Top

Journal of Nonverbal Behavior

Published in:

08-10-2018 | Original Paper

Policemen’s and Civilians’ Beliefs About Facial Cues of Deception

Authors: Hugues Delmas, Benjamin Elissalde, Nicolas Rochat, Samuel Demarchi, Charles Tijus, Isabel Urdapilleta

Published in: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior | Issue 1/2019

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

The most commonly discussed nonverbal indicators in scientific literature about subjective cues to deception are gaze aversion, smiling, self-adaptors, illustrators, body movements, etc. One of the methods for studying beliefs is the closed question method (CQM). The CQM studies beliefs through written questionnaires in which facial cues are described with words. In the present study, the CQM was adapted to the study of facial expressions by using a photographic questionnaire. Indeed, instead of written descriptions in a questionnaire, we used photos of facial expressions to improve the classification of facial cues with contrastive participants (police officers and civilians). Fifty-four standardized photos of facial movements based on the facial action coding system were used as stimuli. The task was to determine whether a particular expression was more or less present during a lie. Results highlight cues perceived as more present (e.g., lip wiping) or less present (e.g., fear) during a lie. Only a few differences emerged between civilians and police officers (e.g., head lowering) suggesting that they had similar beliefs. The accuracy of police officers’ beliefs was better than chance, but remains low for such a professional. Results revealed many new beliefs about deception which can be of help in updating police training on this topic in order to decrease the number of false alarms about lies.

previous article Nonverbal Markers of Lying During Children’s Collective Interviewing with Friends

next article Emotion Attribution in Nonverbal Vocal Communication Directed to Preterm Infants

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Available only for authorised users

The word undifferentiated indicates that a cue includes several variations of the cue. For instance, the gaze can be directed down, up, to the right, or to the left.

Except Duchenne smile (genuine smile) which had a larger effect size (d = − 0.70). However, this value was based on a small number of studies (Cohen 1988; DePaulo et al. 2003).

Akehurst, L., Köhnken, G., Vrij, A., & Bull, R. (1996). Lay persons’ and police officers’ beliefs regarding deceptive behaviour. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10(6), 461–471. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199612)10:6%3c461:AID-ACP413%3e3.0.CO;2-2.CrossRef

Al-Simadi, F. A. (2000). Jordanian students’ beliefs about nonverbal behaviors associated with deception in Jordan. Social Behavior and Personality, 28(5), 437–441. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2000.28.5.437.CrossRef

Ambadar, Z., Cohn, J. F., & Reed, L. I. (2009). All smiles are not created equal: Morphology and timing of smiles perceived as amused, polite, and embarrassed/nervous. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 33(1), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-008-0059-5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Bernstein, M. J., Sacco, D. F., Brown, C. M., Young, S. G., & Claypool, H. M. (2010). A preference for genuine smiles following social exclusion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(1), 196–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.08.010.CrossRef

Bernstein, M. J., Young, S. G., Brown, C. M., Sacco, D. F., & Claypool, H. M. (2008). Adaptive responses to social exclusion: Social rejection improves detection of real and fake smiles. Psychological Science, 19(10), 981–983. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02187.x.PubMedCrossRef

Bogaard, G., Meijer, E. H., Vrij, A., & Merckelbach, H. (2016). Strong, but wrong: Lay people’s and police officers’ beliefs about verbal and nonverbal cues to deception. PLoS ONE, 11(6), e0156615. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156615.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Bond, C. F., Jr., & DePaulo, B. M. (2006). Accuracy of deception judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 214–234. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_2.PubMedCrossRef

Burgoon, J. K., Schuetzler, R., & Wilson, D. W. (2015). Kinesic patterning in deceptive and truthful interactions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 39(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-014-0190-4.CrossRef

Calvo, M. G., Gutiérrez-García, A., Avero, P., & Lundqvist, D. (2013). Attentional mechanisms in judging genuine and fake smiles: Eye-movement patterns. Emotion, 13(4), 792–802. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032317.PubMedCrossRef

Chovil, N. (2005). Measuring conversational facial displays. In V. Manusov (Ed.), The sourcebook of nonverbal measures: Going beyond words (pp. 173–188). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-179060-8.50012-8.CrossRef

