Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Photo-polymerization Read chapter Read first chapter

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

4. Polymer Processing and Rheology

Authors : Nickolas D. Polychronopoulos, John Vlachopoulos

Published in: Functional Polymers

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This chapter is devoted to the presentation of the fundamental rheological properties of polymers and their processing technologies. Measurements of the rheological properties offer a fast and reliable way to determine molecular weight distribution and long-chain branching, which, in combination with the processing conditions, have a decisive influence on the end-use product properties. Shear viscosity, elongational viscosity, normal stress differences, stress relaxation, and some other measures and rheological phenomena, of relevance to polymer processing, are discussed. The most widely used polymer processing technologies of extrusion and injection molding are discussed with some details. The discussion includes key features of equipment used and design and operation challenges. Brief descriptions are presented on calendering, compression molding, blow molding, thermoforming, rotational molding, fiber spinning, and additive manufacturing. It is argued that computer-aided flow analysis and rheological measurements are necessary for equipment design, troubleshooting, and optimization in the processing of thermoplastics.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter Electrochemical Polymerization
next chapter Porous Coordination Polymers
Literature
1.
2.
Z. Tadmor, C.G. Gogos, Principles of Polymer Processing (Wiley, New York, 2006)
3.
J. Vlachopoulos, N. Polychronopoulos, Basic concepts in polymer melt rheology and their importance in processing, in Applied Polymer Rheology: Polymeric Fluids with Industrial Applications, ed. by M. Kontopoulou (Wiley, Hoboken, 2012), pp. 1–27
4.
R.B. Bird, R.C. Armstrong, O. Hassager, Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids, vol 1 (Wiley, New York, 1987)
5.
A.V. Chenoy, D.R. Saini, Thermoplastic Melt Rheology and Processing (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1996)
6.
C.D. Han, Rheology and Processing of Polymeric Materials, vol 1–2 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007)
7.
C.W. Macosko, Rheology: Principles, Measurements and Applications (VCH Publishers, New York, 1994)
8.
F.N. Cogswell, Polymer Melt Rheology (Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 1996)
9.
J. Vlachopoulos, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics (Polydynamics Inc., Dundas, 2016)
10.
S.J. Haward, J.A. Odell, Z. Li, X.-F. Yuan, The rheology of polymer solution elastic strands in extensional flow. Rheol. Acta 49(7), 781–788 (2010)CrossRef
11.
J.M. Dealy, R.G. Larson, Structure and Rheology of Molten Polymers (Hanser, Munich, 2006)CrossRef
12.
M. Sentmanat, B.N. Wang, G.H. McKinley, Measuring the transient extensional rheology of polyethylene melts using the SER universal testing platform. J. Rheol. 49, 585–606 (2005)CrossRef
13.
S.L. Anna, G.H. McKinley, Elasto-capillary thinning and breakup of model elastic liquids. J. Rheol. 45(1), 115–138 (2001)CrossRef
14.
M.M. Denn, Polymer Melt Processing (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008)CrossRef
15.
B. Debbaut, T. Avalose, J. Dooley, K. Hughes, On the development of secondary motions in straight channels induced by the second normal stress difference: experiments and simulations. J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 69(2–3), 255–271 (1997)CrossRef
16.
J. Dooley, Viscoelastic Flow Effects in Multilayer Polymer Extrusion, Doctoral Thesis, University of Eindhoven, Netherlands, 2002
