Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Cover of the book

2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

1. Photon-Responsive Nanomaterials for Solar Cells

Authors : Vincent Tiing Tiong, Hongxia Wang

Published in: Responsive Nanomaterials for Sustainable Applications

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The global issue of the utmost exhaustion of fossil fuels on earth has driven research towards the development of alternative energy resources to meet the increasing demand for energy required in modern society. Among the different types of renewable sources, solar energy is the largest energy source which is unlimited and clean. Currently solar cells or photovoltaic (PV) technologies that generate electricity by harnessing sunlight is one of the fastest growing power generation sources in the energy sector. In this chapter we review the application of nanomaterials in some types of solar cells including dye-sensitized solar cells, quantum dots solar cells and perovskite solar cells. Semiconductor materials such as TiO2, ZnOx, SnOx, NiOx etc have been widely used as electron or hole transport materials in these type of solar cells. The morphology, shape, size, crystal structure of particles of these materials can significantly influence the device performance. The outlook of the future research direction is provided at the end of the review.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
next chapter Microwave-Responsive Nanomaterials for Catalysis
Literature
1.
A.B. Michael Schmela, N. Chevillard, M.G. Paredes, M. Heisz, R. Rossi, M. Schmela, SolarPower Europe, China Photovoltaic Industry Association (CPIA), Dan Whitten & Justin Baca, US Solar Industries Association (SEIA), Japan Photovoltaic Energy Association (JPEA), Faruk Telemcioglu, Günder Turkish Solar Energy Society (GÜNDER), Steve Blume, Smart Energy Council; Rodrigo Lopes Sauaia & Stephanie betz, Brazilian Photovoltaic Solar Energy Association (AbSOLAR), Global Market Outlook 2018–2022, p. 81 (2018)
2.
M.A. Green, E.D. Dunlop, D.H. Levi, J. Hohl-Ebinger, M. Yoshita, A.W.Y. Ho-Baillie, Solar cell efficiency tables (version 54). Prog. Photovolt. 27, 565–575 (2019)CrossRef
3.
A.J. Nozik, M.C. Beard, J.M. Luther, M. Law, R.J. Ellingson, J.C. Johnson, Semiconductor quantum dots and quantum dot arrays and applications of multiple exciton generation to third-generation photovoltaic solar cells. Chem. Rev. 110, 6873–6890 (2010)CrossRef
4.
H. Gerischer, M.E. Michel-Beyerle, F. Rebentrost, H. Tributsch, Sensitization of charge injection into semiconductors with large band gap. Electrochim. Acta 13, 1509–1515 (1968)CrossRef
5.
B. O’Regan, M. Grätzel, A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films. Nature 353, 737–740 (1991)CrossRef
6.
K. Kakiage, Y. Aoyama, T. Yano, K. Oya, J.-I. Fujisawa, M. Hanaya, Highly-efficient dye-sensitized solar cells with collaborative sensitization by silyl-anchor and carboxy-anchor dyes. Chem. Commun. 51, 15894–15897 (2015)CrossRef
7.
J. Wu, Z. Lan, J. Lin, M. Huang, Y. Huang, L. Fan, G. Luo, Y. Lin, Y. Xie, Y. Wei, Counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem. Soc. Rev. 46, 5975–6023 (2017)CrossRef
8.
A. Hagfeldt, M. Graetzel, Light-induced redox reactions in nanocrystalline systems. Chem. Rev. 95, 49–68 (1995)CrossRef
9.
M.-E. Ragoussi, T. Torres, New generation solar cells: concepts, trends and perspectives. Chem. Commun. 51, 3957–3972 (2015)CrossRef
10.
A. Hagfeldt, G. Boschloo, L. Sun, L. Kloo, H. Pettersson, Dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem. Rev. 110, 6595–6663 (2010)CrossRef
11.
M.-E. Yeoh, K.-Y. Chan, Recent advances in photo-anode for dye-sensitized solar cells: a review. Int. J. Energy Res. 41, 2446–2467 (2017)CrossRef
12.
D. Sengupta, P. Das, B. Mondal, K. Mukherjee, Effects of doping, morphology and film-thickness of photo-anode materials for dye sensitized solar cell application—a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 60, 356–376 (2016)CrossRef
13.
C.-J. Lin, W.-Y. Yu, S.-H. Chien, Transparent electrodes of ordered opened-end TiO2-nanotube arrays for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. 20, 1073–1077 (2010)CrossRef
14.
M. Lv, D. Zheng, M. Ye, J. Xiao, W. Guo, Y. Lai, L. Sun, C. Lin, J. Zuo, Optimized porous rutile TiO2 nanorod arrays for enhancing the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 1615–1622 (2013)CrossRef
15.
W.-Q. Wu, Y.-F. Xu, C.-Y. Su, D.-B. Kuang, Ultra-long anatase TiO2 nanowire arrays with multi-layered configuration on FTO glass for high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 644–649 (2014)CrossRef
16.
D. Hwang, H. Lee, S.-Y. Jang, S.M. Jo, D. Kim, Y. Seo, D.Y. Kim, Electrospray preparation of hierarchically-structured mesoporous TiO2 spheres for use in highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 3, 2719–2725 (2011)CrossRef
17.
F. Sauvage, D. Chen, P. Comte, F. Huang, L.-P. Heiniger, Y.-B. Cheng, R.A. Caruso, M. Graetzel, Dye-sensitized solar cells employing a single film of mesoporous TiO2 beads achieve power conversion efficiencies over 10%. ACS Nano 4, 4420–4425 (2010)CrossRef
18.
S.H. Hwang, J. Yun, J. Jang, Multi-shell porous TiO2 hollow nanoparticles for enhanced light harvesting in dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv. Func. Mater. 24, 7619–7626 (2014)CrossRef
19.
M. Saito, S. Fujihara, Large photocurrent generation in dye-sensitized ZnO solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 1, 280–283 (2008)CrossRef
20.
N. Memarian, I. Concina, A. Braga, S.M. Rozati, A. Vomiero, G. Sberveglieri, Hierarchically assembled ZnO nanocrystallites for high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 123, 12529–12533 (2011)CrossRef
21.
S. Ameen, M.S. Akhtar, Y.S. Kim, O.B. Yang, H.-S. Shin, Influence of seed layer treatment on low temperature grown ZnO nanotubes: performances in dye sensitized solar cells. Electrochim. Acta 56, 1111–1116 (2011)CrossRef
22.
A. Rang Arao, V. Dutta, Achievement of 4.7% conversion efficiency in ZnO dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated by spray deposition using hydrothermally synthesized nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 19, 445712 (2008)CrossRef
23.
C. Xu, J. Wu, U.V. Desai, D. Gao, Multilayer assembly of nanowire arrays for dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 8122–8125 (2011)CrossRef
24.
Z. Dong, X. Lai, J.E. Halpert, N. Yang, L. Yi, J. Zhai, D. Wang, Z. Tang, L. Jiang, Accurate control of multishelled ZnO hollow microspheres for dye-sensitized solar cells with high efficiency. Adv. Mater. 24, 1046–1049 (2012)CrossRef
25.
C.-Y. Lin, Y.-H. Lai, H.-W. Chen, J.-G. Chen, C.-W. Kung, R. Vittal, K.-C. Ho, Highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cell with a ZnO nanosheet-based photoanode. Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 3448–3455 (2011)CrossRef
26.
X. Liu, J. Fang, Y. Liu, T.J.F.O.M.S. Lin, Progress in nanostructured photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Front. Mater. Sci. 10, 225–237 (2016)CrossRef
27.
J. Zhang, P. Zhou, J. Liu, J. Yu, New understanding of the difference of photocatalytic activity among anatase, rutile and brookite TiO2. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 20382–20386 (2014)CrossRef
28.
N.G. Park, J. van de Lagemaat, A.J. Frank, Comparison of dye-sensitized rutile- and anatase-based TiO2 solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 8989–8994 (2000)CrossRef
29.
D.V. Bavykin, J.M. Friedrich, F.C. Walsh, Protonated titanates and TiO2 nanostructured materials: synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv. Mater. 18, 2807–2824 (2006)CrossRef
30.
K. Park, Q. Zhang, D. Myers, G. Cao, Charge transport properties in TiO2 network with different particle sizes for dye sensitized solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 1044–1052 (2013)CrossRef
31.
P. Tahay, M. Babapour Gol Afshani, A. Alavi, Z. Parsa, N. Safari, Interrelationship between TiO2 nanoparticle size and kind/size of dyes in the mechanism and conversion efficiency of dye sensitized solar cells. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19, 11187–11196 (2017)CrossRef
32.
W. Yang, J. Li, Y. Wang, F. Zhu, W. Shi, F. Wan, D. Xu, A facile synthesis of anatase TiO2 nanosheets-based hierarchical spheres with over 90% 001 facets for dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem. Commun. 47, 1809–1811 (2011)CrossRef
33.
X. Wu, Z. Chen, G.Q. Lu, L. Wang, Nanosized anatase TiO2 single crystals with tunable exposed (001) facets for enhanced energy conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv. Func. Mater. 21, 4167–4172 (2011)CrossRef
34.
D.K. Roh, W.S. Chi, H. Jeon, S.J. Kim, J.H. Kim, High efficiency solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells assembled with hierarchical anatase pine tree-like TiO2 nanotubes. Adv. Func. Mater. 24, 379–386 (2014)CrossRef
35.
L.-L. Li, C.-Y. Tsai, H.-P. Wu, C.-C. Chen, E.W.-G. Diau, Fabrication of long TiO2 nanotube arrays in a short time using a hybrid anodic method for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. 20, 2753–2758 (2010)CrossRef
36.
S. Ito, N.-L.C. Ha, G. Rothenberger, P. Liska, P. Comte, S.M. Zakeeruddin, P. Péchy, M.K. Nazeeruddin, M. Grätzel, High-efficiency (7.2%) flexible dye-sensitized solar cells with Ti-metal substrate for nanocrystalline-TiO2 photoanode. Chem. Commun. 38, 4004–4006 (2006)CrossRef
37.
J. Zhang, Q. Li, S. Li, Y. Wang, C. Ye, P. Ruterana, H. Wang, An efficient photoanode consisting of TiO2 nanoparticle-filled TiO2 nanotube arrays for dye sensitized solar cells. J. Power Sources 268, 941–949 (2014)CrossRef
38.
A.I. Hochbaum, P. Yang, Semiconductor nanowires for energy conversion. Chem. Rev. 110, 527–546 (2010)CrossRef
39.
H.-Y. Chen, T.-L. Zhang, J. Fan, D.-B. Kuang, C.-Y. Su, Electrospun hierarchical TiO2 nanorods with high porosity for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 9205–9211 (2013)CrossRef
40.
K. Fan, J. Yu, W. Ho, Improving photoanodes to obtain highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells: a brief review. Mater. Horiz. 4, 319–344 (2017)CrossRef
41.
Y.-C. Park, Y.-J. Chang, B.-G. Kum, E.-H. Kong, J.Y. Son, Y.S. Kwon, T. Park, H.M. Jang, Size-tunable mesoporous spherical TiO2 as a scattering overlayer in high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 9582–9586 (2011)CrossRef
42.
