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2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

7. Politicising Nationalism and Anti-Colonialism: The Nationalist Milieu

Author : Yiannos Katsourides

Published in: The Greek Cypriot Nationalist Right in the Era of British Colonialism

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

To understand Greek Cypriot nationalist politics we need to look at the mobilisation and organisation of the anti-colonial cleavage within the Greek community of Cyprus which produced two opposing right-wing factions. In this chapter, I look at their colonial stances, their vested interests, their strategies, etc. The way nationalism was politicised left a lasting imprint on Cypriot politics, and not just nationalist politics, which was marked by internal rivalries and conflicts, especially that between intransigents and moderates. Nationalist party politics was also affected by external influences, particularly developments in Greece and the stance of British authorities, while there was also internal political opposition, i.e., the Communists.

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previous chapter The Crisis of Established Politics and the Emergence of the Nationalist Right

next chapter The Crisis of Nationalism, Political Opposition and the Consolidation of the Nationalist Right

For example, deputies G. Chatzipavlou and I. Kyriakides each held the presidency of a reading club, Ellinismos (Hellenism) and the Liberals Association respectively, Laiki, 2 July 1925, 2; Eleftheria, 10 March 1917, 3.

The club followed a ‘members only’ policy and its elitist nature was ensured by the high subscription fee (12 cents per year in a period when daily wages for skilled workers was 1 cent).

‘Public Lectures’, Evagoras, 1 September 1901, 6; Evagoras, 25 October 1901, 5.

Katalanos was born in 1855 in the Greek village Mani in Peloponnesus and came to Cyprus in 1893 to teach at the Pancyprian Gymnasium. He remained in Cyprus until 1921 when he was deported to Athens where he died in 1933.

Titles of these lectures included, among others: ‘National History: the Mythical Period’, ‘National Consciousness in Art’, etc. (cited in Katsiaounis 1996, 217, 221).

‘Miscellaneous’, Foni tis Kyprou, 8 May, 1891.

Tornaritis (1948), the most prominent Greek Cypriot freemason of the first half of the twentieth century, offers valuable information about Cypriot freemasons, their network of lodges and the identities of the Greek Cypriot freemasons. Among the founders of Agios Pavlos were: I. Karageorgiades (mayor of Limassol 1896–1908), A. Michaelides, I. Kyriakides (deputy), N. Kartalis, E. Dalitis, etc. Members included: P. Stavrinides (medical doctor), C. Sozos (deputy) I. Economides (deputy), N. Lanitis (deputy), I. Macrides, M. Michaelides, C. Tornaritis, C. Lanitis, S. Tornaritis, A. Zenon (later mayor of Limassol), K. Tornaritis (he became Attorney General later). According to Tornaritis, in 1948 the lodge members’ registry listed 318 persons. The Greek lodge Kimon, number 53, was established in 1918 in Larnaca, which was placed under the aegis of the Megali Anatoli (Great East), the supreme masonic institution in Greece. Among its members was G. Aradippiotis deputy and later one of EREK’s founders. In 1921 another Greek lodge, Solon, was founded in Nicosia (number 55). Among its founders was deputy N. Paschalis. Other masonic institutions included the philosophical workshop Arios Pagos Kypros (Supreme Court Cyprus) number 3 in Limassol (1919), founded by prominent Greek notables such as D. Severis, G. Kirzis, I. Karageorgiades, N. Lanitis (deputy), etc.; the processing laboratory Stasinos number 11 in Nicosia (1929) whose founders included I. Economides (deputy), A. Triantafyllides (deputy), G. Pierides, etc.

‘The death of the Great Teacher’, Eleftheria, 17 October 1928, 3.

Eleftheria, 19 April 1930, 3; Eleftheria, 7 May 1930, 2.

‘Inauguration of Zenon lodge in Limassol’, Eleftheria, 28 February 1925, 2; Eleftheria 20 January 1926, 2; Eleftheria, 27 January 1926, 2.

See for example: ‘The Legislative Council and the people’, Foni tis Kyprou, 21 September 1901, 1. In this article the paper call on the voters to vote for P. Constantinidis; Neon Ethnos, 14 October 1916, 3. The article suggests its readership to vote for F. Zannetos; ‘White vote for Neoptolemon Paschali’, Eleftheria, 7 October 1916, 1; ‘Vote for Antonis Triantafyllides’, Eleftheria, 15 October 1930, 2.

‘The opinion of the medical doctor Themistocles Dervis’, Eleftheria, 2 February 1929, 1.

‘Proclamation of the Greek parliamentarians’, Eleftheria, 17 April 1912, 3. ‘The demands of the Greeks: the deputies must resign’, Eleftheria, 20 April 1912, 1.

Charter of Cyprus Political Organisation, kept in the Municipal Library of Limassol.