Colwell, L. H., Miller, H. A., Lyons, P. M., & Miller, R. S. (2006a). The training of law enforcement officers in detecting deception: A survey of current practices and suggestions for improving accuracy. Police Quarterly, 9(3), 275–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611104273293.CrossRef

Colwell, L. H., Miller, H. A., Miller, R. S., & Lyons, P. M., Jr. (2006b). US police officers’ knowledge regarding behaviors indicative of deception: Implications for eradicating erroneous beliefs through training. Psychology, Crime and Law, 12(5), 489–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160500254839.CrossRef

Danelakis, A., Theoharis, T., & Pratikakis, I. (2018). Action unit detection in 3D facial videos with application in facial expression retrieval and recognition. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 77(297), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-5699-9.CrossRef

Del Giudice, M., & Colle, L. (2007). Differences between children and adults in the recognition of enjoyment smiles. Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 796–803. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.796.PubMedCrossRef

Delmas, H., Denault, V., Rochat, N., Demarchi, S., Tijus, C., & Urdapilleta, I. (2016). Evaluation de la crédibilité des témoins: l’influence des croyances [Assessing the credibility of witnesses: The influence of beliefs]. In C. Tijus & C. Puigelier (Eds.), L’esprit au-delà du droit (pp. 205–224). Paris: Mare & Martin.

DePaulo, B. M., Lindsay, J. J., Malone, B. E., Muhlenbruck, L., Charlton, K., & Cooper, H. (2003). Cues to deception. Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 74–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.74.PubMedCrossRef

Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6(3–4), 169–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939208411068.CrossRef

Ekman, P., Davidson, R. J., & Friesen, W. V. (1990). The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain physiology. II. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 342–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.342.PubMedCrossRef

Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1976). Measuring facial movement. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 1(1), 56–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01115465.CrossRef

Ekman, P., Friesen, W., & Hager, J. (1978/2002). Facial action coding system. Retrieved April 4, 2015, from http://face-and-emotion.com/dataface/estore/main.jsp.

Forrest, J. A., Feldman, R. S., & Tyler, J. M. (2004). When accurate beliefs lead to better lie detection. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(4), 764–780. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02569.x.CrossRef

Frank, M. G., Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1993). Behavioral markers and recognizability of the smile of enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(1), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.83.PubMedCrossRef

Frank, M. G., & Svetieva, E. (2015). Microexpressions and deception. In M. K. Mandal & A. Awasthi (Eds.), Understanding facial expressions in communication: Cross-cultural and multidisciplinary perspectives (pp. 227–242). New Delhi: Springer.

Geiselman, E. R. (2012). The cognitive interview for suspects (CIS). American Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 30(3), 1–13.

Giannakakis, G., Manousos, D., Chaniotakis, V., & Tsiknakis, M. (2018). Evaluation of head pose features for stress detection and classification. Paper presented at IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical & Health Informatics, Las Vegas, United States. Abstract retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8333454/, https://doi.org/10.1109/BHI.2018.8333454.

Gordon, R. A., Baxter, J. C., Rozelle, R. M., & Druckman, D. (1987). Expectations of honest, evasive, and deceptive nonverbal behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 127(2), 231–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1987.9713687.CrossRef

Gosselin, P., Perron, M., Legault, M., & Campanella, P. (2002). Children’s and adults’ knowledge of the distinction between enjoyment and nonenjoyment smiles. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 26(2), 83–108. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015613504532.CrossRef

Granhag, P. A., Andersson, L. O., Strömwall, L. A., & Hartwig, M. (2004). Imprisoned knowledge: Criminals’ beliefs about deception. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 9(1), 103–119. https://doi.org/10.1348/135532504322776889.CrossRef

Granhag, P. A., Strömwall, L. A., & Hartwig, M. (2005). Granting asylum or not? Migration board personnel’s beliefs about deception. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(1), 29–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183042000305672.CrossRef

Greuel, L. (1992). Police officers’ beliefs about cues associated with deception in rape cases. In F. Lösel, D. Bender, & T. Bliesener (Eds.), Psychology and law: International perspectives (pp. 234–239). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