S. Mathew, A. Yella, P. Gao, R. Humphry-Baker, B.F.E. Curchod, N. Ashari-Astani, I. Tavernelli, U. Rothlisberger, M.K. Nazeeruddin, M. Grätzel, Dye-sensitized solar cells with 13% efficiency achieved through the molecular engineering of porphyrin sensitizers. Nat. Chem. 6, 242 (2014)CrossRef
43.
J. Yu, Q. Li, Z. Shu, Dye-sensitized solar cells based on double-layered TiO2 composite films and enhanced photovoltaic performance. Electrochim. Acta 56, 6293–6298 (2011)CrossRef
44.
K. Nakayama, T. Kubo, Y. Nishikitani, Electrophoretically deposited TiO2 nanotube light-scattering layers of dye-sensitized solar cells. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 47, 6610–6614 (2008)CrossRef
45.
G. Wang, W. Xiao, J. Yu, High-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells based on electrospun TiO2 multi-layered composite film photoanodes. Energy 86, 196–203 (2015)CrossRef
46.
L. Yang, W.W.-F. Leung, Application of a bilayer TiO2 nanofiber photoanode for optimization of dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv. Mater. 23, 4559–4562 (2011)CrossRef
47.
A.M. Bakhshayesh, M.R. Mohammadi, D.J. Fray, Controlling electron transport rate and recombination process of TiO2 dye-sensitized solar cells by design of double-layer films with different arrangement modes. Electrochim. Acta 78, 384–391 (2012)CrossRef
48.
W.-Q. Wu, Y.-F. Xu, H.-S. Rao, C.-Y. Su, D.-B. Kuang, Multistack Integration of three-dimensional hyperbranched anatase titania architectures for high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 6437–6445 (2014)CrossRef
49.
W. Song, Y. Gong, J. Tian, G. Cao, H. Zhao, C. Sun, Novel photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells with enhanced light-harvesting and electron-collection efficiency. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 13418–13425 (2016)CrossRef
50.
Z. Dong, H. Ren, C.M. Hessel, J. Wang, R. Yu, Q. Jin, M. Yang, Z. Hu, Y. Chen, Z. Tang, H. Zhao, D. Wang, Quintuple-shelled SnO2 hollow microspheres with superior light scattering for high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv. Mater. 26, 905–909 (2014)CrossRef
51.
J.M. Miranda-Muñoz, S. Carretero-Palacios, A. Jiménez-Solano, Y. Li, G. Lozano, H. Míguez, Efficient bifacial dye-sensitized solar cells through disorder by design. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 1953–1961 (2016)CrossRef
52.
B. Tan, Y. Wu, Dye-sensitized solar cells based on anatase TiO2 nanoparticle/nanowire composites. J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 15932–15938 (2006)CrossRef
53.
W. Wang, H. Zhang, R. Wang, M. Feng, Y. Chen, Design of a TiO2 nanosheet/nanoparticle gradient film photoanode and its improved performance for dye-sensitized solar cells. Nanoscale 6, 2390–2396 (2014)CrossRef
54.
Q. Zhang, D. Myers, J. Lan, S.A. Jenekhe, G. Cao, Applications of light scattering in dye-sensitized solar cells. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 14, 14982–14998 (2012)CrossRef
55.
Q. Zhang, C.S. Dandeneau, X. Zhou, G. Cao, ZnO nanostructures for dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv. Mater. 21, 4087–4108 (2009)CrossRef
56.
C.C. Raj, R. Prasanth, A critical review of recent developments in nanomaterials for photoelectrodes in dye sensitized solar cells. J. Power Sources 317, 120–132 (2016)CrossRef
57.
N. Sakai, R. Usui, T.N. Murakami, Optimum particle size of ZnO for dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem. Lett. 42, 810–812 (2013)CrossRef
58.
J. Chang, R. Ahmed, H. Wang, H. Liu, R. Li, P. Wang, E.R. Waclawik, ZnO nanocones with high-index {\(10\bar{1}1\)} facets for enhanced energy conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 13836–13844 (2013)
59.
M.S. Akhtar, M.A. Khan, M.S. Jeon, O.B. Yang, Controlled synthesis of various ZnO nanostructured materials by capping agents-assisted hydrothermal method for dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochim. Acta 53, 7869–7874 (2008)CrossRef
60.
M. McCune, W. Zhang, Y. Deng, High efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells based on three-dimensional multilayered ZnO nanowire arrays with “caterpillar-like” structure. Nano Lett. 12, 3656–3662 (2012)CrossRef
61.
J. Han, F. Fan, C. Xu, S. Lin, M. Wei, X. Duan, Z.L. Wang, ZnO nanotube-based dye-sensitized solar cell and its application in self-powered devices. Nanotechnology 21, 405203 (2010)CrossRef
62.
D. Chu, Y. Masuda, T. Ohji, K. Kato, Formation and photocatalytic application of ZnO nanotubes using aqueous solution. Langmuir 26, 2811–2815 (2010)CrossRef
63.
Q. Huang, L. Fang, X. Chen, M. Saleem, Effect of polyethyleneimine on the growth of ZnO nanorod arrays and their application in dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Alloy. Compd. 509, 9456–9459 (2011)CrossRef
64.
S.H. Ko, D. Lee, H.W. Kang, K.H. Nam, J.Y. Yeo, S.J. Hong, C.P. Grigoropoulos, H.J. Sung, Nanoforest of hydrothermally grown hierarchical ZnO nanowires for a high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cell. Nano Lett. 11, 666–671 (2011)CrossRef
65.
J. Fan, Y. Hao, C. Munuera, M. García-Hernández, F. Güell, E.M.J. Johansson, G. Boschloo, A. Hagfeldt, A. Cabot, Influence of the annealing atmosphere on the performance of ZnO nanowire dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 16349–16356 (2013)CrossRef
66.
D. Barpuzary, A.S. Patra, J.V. Vaghasiya, B.G. Solanki, S.S. Soni, M. Qureshi, Highly efficient one-dimensional ZnO nanowire-based dye-sensitized solar cell using a metal-free, D−π−A-type, carbazole derivative with more than 5% power conversion. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 12629–12639 (2014)CrossRef
67.
M. Navaneethan, J. Archana, M. Arivanandhan, Y. Hayakawa, Functional properties of amine-passivated ZnO nanostructures and dye-sensitized solar cell characteristics. Chem. Eng. J. 213, 70–77 (2012)CrossRef
68.
C.Y. Jiang, X.W. Sun, G.Q. Lo, D.L. Kwong, J.X. Wang, Improved dye-sensitized solar cells with a ZnO-nanoflower photoanode. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 263501 (2007)CrossRef
69.
W.-C. Chang, L.-Y. Lin, W.-C. Yu, Bifunctional zinc oxide nanoburger aggregates as the dye-adsorption and light-scattering layer for dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochim. Acta 169, 456–461 (2015)CrossRef
70.
Y. Shi, C. Zhu, L. Wang, W. Li, K.K. Fung, N. Wang, Asymmetric ZnO panel-like hierarchical architectures with highly interconnected pathways for free-electron transport and photovoltaic improvements. Chem. Eur. J. 19, 282–287 (2013)CrossRef
71.
Y.-Z. Zheng, H. Ding, Y. Liu, X. Tao, G. Cao, J.-F. Chen, In situ hydrothermal growth of hierarchical ZnO nanourchin for high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Power Sources 254, 153–160 (2014)CrossRef
72.
A. Sacco, A. Lamberti, R. Gazia, S. Bianco, D. Manfredi, N. Shahzad, F. Cappelluti, S. Ma, E. Tresso, High efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells exploiting sponge-like ZnO nanostructures. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 14, 16203–16208 (2012)CrossRef
73.
Q. Zhang, T.P. Chou, B. Russo, S.A. Jenekhe, G. Cao, Polydisperse aggregates of ZnO nanocrystallites: a method for energy-conversion-efficiency enhancement in dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv. Func. Mater. 18, 1654–1660 (2008)CrossRef
74.
D. Wu, Z. Gao, F. Xu, J. Chang, W. Tao, J. He, S. Gao, K. Jiang, Hierarchical ZnO aggregates assembled by orderly aligned nanorods for dye-sensitized solar cells. CrystEngComm 15, 1210–1217 (2013)CrossRef
75.
C.-W. Kung, H.-W. Chen, C.-Y. Lin, Y.-H. Lai, R. Vittal, K.-C. Ho, Electrochemical synthesis of a double-layer film of ZnO nanosheets/nanoparticles and its application for dye-sensitized solar cells. Prog. Photovolt. 22, 440–451 (2014)CrossRef
76.
J. Xu, K. Fan, W. Shi, K. Li, T. Peng, Application of ZnO micro-flowers as scattering layer for ZnO-based dye-sensitized solar cells with enhanced conversion efficiency. Sol. Energy 101, 150–159 (2014)CrossRef
77.
H. Wang, B. Li, J. Gao, M. Tang, H. Feng, J. Li, L. Guo, SnO2 hollow nanospheres enclosed by single crystalline nanoparticles for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. CrystEngComm 14, 5177–5181 (2012)CrossRef
78.
Asdim, K. Manseki, T. Sugiura, T. Yoshida, Microwave synthesis of size-controllable SnO2 nanocrystals for dye-sensitized solar cells. New J. Chem. 38, 598–603 (2014)CrossRef
79.
A. Le Viet, R. Jose, M.V. Reddy, B.V.R. Chowdari, S. Ramakrishna, Nb2O5 photoelectrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells: choice of the polymorph. J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 21795–21800 (2010)CrossRef
80.
X. Jin, C. Liu, J. Xu, Q. Wang, D. Chen, Size-controlled synthesis of mesoporous Nb2O5 microspheres for dye sensitized solar cells. RSC Adv. 4, 35546–35553 (2014)CrossRef
81.
H. Niu, S. Zhang, Q. Ma, S. Qin, L. Wan, J. Xu, S. Miao, Dye-sensitized solar cells based on flower-shaped α-Fe2O3 as a photoanode and reduced graphene oxide–polyaniline composite as a counter electrode. RSC Adv. 3, 17228–17235 (2013)CrossRef
82.
I. Hod, M. Shalom, Z. Tachan, S. Rühle, A. Zaban, SrTiO3 recombination-inhibiting barrier layer for type II dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 10015–10018 (2010)CrossRef
83.
B. Tan, E. Toman, Y. Li, Y. Wu, Zinc stannate (Zn2SnO4) dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 4162–4163 (2007)CrossRef
84.
D. Hwang, J.-S. Jin, H. Lee, H.-J. Kim, H. Chung, D.Y. Kim, S.-Y. Jang, D. Kim, Hierarchically structured Zn2SnO4 nanobeads for high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells. Sci. Rep. 4, 7353 (2014)CrossRef
85.
P. Reiss, M. Protière, L. Li, Core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals. Small 5, 154–168 (2009)CrossRef
86.