‘The political struggle of Cyprus’, Eleftheria, 11 May 1912, 2.

‘Reviewing the last year’, Eleftheria, 12 January 1918, 1.

Establishment of the Liberal Association in Limassol’, Eleftheria, 10 March 1917, 3. According to the press 300 persons attended the first meeting.

See for example, ‘Ioannis Clerides lecture on the political situation in Greece’, Eleftheria, 2 November 1918, 3.

Neon Ethnos, 11 August 1917, 3.

See for example, ‘The parliamentary elections’, Eleftheria, 30 September 1916, 2 and Eleftheria, 7 October 1916, 3; ‘The parliamentary elections’, Eleftheria, 10 June 1916, 1; ‘The importance of the elections’, Neon Ethnos, 22 July 1916, 1; ‘The municipal elections’, Neon Ethnos, 31 March 1917, 3.

‘Two candidates for the Archbishopric throne’, Neon Ethnos, 12 August 1916, 1–2; ‘The appropriate Archbishop of Cyprus: Meletios Metaxakis’, Eleftheria, 2 September 1916, 1.

‘The Political Organisation’, Eleftheria, 24 February 1917, 1; ‘The Political Organisation’, Eleftheria, 3 March 1917, 1; ‘The Political Organisation’, Eleftheria, 10 March 1917, 1.

Eleftheria, 21 July 1917, 1.

See article of F. Zannetos, ‘United actions’, Eleftheria, 8 September 1917, 1.

‘The National Assembly’, Eleftheria, 15 December 1917, 1.

‘On the occasion of the departing of the Greek deputies to London, Eleftheria, 14 December 1918, 1.

Eleftheria, 11 and 14 October 1919, 2.

Eleftheria, 17 January 1920, 2.

‘Letter from N. Kl. Lanitis’, Eleftheria, 9 October 1920, 2.

‘Refuse any cooperation’, Eleftheria, 19 February 1921, 2; ‘Meeting of the Central Committee of the National Cause’, Eleftheria, 14 May 1921, 2.

‘The resignation of the Greek deputies’, Eleftheria, 11 December 1920, 1.

‘The deportation of N. Katalanos to Greece’, Eleftheria, 30 April 1921, 2; ‘The deportation of F. Zannetos’, Eleftheria, 4 November 1922, 2.

‘Some dignity is needed’, Neon Ethnos, 2 June 1917, 1.

‘Illiberal decision’, Eleftheria, 6 November 1920, 1.

‘The Cypriot struggle: the assembly’, Eleftheria, 26 February 1921, 2.

‘Away from the polls’, Eleftheria, 29 October 1921, 1.

Representatives in the Assembly would come from towns and villages based on the following ratio: every 100 families one representative; up to 200 families 2 representatives; 200 families and above were allocated three representatives. All the mayors and one municipal councilor from every town or village, the newspapers publishers, representatives from cultural and social associations and the teachers’ union would also be present.

See also Eleftheria, 29 October 1921, 1–2.

Article of I. Clerides in Eleftheria, 5 November 1921, 1.

Eleftheria, 5 November 1921, 2.

Eleftheria, 18 March 1922, 2. The members of the first Executive Committee were: N. Kl. Lanitis, N. Paschalis, I. Economides, N. Nikolaides and Th. Theodotou.

See for example, ‘Theodotou’s tour’, Eleftheria, 1 April 1925, 2; ‘News’, Eleftheria, 18 April 1925, 2.

Eleftheria, 22 April 1922, 2.

A relevant proposal was submitted to the NC by former deputy A. Triantafyllides and was accepted by the body despite the intense opposition by the Bishop of Kyrenia. See, ‘The National Council of Cyprus: decisions’, Eleftheria, 6 December 1922, 2.

Eleftheria, 6 December 1922, p. 2. Similar views had also been expressed at this meeting by the parliamentarians Ioannis Kyriakides and Spyros Araouzos, and through letters by the Abbot of the Kykkou Monastery, the Bishop of Kition, Demosthenes Severis, Michalis Nikolaides, and N. K. Lanitis.

‘The National Council of Cyprus. Two meetings: decisions taken Decisions’, Eleftheria, 20 December 1922, 4.

Eleftheria, 3 December 1921, 2.

‘Supplementary elections: the nominees’, Eleftheria, 30 December 1922, 2; ‘To the Greek Cypriot population’, Eleftheria, 23 December 1922, 1–2.

The elected deputies were: O. Evriviades, private employee; M. Tiggirides, farmer from Lefkara village (Larnaca); I. Photiades farmer from the Agios Theodoros Karpasias village (Famagusta); E. Chadjiprokopis farmer from Deftera village (Nicosia); E. Eliades, tobacco factory manager; L. Christodoulou, farmer from Agios Athanasios (Limassol); and C. Chadjigeorgi farmer from Lofou village (Limassol). Cited in Cyprus Blue Book 1923, 92.