Gunnery, S. D., & Hall, J. A. (2014). The Duchenne smile and persuasion. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 38(2), 181–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-014-0177-1.CrossRef

Gunnery, S. D., & Hall, J. A. (2015). The expression and perception of the Duchenne smile. In A. Kostić & D. Chadee (Eds.), The social psychology of nonverbal communication (pp. 114–133). London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137345868.CrossRef

Gunnery, S. D., Hall, J. A., & Ruben, M. A. (2013). The deliberate Duchenne smile: Individual differences in expressive control. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 37(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-012-0139-4.CrossRef

Gunnery, S. D., & Ruben, M. A. (2015). Perceptions of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles: A meta-analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 30(3), 501–515. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1018817.PubMedCrossRef

Hadar, U., Steiner, T. J., Grant, E. C., & Rose, F. C. (1983). Head movement correlates of juncture and stress at sentence level. Language and Speech, 26(2), 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1177/002383098302600202.PubMedCrossRef

Hall, J. A., & Goh, J. X. (2017). Studying stereotype accuracy from an integrative social-personality perspective. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 11, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12357.CrossRef

Hart, C. L., Hudson, L. P., Fillmore, D. G., & Griffith, J. D. (2006). Managerial beliefs about the behavioral cues of deception. Individual Differences Research, 4(3), 176–184.

Hartwig, M., & Bond, C. F. (2011). Why do lie-catchers fail? A lens model meta-analysis of human lie judgments. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 643–659. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023589.PubMedCrossRef

Hartwig, M., & Granhag, P. A. (2015). Exploring the nature and origin of beliefs about deception: Implicit and explicit knowledge among lay people and presumed experts. In P. A. Granhag, A. Vrij, & B. Verschuere (Eds.), Detecting deception: Current challenges and cognitive approaches (pp. 125–154). New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118510001.CrossRef

Johnston, L., Miles, L., & Macrae, C. N. (2010). Why are you smiling at me? Social functions of enjoyment and non-enjoyment smiles. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49(1), 107–127. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466609X412476.PubMedCrossRef

Keltner, D. (1995). Signs of appeasement: Evidence for the distinct displays of embarrassment, amusement, and shame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(3), 441–454. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179644.001.0001.CrossRef

Kraut, R. E., & Poe, D. B. (1980). Behavioral roots of person perception: The deception judgments of customs inspectors and laymen. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(5), 784–798. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.39.5.784.CrossRef

Krumhuber, E. G., Likowski, K. U., & Weyers, P. (2014). Facial mimicry of spontaneous and deliberate Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 38(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-013-0167-8.CrossRef

Krumhuber, E. G., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2009). Can Duchenne smiles be feigned? New evidence on felt and false smiles. Emotion, 9(6), 807–820. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017844.PubMedCrossRef

Lakhani, M., & Taylor, R. (2003). Beliefs about the cues to deception in high- and low-stake situations. Psychology, Crime and Law, 9(4), 357–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316031000093441.CrossRef

Leach, A.-M., Ammar, N., England, D. N., Remigio, L. M., Kleinberg, B., & Verschuere, B. J. (2016). Less is more? Detecting lies in veiled witnesses. Law and Human Behavior, 40(4), 401–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000189.PubMedCrossRef

Marksteiner, T., Reinhard, M.-A., Dickhäuser, O., & Sporer, S. L. (2011). How do teachers perceive cheating students? Beliefs about cues to deception and detection accuracy in the educational field. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 27(3), 329–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-011-0074-5.CrossRef

Masip, J., & Herrero, C. (2015). Police detection of deception: Beliefs about behavioral cues to deception are strong even though contextual evidence is more useful. The Journal of Communication, 65(1), 125–145. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12135.CrossRef

Mathôt, S., Sebastiaan, M., Daniel, S., & Jan, T. (2011). OpenSesame: An open-source, graphical experiment builder for the social sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 44(2), 314–324. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0168-7.PubMedCentralCrossRef