N.R.E. Laboratory, Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart (2019)
87.
M.R. Kim, D. Ma, Quantum-dot-based solar cells: recent advances, strategies, and challenges. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 85–99 (2015)CrossRef
88.
Y. Bai, I. Mora-Seró, F. De Angelis, J. Bisquert, P. Wang, Titanium dioxide nanomaterials for photovoltaic applications. Chem. Rev. 114, 10095–10130 (2014)CrossRef
89.
W. Wang, W. Feng, J. Du, W. Xue, L. Zhang, L. Zhao, Y. Li, X. Zhong, Cosensitized quantum dot solar cells with conversion efficiency over 12%. Adv. Mater. 30, 1705746 (2018)CrossRef
90.
Q. Zhang, G. Chen, Y. Yang, X. Shen, Y. Zhang, C. Li, R. Yu, Y. Luo, D. Li, Q. Meng, Toward highly efficient CdS/CdSe quantum dots-sensitized solar cells incorporating ordered photoanodes on transparent conductive substrates. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 14, 6479–6486 (2012)CrossRef
91.
W. Zhang, X. Zeng, H. Wang, R. Fang, Y. Xu, Y. Zhang, W. Chen, High-yield synthesis of “oriented attachment” TiO2 nanorods as superior building blocks of photoanodes in quantum dot sensitized solar cells. RSC Adv. 6, 33713–33722 (2016)CrossRef
92.
H.-S. Rao, W.-Q. Wu, Y. Liu, Y.-F. Xu, B.-X. Chen, H.-Y. Chen, D.-B. Kuang, C.-Y. Su, CdS/CdSe co-sensitized vertically aligned anatase TiO2 nanowire arrays for efficient solar cells. Nano Energy 8, 1–8 (2014)CrossRef
93.
H. Zhou, L. Li, D. Jiang, Y. Lu, K. Pan, Anatase TiO2 nanosheets with exposed highly reactive (001) facets as an efficient photoanode for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. RSC Adv. 6, 67968–67975 (2016)CrossRef
94.
C. Li, L. Yang, J. Xiao, Y.-C. Wu, M. Søndergaard, Y. Luo, D. Li, Q. Meng, B.B. Iversen, ZnO nanoparticle based highly efficient CdS/CdSe quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 8710–8715 (2013)CrossRef
95.
D. Wu, X. Wang, K. Cao, Y. An, X. Song, N. Liu, F. Xu, Z. Gao, K. Jiang, ZnO nanorods with tunable aspect ratios deriving from oriented-attachment for enhanced performance in quantum-dot sensitized solar cells. Electrochim. Acta 231, 1–12 (2017)CrossRef
96.
M. Seol, H. Kim, Y. Tak, K. Yong, Novel nanowire array based highly efficient quantum dot sensitized solar cell. Chem. Commun. 46, 5521–5523 (2010)CrossRef
97.
J. Xu, X. Yang, H. Wang, X. Chen, C. Luan, Z. Xu, Z. Lu, V.A.L. Roy, W. Zhang, C.-S. Lee, Arrays of ZnO/ZnxCd1−xSe nanocables: band gap engineering and photovoltaic applications. Nano Lett. 11, 4138–4143 (2011)CrossRef
98.
T.R. Chetia, M.S. Ansari, M. Qureshi, Ethyl cellulose and cetrimonium bromide assisted synthesis of mesoporous, hexagon shaped ZnO nanodisks with exposed ±{0001} polar facets for enhanced photovoltaic performance in quantum dot sensitized solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 13266–13279 (2015)CrossRef
99.
K. Yan, L. Zhang, J. Qiu, Y. Qiu, Z. Zhu, J. Wang, S. Yang, A quasi-quantum well sensitized solar cell with accelerated charge separation and collection. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 9531–9539 (2013)CrossRef
100.
J. Tian, G. Cao, Control of nanostructures and interfaces of metal oxide semiconductors for quantum-dots-sensitized solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 1859–1869 (2015)CrossRef
101.
102.
S. Jiao, J. Du, Z. Du, D. Long, W. Jiang, Z. Pan, Y. Li, X. Zhong, Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbons as counter electrodes in quantum dot sensitized solar cells with a conversion efficiency exceeding 12%. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 8, 559–564 (2017)CrossRef
103.
J. Du, Z. Du, J.-S. Hu, Z. Pan, Q. Shen, J. Sun, D. Long, H. Dong, L. Sun, X. Zhong, L.-J. Wan, Zn–Cu–In–Se quantum dot solar cells with a certified power conversion efficiency of 11.6%. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138, 4201–4209 (2016)CrossRef
104.
Z. Du, Z. Pan, F. Fabregat-Santiago, K. Zhao, D. Long, H. Zhang, Y. Zhao, X. Zhong, J.-S. Yu, J. Bisquert, Carbon counter-electrode-based quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells with certified efficiency exceeding 11%. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7, 3103–3111 (2016)CrossRef
105.
L. Etgar, W. Zhang, S. Gabriel, S.G. Hickey, M.K. Nazeeruddin, A. Eychmüller, B. Liu, M. Grätzel, High efficiency quantum dot heterojunction solar cell using anatase (001) TiO2 nanosheets. Adv. Mater. 24, 2202–2206 (2012)CrossRef
106.
J. Jia, L. Mu, Y. Lin, X. Zhou, Rutile versus anatase for quantum dot sensitized solar cell. Electrochim. Acta 266, 103–109 (2018)CrossRef
107.
A. Kongkanand, K. Tvrdy, K. Takechi, M. Kuno, P.V. Kamat, Quantum dot solar cells. Tuning photoresponse through size and shape control of CdSe–TiO2 architecture. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 4007–4015 (2008)CrossRef
108.
J. Zhang, J.H. Bang, C. Tang, P.V. Kamat, Tailored TiO2–SrTiO3 heterostructure nanotube arrays for improved photoelectrochemical performance. ACS Nano 4, 387–395 (2010)CrossRef
109.
H. Han, P. Sudhagar, T. Song, Y. Jeon, I. Mora-Seró, F. Fabregat-Santiago, J. Bisquert, Y.S. Kang, U. Paik, Three dimensional-TiO2 nanotube array photoanode architectures assembled on a thin hollow nanofibrous backbone and their performance in quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. Chem. Commun. 49, 2810–2812 (2013)CrossRef
110.
B. Liu, Y. Sun, X. Wang, L. Zhang, D. Wang, Z. Fu, Y. Lin, T. Xie, Branched hierarchical photoanode of anatase TiO2 nanotubes on rutile TiO2 nanorod arrays for efficient quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 4445–4452 (2015)CrossRef
111.
L. Tao, Y. Xiong, H. Liu, W. Shen, High performance PbS quantum dot sensitized solar cells via electric field assisted in situ chemical deposition on modulated TiO2 nanotube arrays. Nanoscale 6, 931–938 (2014)CrossRef
112.
J. Zhang, C. Tang, J.H. Bang, CdS/TiO2–SrTiO3 heterostructure nanotube arrays for improved solar energy conversion efficiency. Electrochem. Commun. 12, 1124–1128 (2010)CrossRef
113.
C. Dong, X. Li, J. Qi, First-principles investigation on electronic properties of quantum dot-sensitized solar cells based on anatase TiO2 nanotubes. J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 20307–20315 (2011)CrossRef
114.
W. Lee, S.H. Kang, J.-Y. Kim, G.B. Kolekar, Y.-E. Sung, S.-H. Han, TiO2 nanotubes with a ZnO thin energy barrier for improved current efficiency of CdSe quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells. Nanotechnology 20, 335706 (2009)CrossRef
115.
H. Huang, L. Pan, C.K. Lim, H. Gong, J. Guo, M.S. Tse, O.K. Tan, Hydrothermal growth of TiO2 nanorod arrays and in situ conversion to nanotube arrays for highly efficient quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. Small 9, 3153–3160 (2013)CrossRef
116.
L. Yu, Z. Li, Y. Liu, F. Cheng, S. Sun, Enhanced photoelectrochemical performance of CdSe/Mn-CdS/TiO2 nanorod arrays solar cell. Appl. Surf. Sci. 309, 255–262 (2014)CrossRef
117.
Z. Zhang, C. Shi, J. Chen, G. Xiao, L. Li, Combination of short-length TiO2 nanorod arrays and compact PbS quantum-dot thin films for efficient solid-state quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells. Appl. Surf. Sci. 410, 8–13 (2017)CrossRef
118.
Y. Chen, Q. Tao, W. Fu, H. Yang, X. Zhou, S. Su, D. Ding, Y. Mu, X. Li, M. Li, Enhanced photoelectric performance of PbS/CdS quantum dot co-sensitized solar cells via hydrogenated TiO2 nanorod arrays. Chem. Commun. 50, 9509–9512 (2014)CrossRef
119.
C. Wang, Z. Jiang, L. Wei, Y. Chen, J. Jiao, M. Eastman, H. Liu, Photosensitization of TiO2 nanorods with CdS quantum dots for photovoltaic applications: a wet-chemical approach. Nano Energy 1, 440–447 (2012)CrossRef
120.
J. Wan, R. Liu, Y. Tong, S. Chen, Y. Hu, B. Wang, Y. Xu, H. Wang, Hydrothermal etching treatment to rutile TiO2 nanorod arrays for improving the efficiency of CdS-sensitized TiO2 solar cells. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 11, 12 (2016)CrossRef
121.
L. Yu, X. Ren, Z. Yang, Y. Han, Z. Li, The preparation and assembly of CdSxSe1−x alloyed quantum dots on TiO2 nanowire arrays for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Eelctron. 27, 7150–7160 (2016)
122.
Y.-F. Xu, W.-Q. Wu, H.-S. Rao, H.-Y. Chen, D.-B. Kuang, C.-Y. Su, CdS/CdSe co-sensitized TiO2 nanowire-coated hollow Spheres exceeding 6% photovoltaic performance. Nano Energy 11, 621–630 (2015)CrossRef
123.
Z. Peng, Y. Liu, Y. Zhao, K. Chen, Y. Cheng, W. Chen, Incorporation of the TiO2 nanowire arrays photoanode and Cu2S nanorod arrays counter electrode on the photovoltaic performance of quantum dot sensitized solar cells. Electrochim. Acta 135, 276–283 (2014)CrossRef
124.
D.R. Baker, P.V. Kamat, Photosensitization of TiO2 nanostructures with CdS quantum dots: particulate versus tubular support architectures. Adv. Func. Mater. 19, 805–811 (2009)CrossRef
125.
H.-L. Feng, W.-Q. Wu, H.-S. Rao, L.-B. Li, D.-B. Kuang, C.-Y. Su, Three-dimensional hyperbranched TiO2/ZnO heterostructured arrays for efficient quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 14826–14832 (2015)CrossRef
126.
H. Wang, M. Miyauchi, Y. Ishikawa, A. Pyatenko, N. Koshizaki, Y. Li, L. Li, X. Li, Y. Bando, D. Golberg, Single-crystalline rutile TiO2 hollow spheres: room-temperature synthesis, tailored visible-light-extinction, and effective scattering layer for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 19102–19109 (2011)CrossRef
127.