Eleftheria, 6 June 1923, 2.

‘National Council: Repudiation of those who ran for election’, Eleftheria, 24 January 1923, 2.

Indicative, ‘They are bankrupt’, Eleftheria, 2 June 1923, 1.

‘Pancyprian Assembly’, Eleftheria, 2 June 1923, 2.

‘The Third National Assembly of the Cypriots’, Eleftheria, 6 June 1923, 2.

Eleftheria, 1 October 1924, 2.

Eleftheria, 20 December, 1924, 1.

The meeting of the National Council’, Eleftheria, 20 May 1925, 1.

‘The Panergatikos Syllogos of Nicosia’, Pyrsos, 23 July 1923, 3.

‘The activities of Panergatikos’, Nea Laiki, 25 February 1927, 3; ‘Public lectures: the migration issue’, Nea Laiki, 8 April 1927, 2; Nea Laiki, 10 January 1930, 3.

‘Instead of a programme’, Laiki, 2 July 1925, 1; ‘Labour legislation’, Laiki, 7 August 1925, 1; ‘The programme of the Popular Party’, Laiki, 8 October 1925, 1.

‘A two-front struggle’, Laiki, 2 July 1925, 1.

Popular solution’, Laiki, 4 December 1925, 2.

‘The National Council’, Nea Laiki, 26 November 1926, 1.

‘The end of political corruption’, Laiki, 11 September 1925, 1.

Laiki, 4 September, 1925, 3.

Laiki, 25 September 1925, 1; ‘The Kykkos pounds were poured in the streets’, Laiki, 2 October 1925, 1.

‘Political masks’, Eleftheria, 29 August 1925, 1; ‘The corrupted’, «Ο φαυλοκράτης», Eleftheria, 1 September 1925, 1; ‘The masked politician’, Eleftheria, 2 September 1925, 1; ‘Workers trade’, Eleftheria, 31 October 1925, 1.

Laiki, 16 October 1925, 2.

‘The National Council: will it revive or not?’, Eleftheria 10 March 1926

‘National Organisation’, Nea Laiki, 10 January 1930, 3.

Nea Laiki, 27 June 1930, 1.

Nea Laiki, 24 October 1930, annex.

‘Hasty contempt’, Eleftheria, 24 October 1928, 1; ‘Protest of the Greek deputies’, Eleftheria, 24 October 1928, 2; ‘Mass rally in Limassol’, Eleftheria, 3 November 1928, σ. 3.

‘Declaration of the Holy Synod of the Church of Cyprus and the Greek deputies’, Eleftheria, 10 March 1928, 1.

See for example, ‘The ecclesiastical issue. The Holy Synod replies to the deputies’, Eleftheria, 13 April 1929, 2.

‘The opinion of T. Dervis’, Eleftheria, 2 February 1929, 1; ‘The opinion of S. Loizides’, Eleftheria, 9 February 1929, 1.

A. Triantafyllides in Eleftheria, 27 February 1929, 1.

See also: ‘Unionists and autonomists’, Neos Ergatis, 16 May 1929, 1; ‘The question of political organisation’, Eleftheria, 10 April 1929, 1; ‘The opinion of T. Theodotou and K. Rossides’, Eleftheria, 2 February 1929, 1; ‘The opinion of T. Dervis’, Eleftheria, 2 February 1929, 1; ‘The opinion of S. Loizides’, Eleftheria, 9 February 1929, 1; ‘The opinion of M. Nikolaides’, Eleftheria, 16 February 1929, 1–2; ‘Advantages and disadvantages of autonomy’, Eleftheria, 10 April 1929, 1; Eleftheria, 24 April 1929, 1.

‘The opinion of N. Kl. Lanitis’, Eleftheria, 23 January 1929, 1.

‘Organisation must begin immediately’, Eleftheria, 15 May 1929, 1; ‘Be worthy of the occasion’, ‘Be worthy of the circumstances’, Eleftheria, 19 June 1929, 1.

‘The National Cause of Cyprus’, Eleftheria, 3 April 1929, 2.

TNA, CO 67/227/39518, ‘Movement for union of Cyprus with Greece’, 1929 Sept.–Nov., (Part 3) Confidential, Storrs to Passfield, 11 September, 1929.

TNA, CO 67/228/3 ‘Movement for union of Cyprus with Greece’, 1929 Nov., (Part II); CO 67/228/4, ‘Movement for union of Cyprus with Greece’, 1929 Nov.–1930 Jan., No. 39543. See also, ‘Protests against the central government’, Eleftheria, 16 November 1929, 2; ‘Mass rally’, Eleftheria, 18 December 1929, 2.