Matsumoto, D., Hwang, H. C., Skinner, L. G., & Frank, M. G. (2014). Positive effects in detecting lies from training to recognize behavioral anomalies. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 29(1), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-012-9115-5.CrossRef

Mehu, M., Little, A. C., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2007). Duchenne smiles and the perception of generosity and sociability in faces. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 5(1), 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00032-5.CrossRef

Miles, L., & Johnston, L. (2007). Detecting happiness: Perceiver sensitivity to enjoyment and non-enjoyment smiles. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 31(4), 259–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-007-0036-4.CrossRef

Nicholls, M. E., Clode, D., Wood, S. J., & Wood, A. G. (1999). Laterality of expression in portraiture: Putting your best cheek forward. Proceedings of The Royal Society, 266(1428), 1517–1522. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1999.0809.CrossRef

Nicholls, M. E. R., Wolfgang, B. J., Clode, D., & Lindell, A. K. (2002). The effect of left and right poses on the expression of facial emotion. Neuropsychologia, 40(10), 1662–1665. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00024-6.PubMedCrossRef

Peace, V., Miles, L., & Johnston, L. (2006). It doesn’t matter what you wear: The impact of posed and genuine expressions of happiness on product evaluation. Social Cognition, 24(2), 137–168. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2006.24.2.137.CrossRef

Porter, S., & ten Brinke, L. (2008). Reading between the lies: Identifying concealed and falsified emotions in universal facial expressions. Psychological Science, 19(5), 508–514. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02116.x.PubMedCrossRef

Porter, S., ten Brinke, L., & Wallace, B. (2012). Secrets and lies: Involuntary leakage in deceptive facial expressions as a function of emotional intensity. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 36(1), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036006.CrossRef

Proteau, L. (2009). L’économie de la preuve en pratique [The economy of proof in practice]. Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 178(3), 12–27. https://doi.org/10.3917/arss.178.0012.CrossRef

Quadflieg, S., Vermeulen, N., & Rossion, B. (2013). Differential reliance on the Duchenne marker during smile evaluations and person judgments. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 37(2), 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-013-0147-z.CrossRef

Reinhard, M.-A., Scharmach, M., & Müller, P. (2013). It’s not what you are, it’s what you know: Experience, beliefs, and the detection of deception in employment interviews. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(3), 467–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2013.01011.x.CrossRef

Sacco, D. F., Hugenberg, K., & Sefcek, J. A. (2009). Sociosexuality and face perception: Unrestricted sexual orientation facilitates sensitivity to female facial cues. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(7), 777–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.021.CrossRef

Sato, T., & Nihei, Y. (2006). Effects of lie-catchers’ confidence on their beliefs about deception cues. Tohoku Psychologica Folia, 65, 99–108.

Sato, T., & Nihei, Y. (2009). Sex differences in beliefs about cues to deception. Psychological Reports, 104(3), 759–769. https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.104.3.759-769.PubMedCrossRef

Sayette, M. A., Cohn, J. F., Wertz, J. M., Perrott, M. A., & Parrott, D. J. (2001). A psychometric evaluation of the facial action coding system for assessing spontaneous expression. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 25(3), 167–185. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010671109788.CrossRef

Slessor, G., Miles, L. K., Bull, R., & Phillips, L. H. (2010). Age-related changes in detecting happiness: Discriminating between enjoyment and nonenjoyment smiles. Psychology and Aging, 25(1), 246–250. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018248.PubMedCrossRef

Strömwall, L., & Granhag, P. A. (2003). How to detect deception? Arresting the beliefs of police officers, prosecutors and judges. Psychology, Crime and Law, 9(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160308138.CrossRef

Su, L., & Levine, M. (2016). Does “lie to me” lie to you? An evaluation of facial clues to high-stakes deception. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 147, 52–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2016.01.009.CrossRef

Surakka, V., & Hietanen, J. K. (1998). Facial and emotional reactions to Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 29(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(97)00088-3.PubMedCrossRef

Taylor, R., & Hick, R. F. (2007). Believed cues to deception: Judgments in self-generated trivial and serious situations. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 12(2), 321–331. https://doi.org/10.1348/135532506X116101.CrossRef

Taylor, R., & Hill-davies, C. (2004). Parents’ and non-parents’ beliefs about the cues to deception in children. Psychology, Crime and Law, 10(4), 455–464. https://doi.org/10.1080/16683160310001634322.CrossRef

Taylor, R., & Vrij, A. (2000). Effects of varying stake and cognitive complexity on beliefs about the cues to deception. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 3, 111–123.