R. Zhou, Q. Zhang, E. Uchaker, L. Yang, N. Yin, Y. Chen, M. Yin, G. Cao, Photoanodes with mesoporous TiO2 beads and nanoparticles for enhanced performance of CdS/CdSe quantum dot co-sensitized solar cells. Electrochim. Acta 135, 284–292 (2014)CrossRef
128.
Q. Zhang, X. Guo, X. Huang, S. Huang, D. Li, Y. Luo, Q. Shen, T. Toyoda, Q. Meng, Highly efficient CdS/CdSe-sensitized solar cells controlled by the structural properties of compact porous TiO2 photoelectrodes. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 4659–4667 (2011)CrossRef
129.
X. Xu, G. Jiang, Q. Wan, J. Shi, G. Xu, L. Miao, Mesoporous titania hollow spheres applied as scattering layers in quantum dots sensitized solar cells. Mater. Chem. Phys. 136, 1060–1066 (2012)CrossRef
130.
H. Hu, H. Shen, C. Cui, D. Liang, P. Li, S. Xu, W. Tang, Preparation and photoelectrochemical properties of TiO2 hollow spheres embedded TiO2/CdS photoanodes for quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells. J. Alloy. Compd. 560, 1–5 (2013)CrossRef
131.
M. Marandi, E. Rahmani, F. Ahangarani Farahani, Optimization of the photoanode of CdS quantum dot-sensitized solar cells using light-scattering TiO2 hollow spheres. J. Electron. Mater. 46, 6769–6783 (2017)CrossRef
132.
J. Xu, Z. Chen, J.A. Zapien, C.-S. Lee, W. Zhang, Surface engineering of ZnO nanostructures for semiconductor-sensitized solar cells. Adv. Mater. 26, 5337–5367 (2014)CrossRef
133.
J. Tian, Q. Zhang, E. Uchaker, R. Gao, X. Qu, S. Zhang, G. Cao, Architectured ZnO photoelectrode for high efficiency quantum dot sensitized solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 3542–3547 (2013)CrossRef
134.
F.S. Ghoreishi, V. Ahmadi, M. Samadpour, Improved performance of CdS/CdSe quantum dots sensitized solar cell by incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite as photoelectrode. J. Power Sources 271, 195–202 (2014)CrossRef
135.
D. Karageorgopoulos, E. Stathatos, E. Vitoratos, Thin ZnO nanocrystalline films for efficient quasi-solid state electrolyte quantum dot sensitized solar cells. J. Power Sources 219, 9–15 (2012)CrossRef
136.
J. Tian, Q. Zhang, E. Uchaker, Z. Liang, R. Gao, X. Qu, S. Zhang, G. Cao, Constructing ZnO nanorod array photoelectrodes for highly efficient quantum dot sensitized solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 6770–6775 (2013)CrossRef
137.
K.S. Leschkies, R. Divakar, J. Basu, E. Enache-Pommer, J.E. Boercker, C.B. Carter, U.R. Kortshagen, D.J. Norris, E.S. Aydil, Photosensitization of ZnO nanowires with CdSe quantum dots for photovoltaic devices. Nano Lett. 7, 1793–1798 (2007)CrossRef
138.
M. Seol, E. Ramasamy, J. Lee, K. Yong, Highly efficient and durable quantum dot sensitized ZnO nanowire solar cell using noble-metal-free counter electrode. J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 22018–22024 (2011)CrossRef
139.
R. Zhang, Q.-P. Luo, H.-Y. Chen, X.-Y. Yu, D.-B. Kuang, C.-Y. Su, CdS/CdSe quantum dot shell decorated vertical ZnO nanowire arrays by spin-coating-based SILAR for photoelectrochemical cells and quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells. ChemPhysChem 13, 1435–1439 (2012)CrossRef
140.
H. Kim, H. Jeong, T.K. An, C.E. Park, K. Yong, Hybrid-type quantum-dot cosensitized zno nanowire solar cell with enhanced visible-light harvesting. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 268–275 (2013)CrossRef
141.
W. Lee, S. Kang, T. Hwang, K. Kim, H. Woo, B. Lee, J. Kim, J. Kim, B. Park, Facile conversion synthesis of densely-formed branched ZnO-nanowire arrays for quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells. Electrochim. Acta 167, 194–200 (2015)CrossRef
142.
J. Xu, X. Yang, Q.-D. Yang, T.-L. Wong, S.-T. Lee, W.-J. Zhang, C.-S. Lee, Arrays of CdSe sensitized ZnO/ZnSe nanocables for efficient solar cells with high open-circuit voltage. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 13374–13379 (2012)CrossRef
143.
T.R. Chetia, D. Barpuzary, M. Qureshi, Enhanced photovoltaic performance utilizing effective charge transfers and light scattering effects by the combination of mesoporous, hollow 3D-ZnO along with 1D-ZnO in CdS quantum dot sensitized solar cells. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 9625–9633 (2014)CrossRef
144.
J. Tian, L. Lv, X. Wang, C. Fei, X. Liu, Z. Zhao, Y. Wang, G. Cao, Microsphere light-scattering layer assembled by ZnO nanosheets for the construction of high efficiency (>5%) quantum dots sensitized solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 16611–16617 (2014)CrossRef
145.
Z. Zhu, J. Qiu, K. Yan, S. Yang, Building high-efficiency CdS/CdSe-sensitized solar cells with a hierarchically branched double-layer architecture. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 4000–4005 (2013)CrossRef
146.
L. Yu, Z. Li, Synthesis of ZnxCd1−xSe@ZnO hollow spheres in different sizes for quantum dots sensitized solar cells application. Nanomaterials (Basel) 9, 132 (2019)CrossRef
147.
J. Xiao, Q. Huang, J. Xu, C. Li, G. Chen, Y. Luo, D. Li, Q. Meng, CdS/CdSe co-sensitized solar cells based on a new SnO2 photoanode with a three-dimensionally interconnected ordered porous structure. J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 4007–4015 (2014)CrossRef
148.
S. Greenwald, S. Rühle, M. Shalom, S. Yahav, A. Zaban, Unpredicted electron injection in CdS/CdSe quantum dot sensitized ZrO2 solar cells. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 19302–19306 (2011)CrossRef
149.
K. Meng, P.K. Surolia, K.R. Thampi, BaTiO3 photoelectrodes for CdS quantum dot sensitized solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 10231–10238 (2014)CrossRef
150.
A. Pimachev, U. Poudyal, V. Proshchenko, W. Wang, Y. Dahnovsky, Large enhancement in photocurrent by Mn doping in CdSe/ZTO quantum dot sensitized solar cells. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 26771–26776 (2016)CrossRef
151.
R. Mastria, A. Rizzo, Mastering heterostructured colloidal nanocrystal properties for light-emitting diodes and solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. C 4, 6430–6446 (2016)CrossRef
152.
H.J. Yun, T. Paik, B. Diroll, M.E. Edley, J.B. Baxter, C.B. Murray, Nanocrystal size-dependent efficiency of quantum dot sensitized solar cells in the strongly coupled CdSe nanocrystals/TiO2 system. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 14692–14700 (2016)CrossRef
153.
C. Xia, W. Wu, T. Yu, X. Xie, C. van Oversteeg, H.C. Gerritsen, C. de Mello Donega, Size-dependent band-gap and molar absorption coefficients of colloidal CuInS2 quantum dots. ACS Nano 12, 8350–8361 (2018)CrossRef
154.
A.M. Smith, S. Nie, Semiconductor nanocrystals: structure, properties, and band gap engineering. Acc. Chem. Res. 43, 190–200 (2010)CrossRef
155.
R.T. Ross, A.J. Nozik, Efficiency of hot-carrier solar energy converters. J. Appl. Phys. 53, 3813–3818 (1982)CrossRef
156.
R.D. Schaller, V.M. Agranovich, V.I. Klimov, High-efficiency carrier multiplication through direct photogeneration of multi-excitons via virtual single-exciton states. Nat. Phys. 1, 189–194 (2005)CrossRef
157.
K. Tvrdy, P.A. Frantsuzov, P.V. Kamat, Photoinduced electron transfer from semiconductor quantum dots to metal oxide nanoparticles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 29 (2011)CrossRef
158.
Z. Peng, Y. Liu, W. Shu, K. Chen, W. Chen, Synthesis of various sized CuInS2 quantum dots and their photovoltaic properties as sensitizers for TiO2 photoanodes. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2012, 5239–5244 (2012)CrossRef
159.
J. Yang, J.-Y. Kim, J.H. Yu, T.-Y. Ahn, H. Lee, T.-S. Choi, Y.-W. Kim, J. Joo, M.J. Ko, T. Hyeon, Copper–indium–selenide quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 20517–20525 (2013)CrossRef
160.
D.H. Jara, S.J. Yoon, K.G. Stamplecoskie, P.V. Kamat, Size-dependent photovoltaic performance of CuInS2 quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. Chem. Mater. 26, 7221–7228 (2014)CrossRef
161.
162.
L.-S. Li, J. Hu, W. Yang, A.P. Alivisatos, Band gap variation of size- and shape-controlled colloidal CdSe quantum rods. Nano Lett. 1, 349–351 (2001)CrossRef
163.
R.K. Chava, M. Kang, Ag2S quantum dot sensitized zinc oxide photoanodes for environment friendly photovoltaic devices. Mater. Lett. 199, 188–191 (2017)CrossRef
164.
P.N. Kumar, A. Kolay, M. Deepa, S.M. Shivaprasad, A.K. Srivastava, Stability, scale-up, and performance of quantum dot solar cells with carbonate-treated titanium oxide films. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 25278–25290 (2017)CrossRef
165.
G. Jiang, Z. Pan, Z. Ren, J. Du, C. Yang, W. Wang, X. Zhong, Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone): a superior and general additive in polysulfide electrolytes for high efficiency quantum dot sensitized solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 11416–11421 (2016)CrossRef
166.
J. Yang, X. Zhong, CdTe based quantum dot sensitized solar cells with efficiency exceeding 7% fabricated from quantum dots prepared in aqueous media. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 16553–16561 (2016)CrossRef
167.
J. Duan, Q. Tang, B. He, L. Yu, Efficient In2S3 quantum dot–sensitized solar cells: a promising power conversion efficiency of 13.0%. Electrochim. Acta 139, 381–385 (2014)CrossRef
168.
S. Yang, P. Zhao, X. Zhao, L. Qu, X. Lai, InP and Sn:InP based quantum dot sensitized solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 21922–21929 (2015)CrossRef
169.
L. Hu, S. Huang, R. Patterson, J.E. Halpert, Enhanced mobility in PbS quantum dot films via PbSe quantum dot mixing for optoelectronic applications. J. Mater. Chem. A 7, 4497–4502 (2019)
170.
Y.C. Choi, D.U. Lee, J.H. Noh, E.K. Kim, S.I. Seok, Highly improved Sb2S3 sensitized-inorganic–organic heterojunction solar cells and quantification of traps by deep-level transient spectroscopy. Adv. Mater. 24, 3587–3592 (2014)
171.
