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2010 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Physically Unclonable Functions: A Study on the State of the Art and Future Research Directions

Authors : Roel Maes, Ingrid Verbauwhede

Published in: Towards Hardware-Intrinsic Security

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Abstract

The idea of using intrinsic random physical features to identify objects, systems, and people is not new. Fingerprint identification of humans dates at least back to the nineteenth century [21] and led to the field of biometrics. In the 1980s and 1990s of the twentieth century, random patterns in paper and optical tokens were used for unique identification of currency notes and strategic arms [2, 8, 53]. A formalization of this concept was introduced in the very beginning of the twenty-first century, first as physical one-way functions [41, 42], physical random functions [13], and finally as physical(ly) unclonable functions or PUFs.1 In the years following this introduction, an increasing number of new types of PUFs were proposed, with a tendency toward more integrated constructions. The practical relevance of PUFs for security applications was recognized from the start, with a special focus on the promising properties of physical unclonability and tamper evidence.

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next chapter Hardware Intrinsic Security from Physically Unclonable Functions
Footnotes
1
Note that there is a slight semantical difference between physical and physically unclonable functions. Further on in this work, we argue why the term physically unclonable is more fitting. For the remainder of this text, we will hence speak of PUFs as physically unclonable functions.
 
2
Whenever not explicitly mentioned, a fixed environment is assumed.
 
3
Possibly because they were proposed before the name PUF had been coined, or they were introduced in fields other than cryptographic hardware, where the notion of PUFs has not yet been introduced. When the name of a PUF in the section headings is between quotation marks, it means that we have introduced this name in this work for simplicity and easy reference.
 
4
Note that we do not use the term silicon PUFs in this work. It has been used to describe (a class of) PUFs which can be implemented on silicon digital integrated circuits and use the intrinsic manufacturing variability in the production process as a source of randomness. As such, they can be considered a particular case of intrinsic PUFs.
 
5
Note that there are different meanings given to the term reconfigurable PUF. The interpretation used in this work is the one described in Sect. 3.5.3 and is not directly related to the use of reconfigurable logic devices like FPGAs as meant in [38].
 
6
By “\({{\mathsf{\Pi}}}_{{\ensuremath{\mathsf{\Gamma}}}} \neq {{\mathsf{\Pi}}}\)” here we mean that \({{\mathsf{\Pi}}}_{{\ensuremath{\mathsf{\Gamma}}}}\) and \({{\mathsf{\Pi}}}\) are (embedded in) physically distinct entities.
 
7
A response containing n bits of entropy optimally allows for a unique identification in a population with an average size of \(2^\frac{n}{2}\) because of the birthday paradox.
 
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Metadata
Title
Physically Unclonable Functions: A Study on the State of the Art and Future Research Directions
Authors
Roel Maes
Ingrid Verbauwhede
Copyright Year
2010
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Book
Towards Hardware-Intrinsic Security

Print ISBN: 978-3-642-14451-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-642-14452-3

Copyright Year: 2010

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14452-3_1