The Global Deception Research Team. (2006). A world of lies. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37(1), 60–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105282295.PubMedCentralCrossRef

Thibault, P., Gosselin, P., Brunel, M.-L., & Hess, U. (2009). Children’s and adolescents’ perception of the authenticity of smiles. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 102(3), 360–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2008.08.005.PubMedCrossRef

Thibault, P., Levesque, M., Gosselin, P., & Hess, U. (2012). The Duchenne marker is not a universal signal of smile authenticity—but it can be learned! Social Psychology, 43(4), 215–221. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000122.CrossRef

Todorov, A., Baron, S. G., & Oosterhof, N. N. (2008). Evaluating face trustworthiness: A model based approach. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3(2), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsn009.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Todorov, A., Pakrashi, M., & Oosterhof, N. N. (2009). Evaluating faces on trustworthiness after minimal time exposure. Social Cognition, 27(6), 813–833. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2009.27.6.813.CrossRef

Tolba, R., Elarif, T., & El-Horbarty, E.-S. M. (2018). Facial action coding system for the tongue. International Journal of Computers, 12, 9–14. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.14526.38728.CrossRef

Vrij, A. (2000). Detecting lies and deceit: The psychology of lying and the implications for professional practice. Chichester: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.828.CrossRef

Vrij, A. (2008). Detecting lies and deceit: Pitfalls and opportunities. Chichester: Wiley.

Vrij, A. (2014). La détection du mensonge: Mythes et possibilités [Lie detection: Myths and possibilities]. In M. St-Yves (Ed.), Les entrevues d’enquête: L’essentiel (pp. 237–256). Cowansville: Éditions Yvon Blais.

Vrij, A., Akehurst, L., & Knight, S. (2006). Police officers’, social workers’, teachers’ and the general public’s beliefs about deception in children, adolescents and adults. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 11(2), 297–312. https://doi.org/10.1348/135532505X60816.CrossRef

Vrij, A., Fisher, R. P., & Blank, H. (2017). A cognitive approach to lie detection: A meta-analysis. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 22(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12088.CrossRef

Vrij, A., & Semin, G. R. (1996). Lie experts’ beliefs about nonverbal indicators of deception. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 20(1), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02248715.CrossRef

Vrij, A., & Taylor, R. (2003). Police officers’ and students’ beliefs about telling and detecting trivial and serious lies. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 5(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.5.1.41.11244.CrossRef

Wiseman, R., Watt, C., ten Brinke, L., Porter, S., Couper, S.-L., & Rankin, C. (2012). The eyes don’t have it: Lie detection and Neuro-Linguistic Programming. PLoS ONE, 7(7), e40259. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040259.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Woodzicka, J. A. (2008). Sex differences in self-awareness of smiling during a mock job interview. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 32(2), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-007-0046-2.CrossRef

Zuckerman, M., Koestner, R., & Driver, R. (1981). Beliefs about cues associated with deception. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 6(2), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00987286.CrossRef

Title: Policemen’s and Civilians’ Beliefs About Facial Cues of Deception
Authors: Hugues Delmas
Benjamin Elissalde
Nicolas Rochat
Samuel Demarchi
Charles Tijus
Isabel Urdapilleta
Publication date: 08-10-2018
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior / Issue 1/2019
Print ISSN: 0191-5886
Electronic ISSN: 1573-3653
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-018-0285-4

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Other articles of this Issue 1/2019

Ad-Hoc Reviewers from 2018

Nonverbal Markers of Lying During Children’s Collective Interviewing with Friends

Emotion Attribution in Nonverbal Vocal Communication Directed to Preterm Infants

Speaker Sex Perception from Spontaneous and Volitional Nonverbal Vocalizations

You are What You Wear: Unless You Moved—Effects of Attire and Posture on Person Perception