A. Tubtimtae, M.-W. Lee, G.-J. Wang, Ag2Se quantum-dot sensitized solar cells for full solar spectrum light harvesting. J. Power Sources 196, 6603–6608 (2011)CrossRef
172.
F. Huang, L. Zhang, Q. Zhang, J. Hou, H. Wang, H. Wang, S. Peng, J. Liu, G. Cao, High efficiency CdS/CdSe quantum dot sensitized solar cells with two ZnSe layers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 34482–34489 (2016)CrossRef
173.
H. Zhang, K. Cheng, Y.M. Hou, Z. Fang, Z.X. Pan, W.J. Wu, J.L. Hua, X.H. Zhong, Efficient CdSe quantum dot-sensitized solar cells prepared by a postsynthesis assembly approach. Chem. Commun. 48, 11235–11237 (2012)CrossRef
174.
J. Wang, I. Mora-Seró, Z. Pan, K. Zhao, H. Zhang, Y. Feng, G. Yang, X. Zhong, J. Bisquert, Core/shell colloidal quantum dot exciplex states for the development of highly efficient quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 15913–15922 (2013)CrossRef
175.
S. Jiao, J. Wang, Q. Shen, Y. Li, X. Zhong, Surface engineering of PbS quantum dot sensitized solar cells with a conversion efficiency exceeding 7%. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 7214–7221 (2016)CrossRef
176.
S. Jiao, Q. Shen, I. Mora-Seró, J. Wang, Z. Pan, K. Zhao, Y. Kuga, X. Zhong, J. Bisquert, Band engineering in core/shell ZnTe/CdSe for photovoltage and efficiency enhancement in exciplex quantum dot sensitized solar cells. ACS Nano 9, 908–915 (2015)CrossRef
177.
F. Huang, Q. Zhang, B. Xu, J. Hou, Y. Wang, R.C. Massé, S. Peng, J. Liu, G. Cao, A comparison of ZnS and ZnSe passivation layers on CdS/CdSe co-sensitized quantum dot solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 14773–14780 (2016)CrossRef
178.
A. Sahasrabudhe, S. Bhattacharyya, Dual sensitization strategy for high-performance core/shell/quasi-shell quantum dot solar cells. Chem. Mater. 27, 4848–4859 (2015)CrossRef
179.
L. Mu, C. Liu, J. Jia, X. Zhou, Y. Lin, Dual post-treatment: a strategy towards high efficiency quantum dot sensitized solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 8353–8357 (2013)CrossRef
180.
G. Wang, H. Wei, J. Shi, Y. Xu, H. Wu, Y. Luo, D. Li, Q. Meng, Significantly enhanced energy conversion efficiency of CuInS2 quantum dot sensitized solar cells by controlling surface defects. Nano Energy 35, 17–25 (2017)CrossRef
181.
W. Peng, J. Du, Z. Pan, N. Nakazawa, J. Sun, Z. Du, G. Shen, J. Yu, J.-S. Hu, Q. Shen, X. Zhong, Alloying strategy in Cu–In–Ga–Se quantum dots for high efficiency quantum dot sensitized solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 5328–5336 (2017)CrossRef
182.
P.K. Santra, P.V. Kamat, Tandem-layered quantum dot solar cells: tuning the photovoltaic response with luminescent ternary cadmium chalcogenides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 877–885 (2013)CrossRef
183.
B. Bai, D. Kou, W. Zhou, Z. Zhou, S. Wu, Application of quaternary Cu2ZnSnS4 quantum dot-sensitized solar cells based on the hydrolysis approach. Green Chem. 17, 4377–4382 (2015)CrossRef
184.
B. Bai, D. Kou, W. Zhou, Z. Zhou, Q. Tian, Y. Meng, S. Wu, Quaternary Cu2ZnSnS4 quantum dot-sensitized solar cells: synthesis, passivation and ligand exchange. J. Power Sources 318, 35–40 (2016)CrossRef
185.
L. Yue, H. Rao, J. Du, Z. Pan, J. Yu, X. Zhong, Comparative advantages of Zn–Cu–In–S alloy QDs in the construction of quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. RSC Adv. 8, 3637–3645 (2018)CrossRef
186.
L. Zhang, Z. Pan, W. Wang, J. Du, Z. Ren, Q. Shen, X. Zhong, Copper deficient Zn–Cu–In–Se quantum dot sensitized solar cells for high efficiency. J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 21442–21451 (2017)CrossRef
187.
E.M. Sanehira, A.R. Marshall, J.A. Christians, S.P. Harvey, P.N. Ciesielski, L.M. Wheeler, P. Schulz, L.Y. Lin, M.C. Beard, J.M. Luther, Enhanced mobility CsPbI3 quantum dot arrays for record-efficiency, high-voltage photovoltaic cells. Sci. Adv. 3, eaao4204 (2017)CrossRef
188.
J.-H. Im, C.-R. Lee, J.-W. Lee, S.-W. Park, N.-G. Park, 6.5% efficient perovskite quantum-dot-sensitized solar cell. Nanoscale 3, 4088–4093 (2011)CrossRef
189.
J. Xue, J.-W. Lee, Z. Dai, R. Wang, S. Nuryyeva, M.E. Liao, S.-Y. Chang, L. Meng, D. Meng, P. Sun, O. Lin, M.S. Goorsky, Y. Yang, Surface ligand management for stable FAPbI3 perovskite quantum dot solar cells. Joule 2, 1866–1878 (2018)CrossRef
190.
A. Tubtimtae, K.-L. Wu, H.-Y. Tung, M.-W. Lee, G.J. Wang, Ag2S quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. Electrochem. Commun. 12, 1158–1160 (2010)CrossRef
191.
W.-T. Sun, Y. Yu, H.-Y. Pan, X.-F. Gao, Q. Chen, L.-M. Peng, CdS quantum dots sensitized TiO2 nanotube-array photoelectrodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 1124–1125 (2008)CrossRef
192.
Y.-L. Lee, B.-M. Huang, H.-T. Chien, Highly efficient CdSe-sensitized TiO2 photoelectrode for quantum-dot-sensitized solar cell applications. Chem. Mater. 20, 6903–6905 (2008)CrossRef
193.
M.A. Becker, J.G. Radich, B.A. Bunker, P.V. Kamat, How does a SILAR CdSe film grow? Tuning the deposition steps to suppress interfacial charge recombination in solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5, 1575–1582 (2014)CrossRef
194.
Z. Yang, H.-T. Chang, CdHgTe and CdTe quantum dot solar cells displaying an energy conversion efficiency exceeding 2%. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94, 2046–2051 (2010)CrossRef
195.
B.S. Kwak, Y. Im, M. Kang, Design of a free-ruthenium In2S3 crystalline photosensitized solar cell. Int. J. Photoenergy 2014, 8 (2014)CrossRef
196.
J.-W. Lee, D.-Y. Son, T.K. Ahn, H.-W. Shin, I.Y. Kim, S.-J. Hwang, M.J. Ko, S. Sul, H. Han, N.-G. Park, Quantum-dot-sensitized solar cell with unprecedentedly high photocurrent. Sci. Rep. 3, 1050 (2013)CrossRef
197.
L.-Y. Chang, R.R. Lunt, P.R. Brown, V. Bulović, M.G. Bawendi, Low-temperature solution-processed solar cells based on PbS colloidal quantum dot/CdS heterojunctions. Nano Lett. 13, 994–999 (2013)CrossRef
198.
V. González-Pedro, C. Sima, G. Marzari, P.P. Boix, S. Giménez, Q. Shen, T. Dittrich, I. Mora-Seró, High performance PbS quantum dot sensitized solar cells exceeding 4% efficiency: the role of metal precursors in the electron injection and charge separation. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 13835–13843 (2013)CrossRef
199.
X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, H. Wu, L. Yan, Z. Wang, J. Zhao, W.W. Yu, A.L. Rogach, PbSe quantum dot films with enhanced electron mobility employed in hybrid polymer/nanocrystal solar cells. RSC Adv. 6, 17029–17035 (2016)CrossRef
200.
J. Zhang, J. Gao, C.P. Church, E.M. Miller, J.M. Luther, V.I. Klimov, M.C. Beard, PbSe quantum dot solar cells with more than 6% efficiency fabricated in ambient atmosphere. Nano Lett. 14, 6010–6015 (2014)CrossRef
201.
S.H. Im, C.-S. Lim, J.A. Chang, Y.H. Lee, N. Maiti, H.-J. Kim, M.K. Nazeeruddin, M. Grätzel, S.I. Seok, Toward interaction of sensitizer and functional moieties in hole-transporting materials for efficient semiconductor-sensitized solar cells. Nano Lett. 11, 4789–4793 (2011)CrossRef
202.
J.A. Chang, S.H. Im, Y.H. Lee, H.-J. Kim, C.-S. Lim, J.H. Heo, S.I. Seok, Panchromatic photon-harvesting by hole-conducting materials in inorganic-organic heterojunction sensitized-solar cell through the formation of nanostructured electron channels. Nano Lett. 12, 1863–1867 (2012)CrossRef
203.
O.S. Hutter, L.J. Phillips, K. Durose, J.D. Major, 6.6% efficient antimony selenide solar cells using grain structure control and an organic contact layer. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 188, 177–181 (2018)CrossRef
204.
C. Chen, L. Wang, L. Gao, D. Nam, D. Li, K. Li, Y. Zhao, C. Ge, H. Cheong, H. Liu, H. Song, J. Tang, 6.5% certified efficiency Sb2Se3 solar cells using PbS colloidal quantum dot film as hole-transporting layer. ACS Energy Lett. 2, 2125–2132 (2017)CrossRef
205.
R.E. Bailey, S. Nie, Alloyed semiconductor quantum dots: tuning the optical properties without changing the particle size. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 7100–7106 (2003)CrossRef
206.
M.D. Regulacio, M.-Y. Han, Composition-tunable alloyed semiconductor nanocrystals. Acc. Chem. Res. 43, 621–630 (2010)CrossRef
207.
A. Kumar, K.-T. Li, A.R. Madaria, C.J.N.R. Zhou, Sensitization of hydrothermally grown single crystalline TiO2 nanowire array with CdSeS nanocrystals for photovoltaic applications. Nano Res. 4, 1181–1190 (2011)CrossRef
208.
M.G. Panthani, V. Akhavan, B. Goodfellow, J.P. Schmidtke, L. Dunn, A. Dodabalapur, P.F. Barbara, B.A. Korgel, Synthesis of CuInS2, CuInSe2, and Cu(InxGa1−x)Se2 (CIGS) nanocrystal “inks” for printable photovoltaics. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 16770–16777 (2008)CrossRef
209.
J.-Y. Kim, J. Yang, J.H. Yu, W. Baek, C.-H. Lee, H.J. Son, T. Hyeon, M.J. Ko, Highly efficient copper–indium–selenide quantum dot solar cells: suppression of carrier recombination by controlled ZnS overlayers. ACS Nano 9, 11286–11295 (2015)CrossRef
210.