17.
J.M. Dealy, K.F. Wissbrun, Melt Rheology and its Role in Plastics Processing (Chapman and Hall, London, 1996)
18.
S.W. Shang, The precise determination of polydispersity index (PI) in rheological testing of polypropylene. Adv. Polym. Technol. 12(4), 389–401 (1993)CrossRef
19.
R.H. Ewoldt, A.E. Hosoi, G.H. McKinley, New measures for characterizing nonlinear viscoelasticity in large amplitude oscillatory shear. J. Rheol. 52, 1427 (2008)CrossRef
20.
K. Hyun, M. Wilhelm, C.O. Klein, K.S. Cho, J.G. Nam, K.H. Ahn, S.J. Lee, R.H. Ewoldt, G.H. McKinley, A review of nonlinear oscillatory shear tests: Analysis and application of large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS). Prog. Polym. Sci. 36(12), 1697–1753 (2001)CrossRef
21.
H.M. Laun, Prediction of elastic strains of polymer melts in shear and elongation. J. Rheol. 30, 459 (1986)CrossRef
22.
M. Gale, Compounding with single-screw extruders. Adv. Polym. Technol. 16(4), 251–262 (1997)CrossRef
23.
G.I. Taylor, The viscosity of a fluid containing small drops of another fluid. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A Math. Phys. Sci. 138(834), 41–48 (1932)CrossRef
24.
G.I. Taylor, The formation of emulsions in definable fields of flow. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A Math. Phys. Sci. 146(858), 501–523 (1934)CrossRef
25.
H.P. Grace, Dispersion phenomena in high viscosity immiscible fluid systems and application of static mixers as dispersion devices in such systems. Chem. Eng. Commun. 14, 225–277 (1982)CrossRef
26.
I. Manas-Zloczower, Mixing and Compounding of Polymers (Hanser, Munich, 2009)CrossRef
27.
J. Vlachopoulos, Extrudate swell in polymers. Rev. Deform. Beh. Materials 3, 219–248 (1981)
28.
R.I. Tanner, Engineering Rheology (Oxford Engineering Science, Oxford, 2000)
29.
J.-F. Agassant, D.R. Arda, C. Combeaud, A. Merten, H. Münsted, M.R. Mackley, L. Robert, B. Vergnes, Polymer processing extrusion instabilities and methods for their elimination or minimization. Int. Polym. Process. 21(3), 239–255 (2006)CrossRef
30.
B. Vergnes, Extrusion defects and flow instabilities of molten polymers. Int. Polym. Process. 30(1), 3–28 (2015)CrossRef
31.
A.V. Ramamurthy, Extrudate irregularities and the polymer-metal interface connection, in Proceedings of the Xth International Congress on Rheology (Sydney, 1988), pp. 85–90
32.
E.C. Achilleos, G. Georgiou, S.G. Hatzikiriakos, Role of processing aids in the extrusion of molten polymers. J. Vinyl Addit. Technol. 8(1), 7–24 (2002)CrossRef
33.
V. Hristov, E. Takacs, J. Vlachopoulos, Surface tearing and wall slip phenomena in extrusion of highly filled HDPE/wood flour composites. Polym. Eng. Sci. 46(9), 1204–1214 (2006)CrossRef
34.
V. Hristov, J. Vlachopoulos, A study of viscoelasticity and extrudate distortions of wood polymer composites. Rheol. Acta 46(5), 773–783 (2007)CrossRef
35.
J.D. Gander, A.J. Giacomin, Review of die lip build up in plastics extrusion. Polym. Eng. Sci. 37(7), 1113–1126 (1997)CrossRef
36.
J. Musil, M. Zatloukal, Experimental investigation of flow induced molecular weight fractionation during extrusion of HDPE polymer melts. Chem. Eng. Sci. 66, 4814–4823 (2011)CrossRef
37.
J.W. Goodwin, R.W. Hughes, Rheology for Chemists an Introduction (RSC Publishing, Cambridge, 2008)
38.
R.K. Gupta, Polymer and Composites Rheology (Marcel-Dekker, New York, 2000)
39.
L.E. Nielsen, Polymer Rheology (Marcel-Dekker, New York, 1977)
40.
41.
L. Theodore, Nanotechnology (Wiley, New York, 2006)
42.
M. Alexander, P. Dubois, Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials. Mater. Sci. Eng. 28, 1–63 (2000)CrossRef
43.
R.K. Gupta, V. Pasanovic-Zujo, S.N. Bhattacharya, Shear and extensional rheology of EVA/layered silicate-nanocomposites. J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 128, 116–125 (2005)CrossRef