‘On the need to form a new, healthy organisation’, Eleftheria, 6 November 1929, 1.

Articles by A. Emilianides in Eleftheria, 23, 27 and 30 November 1930.

TNA, CO 67/228/6, ‘Proposed long service and good conduct medal for the Cyprus Military Police Force’, 1929 Jan.-May, No. 39545, Nicholson to Lord Amery, 3 April 1929.

TNA, CO 67/234/1, ‘Movement for union of Cyprus with Greece’, 1930 Apr.–1931 Jan., No. 40021 (1930) A. Dawe to the Governor, 8 December 1930.

Eleftheria, 10 May 1930, 1.

‘The establishment of a political organisation’, Eleftheria, 11 January 1930, 2; ‘The national assembly in the Archbishopric’, Eleftheria, 29 January 1930, 2.

See the statute of the National Organisation in the Archbishopric of Cyprus.

Nea Laiki, 31 January 1930, 2.

Isotis, 15 March 1930, 1.

‘Decisions of the Executive Committee of the National Organisation’, Nea Laiki, 14 March 1930, 3.

‘The first congress of the national youth associations’, Eleftheria, 18 April 1931, 3.

See indicatively, ‘National speeches by the NOC’, Nea Laiki, 23 May 1930, 3; ‘National youth’, Eleftheria, 14 June 1930, 2.

See indicatively, ‘Community committees of the National Organisation’, Eleftheria, 19 April 1930, 2; ‘Morphou’s regional committee’, Eleftheria, 21 May 1930, 2.

‘Activities of the Executive Committee of the National Organisation’, Nea Laiki, 16 May 1930, 1.

‘Mr. Zenon Rossides’, Nea Laiki, 15 August 1930, 2.

TNA, CO 67/237/10, ‘Agitation for union of Cyprus with Greece’, 1931 Jan.–Aug., No. 41083, Confidential Despatch, Storrs to Passfield, 17 April 1931.

100

Eleftheria, 4 June 1930, 2.

101

‘Healthy politics is needed’, Eleftheria, 12 February 1930, 2.

102

‘For the new Board of the National Organisation’, Nea Laiki, 7 March 1930, 1.

103

Isotis, 11 January 1930, 1.

104

S. Loizides wrote three articles under the same title, ‘Politically we are infants’, in Eleftheria, 26 November 1930, 1; 29 November 1930, 1; and 6 December 1930, 1.

105

See articles of A. Emilianides in Eleftheria, 7 and 10 January 1931.

106

Eleftheria, 13 September 1930, 1.

107

Loizides in Eleftheria, 21 January 1931, 1.

108

Hadjipavlou’s newly launched Laiki Dinamis—Popular Power- (5 June 1931).

109

‘The assembly of the NOC: members resign’, Eleftheria, 6 May 1931, 2; ‘The meetings between members of the Legislative Council and the NOC’, Eleftheria, 7 October 1931, 2.

110

Eptanisa (literally seven islands) is a complex of Greek islands in the Ionian Sea.

111

Among the founding members were: the teacher G. Karayiannis director of the elementary school in Kyrenia; T. Sophocleous also a teacher in that school; D. Karolides lawyer; the secretary of the See of Kyrenia P. Ioannides; and the Bishop of Kyrenia Makarios.

112

TNA, CO 67/237/10, ‘Agitation for union of Cyprus with Greece’, 1931 Jan.–Aug., No. 41083, Confidential Despatch No. 234 (78/33/31), Patrick Ramsey to Arthur Henderson, 5 June 1931.

113

‘The Radical Union’, Eleftheria, 21 October 1931, 2.

114

TNA, CO 67/242/3, ‘Riots in Cyprus: censorship’, 1931 Dec., No. 41397/W Enclosure No. 9 Governors Despatch No. Secret (2), 16 December 1931.

115

‘The means of the Cypriot struggle’, Eleftheria, 11 June 1930, 1.

116

Eleftheria, 7 and 17 October 1931.

117

‘The proclamation of the Bishop of Kition’, Eleftheria, 21 October 1931, 2.

118

Prime Minister Venizelos condemned the riots of 1931: ‘It is unfortunate that Cypriots ignore the fact that the Greek Government disapproves this kind of conduct’. See Papademetris and Petrides (1979–1980, Vol. V, 98).

119

TNA, CO 67/240/12, No. 41397/E.

120

Cyprus Gazette (Extraordinary) November 1931, No. 2177.

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Cyprus Blue Book 1926

Title: Politicising Nationalism and Anti-Colonialism: The Nationalist Milieu
Author: Yiannos Katsourides
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: The Greek Cypriot Nationalist Right in the Era of British Colonialism
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-55534-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-55536-2

Copyright Year: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55536-2_7