R. Ghosh Chaudhuri, S. Paria, Core/shell nanoparticles: classes, properties, synthesis mechanisms, characterization, and applications. Chem. Rev. 112, 2373–2433 (2012)CrossRef
211.
Y.-L. Lee, Y.-S. Lo, Highly efficient quantum-dot-sensitized solar cell based on co-sensitization of CdS/CdSe. Adv. Func. Mater. 19, 604–609 (2009)CrossRef
212.
J. Yang, J. Wang, K. Zhao, T. Izuishi, Y. Li, Q. Shen, X. Zhong, CdSeTe/CdS type-I core/shell quantum dot sensitized solar cells with efficiency over 9%. J. Phys. Chem. C 119, 28800–28808 (2015)CrossRef
213.
P.V. Kamat, Boosting the efficiency of quantum dot sensitized solar cells through modulation of interfacial charge transfer. Acc. Chem. Res. 45, 1906–1915 (2012)CrossRef
214.
Z. Pan, H. Rao, I. Mora-Seró, J. Bisquert, X. Zhong, Quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47, 7659–7702 (2018)CrossRef
215.
J. Chen, W. Lei, W.Q. Deng, Reduced charge recombination in a co-sensitized quantum dot solar cell with two different sizes of CdSe quantum dot. Nanoscale 3, 674–677 (2011)CrossRef
216.
A. Kojima, K. Teshima, Y. Shirai, T. Miyasaka, Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 6050–6051 (2009)CrossRef
217.
M. Grätzel, The light and shade of perovskite solar cells. Nat. Mater. 13, 838 (2014)CrossRef
218.
N.-G. Park, Perovskite solar cells: an emerging photovoltaic technology. Mater. Today 18, 65–72 (2015)CrossRef
219.
A. Swarnkar, A.R. Marshall, E.M. Sanehira, B.D. Chernomordik, D.T. Moore, J.A. Christians, T. Chakrabarti, J.M. Luther, Quantum dot–induced phase stabilization of α-CsPbI3 perovskite for high-efficiency photovoltaics. Science 354, 92–95 (2016)CrossRef
220.
Z. Song, S.C. Watthage, A.B. Phillips, M.J. Heben, Pathways toward high-performance perovskite solar cells: review of recent advances in organo-metal halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications. J. Photonics Energy 6, 1–23, 23 (2016)
221.
H. Tan, A. Jain, O. Voznyy, X. Lan, F.P.G. de Arquer, J.Z. Fan, R. Quintero-Bermudez, M. Yuan, B. Zhang, Y. Zhao, F. Fan, P. Li, L.N. Quan, Y. Zhao, Z.-H. Lu, Z. Yang, S. Hoogland, E.H. Sargent, Efficient and stable solution-processed planar perovskite solar cells via contact passivation. Science 355, 722 (2017)CrossRef
222.
M. Kim, G.-H. Kim, T.K. Lee, I.W. Choi, H.W. Choi, Y. Jo, Y.J. Yoon, J.W. Kim, J. Lee, D. Huh, H. Lee, S.K. Kwak, J.Y. Kim, D.S. Kim, Methylammonium chloride induces intermediate phase stabilization for efficient perovskite solar cells. Joule (2019)
223.
S.S. Mali, C.S. Shim, H.K. Park, J. Heo, P.S. Patil, C.K. Hong, Ultrathin atomic layer deposited TiO2 for surface passivation of hydrothermally grown 1D TiO2 nanorod arrays for efficient solid-state perovskite solar cells. Chem. Mater. 27, 1541–1551 (2015)CrossRef
224.
Y. Yu, J. Li, D. Geng, J. Wang, L. Zhang, T.L. Andrew, M.S. Arnold, X. Wang, Development of lead iodide perovskite solar cells using three-dimensional titanium dioxide nanowire architectures. ACS Nano 9, 564–572 (2015)CrossRef
225.
H.-Y. Yang, W.-Y. Rho, S.K. Lee, S.H. Kim, Y.-B. Hahn, TiO2 nanoparticles/nanotubes for efficient light harvesting in perovskite solar cells. Nanomaterials (Basel) 9, 326 (2019)CrossRef
226.
C. Chen, S. Wu, J. Wang, S. Chen, T. Peng, R. Li, Improved photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells based on three-dimensional rutile TiO2 nanodendrite array film. Nanoscale 10, 20836–20843 (2018)CrossRef
227.
K. Schutt, P.K. Nayak, A.J. Ramadan, B. Wenger, Y.-H. Lin, H.J. Snaith, Overcoming zinc oxide interface instability with a methylammonium-free perovskite for high-performance solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater 1900466 (2019)
228.
K. Mahmood, M.T. Mehran, F. Rehman, M.S. Zafar, S.W. Ahmad, R.-H. Song, Electrosprayed polymer-hybridized multidoped ZnO mesoscopic nanocrystals yield highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. ACS Omega 3, 9648–9657 (2018)CrossRef
229.
K. Mahmood, B.S. Swain, A. Amassian, 16.1% efficient hysteresis-free mesostructured perovskite solar cells based on synergistically improved ZnO nanorod arrays. Adv. Energy Mater. 5, 1500568 (2015)CrossRef
230.
Q. Jiang, Y. Zhao, X. Zhang, X. Yang, Y. Chen, Z. Chu, Q. Ye, X. Li, Z. Yin, J. You, Surface passivation of perovskite film for efficient solar cells. Nat. Photonics 13, 460–466 (2019)CrossRef
231.
Y. Lee, S. Paek, K.T. Cho, E. Oveisi, P. Gao, S. Lee, J.-S. Park, Y. Zhang, R. Humphry-Baker, A.M. Asiri, M.K. Nazeeruddin, Enhanced charge collection with passivation of the tin oxide layer in planar perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 12729–12734 (2017)CrossRef
232.
E.J. Yeom, S.S. Shin, W.S. Yang, S.J. Lee, W. Yin, D. Kim, J.H. Noh, T.K. Ahn, S.I. Seok, Controllable synthesis of single crystalline Sn-based oxides and their application in perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 79–86 (2017)CrossRef
233.
G.S. Han, H.S. Chung, D.H. Kim, B.J. Kim, J.-W. Lee, N.-G. Park, I.S. Cho, J.-K. Lee, S. Lee, H.S. Jung, Epitaxial 1D electron transport layers for high-performance perovskite solar cells. Nanoscale 7, 15284–15290 (2015)CrossRef
234.
C. Gao, S. Yuan, B. Cao, J. Yu, SnO2 nanotube arrays grown via an in situ template-etching strategy for effective and stable perovskite solar cells. Chem. Eng. J. 325, 378–385 (2017)CrossRef
235.
Q. Liu, M.-C. Qin, W.-J. Ke, X.-L. Zheng, Z. Chen, P.-L. Qin, L.-B. Xiong, H.-W. Lei, J.-W. Wan, J. Wen, G. Yang, J.-J. Ma, Z.-Y. Zhang, G.-J. Fang, Enhanced stability of perovskite solar cells with low-temperature hydrothermally grown SnO2 electron transport layers. Adv. Func. Mater. 26, 6069–6075 (2016)CrossRef
236.
J. Lian, B. Lu, F. Niu, P. Zeng, X. Zhan, Electron-transport materials in perovskite solar cells. Small Methods 2, 1800082 (2018)CrossRef
237.
C.S. Ponseca, T.J. Savenije, M. Abdellah, K. Zheng, A. Yartsev, T. Pascher, T. Harlang, P. Chabera, T. Pullerits, A. Stepanov, J.-P. Wolf, V. Sundström, Organometal halide perovskite solar cell materials rationalized: ultrafast charge generation, high and microsecond-long balanced mobilities, and slow recombination. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 5189–5192 (2014)CrossRef
238.
S. Song, G. Kang, L. Pyeon, C. Lim, G.-Y. Lee, T. Park, J. Choi, Systematically optimized bilayered electron transport layer for highly efficient planar perovskite solar cells (η = 21.1%). ACS Energy Lett. 2, 2667–2673 (2017)CrossRef
239.
M.M. Tavakoli, P. Yadav, R. Tavakoli, J. Kong, Surface engineering of TiO2 ETL for highly efficient and hysteresis-less planar perovskite solar cell (21.4%) with enhanced open-circuit voltage and stability. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1800794 (2018)CrossRef
240.
H. Liu, Z. Huang, S. Wei, L. Zheng, L. Xiao, Q. Gong, Nano-structured electron transporting materials for perovskite solar cells. Nanoscale 8, 6209–6221 (2016)CrossRef
241.
Y. Yang, K. Ri, A. Mei, L. Liu, M. Hu, T. Liu, X. Li, H. Han, The size effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on a printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 9103–9107 (2015)CrossRef
242.
S. Dharani, H.K. Mulmudi, N. Yantara, P.T. Thu Trang, N.G. Park, M. Graetzel, S. Mhaisalkar, N. Mathews, P.P. Boix, High efficiency electrospun TiO2 nanofiber based hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite solar cell. Nanoscale 6, 1675–1679 (2014)CrossRef
243.
H.-S. Kim, J.-W. Lee, N. Yantara, P.P. Boix, S.A. Kulkarni, S. Mhaisalkar, M. Grätzel, N.-G. Park, High efficiency solid-state sensitized solar cell-based on submicrometer rutile TiO2 nanorod and CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite sensitizer. Nano Lett. 13, 2412–2417 (2013)CrossRef
244.
A. Fakharuddin, F. Di Giacomo, I. Ahmed, Q. Wali, T.M. Brown, R. Jose, Role of morphology and crystallinity of nanorod and planar electron transport layers on the performance and long term durability of perovskite solar cells. J. Power Sources 283, 61–67 (2015)CrossRef
245.
Q. Jiang, X. Sheng, Y. Li, X. Feng, T. Xu, Rutile TiO2 nanowire-based perovskite solar cells. Chem. Commun. 50, 14720–14723 (2014)CrossRef
246.
X. Wang, Z. Li, W. Xu, S.A. Kulkarni, S.K. Batabyal, S. Zhang, A. Cao, L.H. Wong, TiO2 nanotube arrays based flexible perovskite solar cells with transparent carbon nanotube electrode. Nano Energy 11, 728–735 (2015)CrossRef
247.
X. Liang, Y. Cheng, X. Xu, R. Dong, D. Li, Z. Zhou, R. Wei, G. Dong, S.-W. Tsang, J.C. Ho, Enhanced performance of perovskite solar cells based on vertical TiO2 nanotube arrays with full filling of CH3NH3PbI3. Appl. Surf. Sci. 451, 250–257 (2018)CrossRef
248.
N. Islam, M. Yang, K. Zhu, Z. Fan, Mesoporous scaffolds based on TiO2 nanorods and nanoparticles for efficient hybrid perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 24315–24321 (2015)CrossRef
249.
