote choice among first generation immigrants. Our design allows us to distinguish responses to different phenotypic cues by exposing respondents to European, mestizo, and indigenous looking candidates competing in a hypothetical Mexican election. Migrants showed higher support for the Indigenous candidate, and evaluated the European and Mestizo candidates as more ideologically conservative. As migrants’ time in the United States increases, the preference for indigenous features gives way to a preference for whiteness, which we interpret as evidence of first generation migrants adopting the dominant racial ideology of the United States. While ethnic distinctions have long been viewed as a key component of voting behavior, our research demonstrates that, even within a single ethnicity, racial differences may have profound impacts on the evaluation of and support for electoral candidates. This study contributes to the research on race and political behavior in comparative perspective, as well as the political consequences of migration.

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Appendix
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Footnotes
1
For a general approach to the use of physical features in forming opinions about others, see Ashmore and del Boca (1981), Fiske and Taylor (1984); for specific applications to evaluations of political candidates, see Terkildsen (1993), Maddox (2004), Kam (2007), McConnaughy et al. (2010), Weaver (2012), Aguilar (2015).
 
2
In what follows, we drop the term “looking” from our descriptions of candidate appearance.
 
3
A detailed description of the methodology used to build the sampling frame for this study is provided in Marcelli (2014).
 
4
To our knowledge, no research to date has examined the relationship between party labels and candidates’ phenotypic appearance in Mexico. We chose to present independent candidates in order to avoid contaminating the treatment with additional, potentially conflicting signals about party identification.
 
5
Nayarit is one of the smallest Mexican states by population, and thus has contributed only a small share to overall Mexico-U.S. migration. While we did not capture respondents’ state of origin, it is likely that almost none were natives of Nayarit.
 
7
Participants were informed, at the time of recruitment, that they could choose not to answer any survey item.
 
8
The differences between these two conditions and the control group are also significant in a regression including the same controls that appear in Table 1 (results not shown).
 
9
More than 60% of this sample had lived in the U.S. more than 20 years.
 
10
Age, Sex and Education were all set to their median values.
 
11
In regression results, not shown but included in the online data and analysis file, we also show that subjects in the control condition (those who saw no candidate image) demonstrated no statistically significant relationship between time in the U.S. and preference for the target candidate. This further reinforces our contention that the findings in support of our Hypothesis 3 are driven by subjects’ reactions to the experimental cue, and not by differences in the political views of more recent and more experienced migrants in our sample.
 
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Metadata
Title
Phenotypic Preference in Mexican Migrants: Evidence from a Random Household Survey
Authors
Rosario Aguilar
D. Alex Hughes
Micah Gell-Redman
Publication date
06-02-2018
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Political Behavior / Issue 1/2019
Print ISSN: 0190-9320
Electronic ISSN: 1573-6687
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-018-9445-9

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