D. Zhong, B. Cai, X. Wang, Z. Yang, Y. Xing, S. Miao, W.-H. Zhang, C. Li, Synthesis of oriented TiO2 nanocones with fast charge transfer for perovskite solar cells. Nano Energy 11, 409–418 (2015)CrossRef
250.
J.-W. Lee, S.H. Lee, H.-S. Ko, J. Kwon, J.H. Park, S.M. Kang, N. Ahn, M. Choi, J.K. Kim, N.-G. Park, Opto-electronic properties of TiO2 nanohelices with embedded HC(NH2)2PbI3 perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 9179–9186 (2015)CrossRef
251.
T. Leijtens, G.E. Eperon, S. Pathak, A. Abate, M.M. Lee, H.J. Snaith, Overcoming ultraviolet light instability of sensitized TiO2 with meso-superstructured organometal tri-halide perovskite solar cells. Nat. Commun. 4, 2885 (2013)CrossRef
252.
M. Liu, M.B. Johnston, H.J. Snaith, Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition. Nature 501, 395 (2013)CrossRef
253.
J. Song, J. Bian, E. Zheng, X.-F. Wang, W. Tian, T. Miyasaka, Efficient and environmentally stable perovskite solar cells based on ZnO electron collection layer. Chem. Lett. 44, 610–612 (2015)CrossRef
254.
J. Cao, B. Wu, R. Chen, Y. Wu, Y. Hui, B.-W. Mao, N. Zheng, Efficient, hysteresis-free, and stable perovskite solar cells with ZnO as electron-transport layer: effect of surface passivation. Adv. Mater. 30, 1705596 (2018)CrossRef
255.
K. Mahmood, B.S. Swain, A. Amassian, Double-layered ZnO nanostructures for efficient perovskite solar cells. Nanoscale 6, 14674–14678 (2014)CrossRef
256.
D.-Y. Son, J.-H. Im, H.-S. Kim, N.-G. Park, 11% efficient perovskite solar cell based on ZnO nanorods: an effective charge collection system. J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 16567–16573 (2014)CrossRef
257.
M.A. Mahmud, N.K. Elumalai, M.B. Upama, D. Wang, K.H. Chan, M. Wright, C. Xu, F. Haque, A. Uddin, Low temperature processed ZnO thin film as electron transport layer for efficient perovskite solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 159, 251–264 (2017)CrossRef
258.
Y. Dkhissi, S. Meyer, D. Chen, H.C. Weerasinghe, L. Spiccia, Y.-B. Cheng, R.A. Caruso, Stability comparison of perovskite solar cells based on zinc oxide and titania on polymer substrates. Chemsuschem 9, 687–695 (2016)CrossRef
259.
Y. Cheng, Q.-D. Yang, J. Xiao, Q. Xue, H.-W. Li, Z. Guan, H.-L. Yip, S.-W. Tsang, Decomposition of organometal halide perovskite films on zinc oxide nanoparticles. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 19986–19993 (2015)CrossRef
260.
J. Yang, B.D. Siempelkamp, E. Mosconi, F. De Angelis, T.L. Kelly, Origin of the thermal instability in CH3NH3PbI3 thin films deposited on ZnO. Chem. Mater. 27, 4229–4236 (2015)CrossRef
261.
X. Zhao, H. Shen, Y. Zhang, X. Li, X. Zhao, M. Tai, J. Li, J. Li, X. Li, H. Lin, Aluminum-doped zinc oxide as highly stable electron collection layer for perovskite solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 7826–7833 (2016)CrossRef
262.
R. Chen, J. Cao, Y. Duan, Y. Hui, T.T. Chuong, D. Ou, F. Han, F. Cheng, X. Huang, B. Wu, N. Zheng, High-efficiency, hysteresis-less, UV-stable perovskite solar cells with cascade ZnO–ZnS electron transport layer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141, 541–547 (2019)CrossRef
263.
L. Xiong, Y. Guo, J. Wen, H. Liu, G. Yang, P. Qin, G. Fang, Review on the application of SnO2 in perovskite solar cells. Adv. Func. Mater. 28, 1802757 (2018)CrossRef
264.
Z. Liu, K. Deng, J. Hu, L. Li, Coagulated SnO2 colloids for high-performance planar perovskite solar cells with negligible hysteresis and improved stability. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. (2019)
265.
Q. Jiang, Z. Chu, P. Wang, X. Yang, H. Liu, Y. Wang, Z. Yin, J. Wu, X. Zhang, J. You, Planar-structure perovskite solar cells with efficiency beyond 21%. Adv. Mater. 29, 1703852 (2017)CrossRef
266.
Q. Jiang, L. Zhang, H. Wang, X. Yang, J. Meng, H. Liu, Z. Yin, J. Wu, X. Zhang, J. You, Enhanced electron extraction using SnO2 for high-efficiency planar-structure HC(NH2)2PbI3-based perovskite solar cells. Nat. Energy 2, 16177 (2016)CrossRef
267.
Y. Luan, X. Yi, P. Mao, Y. Wei, J. Zhuang, N. Chen, T. Lin, C. Li, J. Wang, High-performance planar perovskite solar cells with negligible hysteresis using 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol-incorporated SnO2. iScience 16, 433–441 (2019)CrossRef
268.
Q. Dong, Y. Shi, C. Zhang, Y. Wu, L. Wang, Energetically favored formation of SnO2 nanocrystals as electron transfer layer in perovskite solar cells with high efficiency exceeding 19%. Nano Energy 40, 336–344 (2017)CrossRef
269.
W. Ke, G. Fang, Q. Liu, L. Xiong, P. Qin, H. Tao, J. Wang, H. Lei, B. Li, J. Wan, G. Yang, Y. Yan, Low-temperature solution-processed tin oxide as an alternative electron transporting layer for efficient perovskite solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 6730–6733 (2015)CrossRef
270.
J. Barbé, M.L. Tietze, M. Neophytou, B. Murali, E. Alarousu, A.E. Labban, M. Abulikemu, W. Yue, O.F. Mohammed, I. McCulloch, A. Amassian, S. Del Gobbo, Amorphous tin oxide as a low-temperature-processed electron-transport layer for organic and hybrid perovskite solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 11828–11836 (2017)CrossRef
271.
P. Pinpithak, H.-W. Chen, A. Kulkarni, Y. Sanehira, M. Ikegami, T. Miyasaka, Low-temperature and ambient air processes of amorphous SnOx-based mixed halide perovskite planar solar cell. Chem. Lett. 46, 382–384 (2017)CrossRef
272.
C. Wang, D. Zhao, C.R. Grice, W. Liao, Y. Yu, A. Cimaroli, N. Shrestha, P.J. Roland, J. Chen, Z. Yu, P. Liu, N. Cheng, R.J. Ellingson, X. Zhao, Y. Yan, Low-temperature plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition of tin oxide electron selective layers for highly efficient planar perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 12080–12087 (2016)CrossRef
273.
B. Roose, J.-P.C. Baena, K.C. Gödel, M. Graetzel, A. Hagfeldt, U. Steiner, A. Abate, Mesoporous SnO2 electron selective contact enables UV-stable perovskite solar cells. Nano Energy 30, 517–522 (2016)CrossRef
274.
L. Xiong, M. Qin, C. Chen, J. Wen, G. Yang, Y. Guo, J. Ma, Q. Zhang, P. Qin, S. Li, G. Fang, Fully high-temperature-processed SnO2 as blocking layer and scaffold for efficient, stable, and hysteresis-free mesoporous perovskite solar cells. Adv. Func. Mater. 28, 1706276 (2018)CrossRef
275.
M.A. Mejía Escobar, S. Pathak, J. Liu, H.J. Snaith, F. Jaramillo, ZrO2/TiO2 electron collection layer for efficient meso-superstructured hybrid perovskite solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 2342–2349 (2017)CrossRef
276.
Y. Li, L. Zhao, S. Wei, M. Xiao, B. Dong, L. Wan, S. Wang, Effect of ZrO2 film thickness on the photoelectric properties of mixed-cation perovskite solar cells. Appl. Surf. Sci. 439, 506–515 (2018)CrossRef
277.
M. Che, L. Zhu, Y.L. Zhao, D.S. Yao, X.Q. Gu, J. Song, Y.H. Qiang, Enhancing current density of perovskite solar cells using TiO2-ZrO2 composite scaffold layer. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 56, 29–36 (2016)CrossRef
278.
H. Si, Q. Liao, Z. Zhang, Y. Li, X. Yang, G. Zhang, Z. Kang, Y. Zhang, An innovative design of perovskite solar cells with Al2O3 inserting at ZnO/perovskite interface for improving the performance and stability. Nano Energy 22, 223–231 (2016)CrossRef
279.
Y. Numata, Y. Sanehira, T. Miyasaka, Impacts of Heterogeneous TiO2 and Al2O3 composite mesoporous scaffold on formamidinium lead trihalide perovskite solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 4608–4615 (2016)CrossRef
280.
N. Cheng, P. Liu, S. Bai, Z. Yu, W. Liu, S.-S. Guo, X.-Z. Zhao, Application of mesoporous SiO2 layer as an insulating layer in high performance hole transport material free CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells. J. Power Sources 321, 71–75 (2016)CrossRef
281.
S.H. Hwang, J. Roh, J. Lee, J. Ryu, J. Yun, J. Jang, Size-controlled SiO2 nanoparticles as scaffold layers in thin-film perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 16429–16433 (2014)CrossRef
282.
F. Qi, C. Wang, N. Cheng, P. Liu, Y. Xiao, F. Li, X. Sun, W. Liu, S. Guo, X.-Z. Zhao, Improving the performance through SPR effect by employing Au@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles incorporated TiO2 scaffold in efficient hole transport material free perovskite solar cells. Electrochim. Acta 282, 10–15 (2018)CrossRef
283.
A. Bera, K. Wu, A. Sheikh, E. Alarousu, O.F. Mohammed, T. Wu, Perovskite oxide SrTiO3 as an efficient electron transporter for hybrid perovskite solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 28494–28501 (2014)CrossRef
284.
Y. Okamoto, R. Fukui, M. Fukazawa, Y. Suzuki, SrTiO3/TiO2 composite electron transport layer for perovskite solar cells. Mater. Lett. 187, 111–113 (2017)CrossRef
285.
L. Zhu, Z. Shao, J. Ye, X. Zhang, X. Pan, S. Dai, Mesoporous BaSnO3 layer based perovskite solar cells. Chem. Commun. 52, 970–973 (2016)CrossRef
286.
L. Zhu, J. Ye, X. Zhang, H. Zheng, G. Liu, X. Pan, S. Dai, Performance enhancement of perovskite solar cells using a La-doped BaSnO3 electron transport layer. J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 3675–3682 (2017)CrossRef
287.
S.S. Shin, E.J. Yeom, W.S. Yang, S. Hur, M.G. Kim, J. Im, J. Seo, J.H. Noh, S.I. Seok, Colloidally prepared La-doped BaSnO3 electrodes for efficient, photostable perovskite solar cells. Science 356, 167 (2017)CrossRef
288.
L.S. Oh, D.H. Kim, J.A. Lee, S.S. Shin, J.-W. Lee, I.J. Park, M.J. Ko, N.-G. Park, S.G. Pyo, K.S. Hong, J.Y. Kim, Zn2SnO4-based photoelectrodes for organolead halide perovskite solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 22991–22994 (2014)CrossRef
289.
A. Bera, A.D. Sheikh, M.A. Haque, R. Bose, E. Alarousu, O.F. Mohammed, T. Wu, Fast crystallization and improved stability of perovskite solar cells with Zn2SnO4 electron transporting layer: interface matters. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 28404–28411 (2015)CrossRef
290.
W.-Q. Wu, D. Chen, F. Li, Y.-B. Cheng, R.A. Caruso, Solution-processed Zn2SnO4 electron transporting layer for efficient planar perovskite solar cells. Mater. Today Energy 7, 260–266 (2018)CrossRef
291.
S.S. Shin, W.S. Yang, J.H. Noh, J.H. Suk, N.J. Jeon, J.H. Park, J.S. Kim, W.M. Seong, S.I. Seok, High-performance flexible perovskite solar cells exploiting Zn2SnO4 prepared in solution below 100 °C. Nat. Commun. 6, 7410 (2015)CrossRef
292.
M. Tai, X. Zhao, H. Shen, Y. Guo, M. Zhang, Y. Zhou, X. Li, Z. Yao, X. Yin, J. Han, X. Li, H. Lin, Ultrathin Zn2SnO4 (ZTO) passivated ZnO nanocone arrays for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Chem. Eng. J. 361, 60–66 (2019)CrossRef
293.
W. Chen, Y. Zhou, L. Wang, Y. Wu, B. Tu, B. Yu, F. Liu, H.-W. Tam, G. Wang, A.B. Djurišić, L. Huang, Z. He, Molecule-doped nickel oxide: verified charge transfer and planar inverted mixed cation perovskite solar cell. Adv. Mater. 30, 1800515 (2018)CrossRef
294.
J.H. Park, J. Seo, S. Park, S.S. Shin, Y.C. Kim, N.J. Jeon, H.-W. Shin, T.K. Ahn, J.H. Noh, S.C. Yoon, C.S. Hwang, S.I. Seok, Efficient CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells employing nanostructured p-type NiO electrode formed by a pulsed laser deposition. Adv. Mater. 27, 4013–4019 (2015)CrossRef
295.
H. Wang, Z. Yu, J. Lai, X. Song, X. Yang, A. Hagfeldt, L. Sun, One plus one greater than two: high-performance inverted planar perovskite solar cells based on a composite CuI/CuSCN hole-transporting layer. J. Mater. Chem. A 6, 21435–21444 (2018)CrossRef
296.
S. Ye, H. Rao, Z. Zhao, L. Zhang, H. Bao, W. Sun, Y. Li, F. Gu, J. Wang, Z. Liu, Z. Bian, C. Huang, A breakthrough efficiency of 19.9% obtained in inverted perovskite solar cells by using an efficient trap state passivator Cu(thiourea)I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 7504–7512 (2017)CrossRef
297.
W. Sun, Y. Li, S. Ye, H. Rao, W. Yan, H. Peng, Y. Li, Z. Liu, S. Wang, Z. Chen, L. Xiao, Z. Bian, C. Huang, High-performance inverted planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells based on a solution-processed CuOx hole transport layer. Nanoscale 8, 10806–10813 (2016)CrossRef
298.
C. Zuo, L. Ding, Solution-processed Cu2O and CuO as hole transport materials for efficient perovskite solar cells. Small 11, 5528–5532 (2015)CrossRef
299.
C. Duan, M. Zhao, C. Zhao, Y. Wang, J. Li, W. Han, Q. Hu, L. Yao, H. Jian, F. Lu, T. Jiu, Inverted CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells based on solution-processed V2O5 film combined with P3CT salt as hole transport layer. Mater. Today Energy 9, 487–495 (2018)CrossRef
300.
Y. Jiang, C. Li, H. Liu, R. Qin, H. Ma, Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)–molybdenum oxide composite films as hole conductors for efficient planar perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 9958–9966 (2016)CrossRef
301.
S. Masi, R. Mastria, R. Scarfiello, S. Carallo, C. Nobile, S. Gambino, T. Sibillano, C. Giannini, S. Colella, A. Listorti, P.D. Cozzoli, A. Rizzo, Room-temperature processed films of colloidal carved rod-shaped nanocrystals of reduced tungsten oxide as interlayers for perovskite solar cells. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20, 11396–11404 (2018)CrossRef
302.
P. Tonui, S.O. Oseni, G. Sharma, Q. Yan, G. Tessema Mola, Perovskites photovoltaic solar cells: an overview of current status. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 91, 1025–1044 (2018)CrossRef
303.
J. Cui, F. Meng, H. Zhang, K. Cao, H. Yuan, Y. Cheng, F. Huang, M. Wang, CH3NH3PbI3-based planar solar cells with magnetron-sputtered nickel oxide. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 22862–22870 (2014)CrossRef
304.
Z. Liu, J. Chang, Z. Lin, L. Zhou, Z. Yang, D. Chen, C. Zhang, S. Liu, Y. Hao, High-performance planar perovskite solar cells using low temperature, solution–combustion-based nickel oxide hole transporting layer with efficiency exceeding 20%. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1703432 (2018)CrossRef
305.
W. Chen, F.-Z. Liu, X.-Y. Feng, A.B. Djurišić, W.K. Chan, Z.-B. He, Cesium doped NiOx as an efficient hole extraction layer for inverted planar perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1700722 (2017)CrossRef
306.
W. Chen, Y. Wu, J. Fan, A.B. Djurišić, F. Liu, H.W. Tam, A. Ng, C. Surya, W.K. Chan, D. Wang, Z.-B. He, Understanding the doping effect on NiO: toward high-performance inverted perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1703519 (2018)CrossRef
307.
G. Li, Y. Jiang, S. Deng, A. Tam, P. Xu, M. Wong, H.-S. Kwok, Overcoming the limitations of sputtered nickel oxide for high-efficiency and large-area perovskite solar cells. Adv. Sci. 4, 1700463 (2017)CrossRef
308.
Y. Wu, F. Xie, H. Chen, X. Yang, H. Su, M. Cai, Z. Zhou, T. Noda, L. Han, Thermally stable MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells with efficiency of 19.19% and area over 1 cm2 achieved by additive engineering. Adv. Mater. 29, 1701073 (2017)CrossRef
309.
T. Abzieher, S. Moghadamzadeh, F. Schackmar, H. Eggers, F. Sutterlüti, A. Farooq, D. Kojda, K. Habicht, R. Schmager, A. Mertens, R. Azmi, L. Klohr, J.A. Schwenzer, M. Hetterich, U. Lemmer, B.S. Richards, M. Powalla, U.W. Paetzold, Electron-beam-evaporated nickel oxide hole transport layers for perovskite-based photovoltaics. Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1802995 (2019)CrossRef
310.
K.-C. Wang, J.-Y. Jeng, P.-S. Shen, Y.-C. Chang, E.W.-G. Diau, C.-H. Tsai, T.-Y. Chao, H.-C. Hsu, P.-Y. Lin, P. Chen, T.-F. Guo, T.-C. Wen, p-type mesoscopic nickel oxide/organometallic perovskite heterojunction solar cells. Sci. Rep. 4, 4756 (2014)CrossRef
311.
R. Singh, P.K. Singh, B. Bhattacharya, H.-W. Rhee, Review of current progress in inorganic hole-transport materials for perovskite solar cells. Appl. Mater. Today 14, 175–200 (2019)CrossRef
312.
P. Pattanasattayavong, G.O.N. Ndjawa, K. Zhao, K.W. Chou, N. Yaacobi-Gross, B.C. O’Regan, A. Amassian, T.D. Anthopoulos, Electric field-induced hole transport in copper(i) thiocyanate (CuSCN) thin-films processed from solution at room temperature. Chem. Commun. 49, 4154–4156 (2013)CrossRef
313.
S. Ye, W. Sun, Y. Li, W. Yan, H. Peng, Z. Bian, Z. Liu, C. Huang, CuSCN-based inverted planar perovskite solar cell with an average PCE of 15.6%. Nano Lett. 15, 3723–3728 (2015)CrossRef
314.
W.-Y. Chen, L.-L. Deng, S.-M. Dai, X. Wang, C.-B. Tian, X.-X. Zhan, S.-Y. Xie, R.-B. Huang, L.-S. Zheng, Low-cost solution-processed copper iodide as an alternative to PEDOT:PSS hole transport layer for efficient and stable inverted planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 19353–19359 (2015)CrossRef
315.
H. Wang, Z. Yu, X. Jiang, J. Li, B. Cai, X. Yang, L. Sun, Efficient and stable inverted planar perovskite solar cells employing cui as hole-transporting layer prepared by solid-gas transformation. Energy Technol. 5, 1836–1843 (2017)CrossRef
316.
S. Ye, H. Rao, W. Yan, Y. Li, W. Sun, H. Peng, Z. Liu, Z. Bian, Y. Li, C. Huang, A strategy to simplify the preparation process of perovskite solar cells by co-deposition of a hole-conductor and a perovskite layer. Adv. Mater. 28, 9648–9654 (2016)CrossRef
317.
W. Yan, S. Ye, Y. Li, W. Sun, H. Rao, Z. Liu, Z. Bian, C. Huang, Hole-transporting materials in inverted planar perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 6, 1600474 (2016)CrossRef
318.
Q. Guo, C. Wang, J. Li, Y. Bai, F. Wang, L. Liu, B. Zhang, T. Hayat, A. Alsaedi, Z.A. Tan, Low-temperature solution-processed vanadium oxide as hole transport layer for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20, 21746–21754 (2018)CrossRef
319.
C.X. Guo, K. Sun, J. Ouyang, X. Lu, Layered V2O5/PEDOT nanowires and ultrathin nanobelts fabricated with a silk reelinglike process. Chem. Mater. 27, 5813–5819 (2015)CrossRef
320.
F. Hou, Z. Su, F. Jin, X. Yan, L. Wang, H. Zhao, J. Zhu, B. Chu, W. Li, Efficient and stable planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells with an MoO3/PEDOT:PSS hole transporting layer. Nanoscale 7, 9427–9432 (2015)CrossRef
321.
C. Tao, S. Ruan, G. Xie, X. Kong, L. Shen, F. Meng, C. Liu, X. Zhang, W. Dong, W. Chen, Role of tungsten oxide in inverted polymer solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 043311 (2009)CrossRef
322.
K. Wang, Y. Shi, Q. Dong, Y. Li, S. Wang, X. Yu, M. Wu, T. Ma, Low-temperature and solution-processed amorphous WOX as electron-selective layer for perovskite solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 755–759 (2015)CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Photon-Responsive Nanomaterials for Solar Cells
Authors
Vincent Tiing Tiong
Hongxia Wang
Copyright Year
2020
Book
Responsive Nanomaterials for Sustainable Applications

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-39993-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-39994-8

Copyright Year: 2020

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39994-8_1