44.
T.G. Gopakumar, J.A. Lee, M. Kontopoulou, J.S. Parent, Influence of clay exfoliation on the physical properties of montmorillonite/polyethylene composites. Polymer 43(20), 5483–5491 (2002)CrossRef
45.
S.N. Bhattacharya, R.K. Gupta, M.R. Kamal, Polymeric Nanocomposites (Hanser, Munich, 2008)
46.
V. Pasanovic-Zujo, R.K. Gupta, S.N. Bhattacharya, Effect of vinyl acetate content and silicate loading on EVA nanocomposites under shear and extensional flow. Rheol. Acta 43(2), 99–108 (2004)CrossRef
47.
C.I. Chung, Extrusion of Polymers (Hanser, Munich, 2000)
48.
G.A. Campbell, M.A. Spalding, Analyzing and Troubleshooting Single-Screw Extruders (Hanser, Munich, 2013)CrossRef
49.
50.
E. Grünschloß, A powerful universal plasticating system for single-screw-extruders and injection moulding machines. Int. Polym. Process. 30(2), 226–234 (2007)
51.
E. Grünschloß, HELIBAR-A powerful Single Screw Plasticating System, SPE-ANTEC Conference, Cincinnati, 2007 pp. 405–410
52.
J. Vlachopoulos, J. Wagner Jr. (eds.), The SPE Guide on Extrusion Technology and Troubleshooting (Society of Plastics Engineers, Brookfield, 2001)
53.
F.G. Martellli, Twin-Screw Extruders: A Basic Understanding (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1983)CrossRef
54.
J. Vlachopoulos, R. Castillo, N. Polychronopoulos, S. Tanifuji, Blown film dies, chapter 5, in Design of Extrusion Forming Tools, ed. by O. Carneiro, J.M. Nobrega (Smithers-Rapra, Shawbury 2012), pp. 141–168
55.
N.D. Polychronopoulos, T.D. Papathanasiou, A study of the effect of drawing on extrudate swell in film casting. Appl. Rheol. 25, 42425 (2015)
56.
J. Vlachopoulos, N. Polychronopoulos, S. Tanifuji, J. Peter Müller, Flat film and sheet dies, chapter 4, in Design of Extrusion Forming Tools, ed. by O. Carneiro, J.M. Nobrega (Smithers-Rapra, Shawbury 2012), pp. 113–140,
57.
Y. Huang, P. Prentice, Experimental study and computer simulation of the effect of spider shape on the weld-lines in extruded plastic pipe. Polym. Eng. Sci. 38(9), 1506–1532 (1998)CrossRef
58.
H.A. Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1996)
59.
N.D. Polychronopoulos, I.E. Sarris, T.D. Papathanasiou, 3D features in the calendering of thermoplastics: A computational investigation. Polym. Eng. Sci. 54(7), 1712–1722 (2013)CrossRef
60.
E.T. Thostenson, T.-W. Chou, Processing-structure-multi-functional property relationship in carbon nanotube/epoxy composites. Carbon 44, 3022–3029 (2006)CrossRef
61.
H. Oxfall, J. Rondin, M. Bouquey, R. Muller, M. Rigdahl, R.W. Rychwalski, Elongational flow mixing for manufacturing of graphite nanoplatelet/polysterene composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 128(5), 2679–2686 (2013)CrossRef
62.
S.G. Prolongo, A. Jimenez-Suarez, R. Moriche, A. Ureña, In situ processing of epoxy composites reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets. Compos. Sci. Technol. 86, 185–191 (2013)CrossRef
63.
H. Mavridis, A.N. Hrymak, J. Vlachopoulos, The effect of fountain flow on molecular orientation in injection molding. J. Rheol. 32(6), 639–663 (1988)CrossRef
64.
A. I. Isayev (ed.), Injection and Compression Molding Fundamentals (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1987)
65.
J.A. Dantzig, C.L. Tucker, Modeling in Materials Processing (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001)CrossRef
66.
J. Avery, Gas-Assist Injection Molding (Hanser Gardner, Cincinnati, 2001)
67.
C.W. Macosko, Fundamentals of Reaction Injection Molding (Hanser, Munich, 1988)
68.
P. K. Mallick, S. Newman (eds.), Composite Materials Technology (Hanser, Munich, 1990)
69.
D.V. Rosato, D.V. Rosato, Blow Molding Handbook (Hanser, Munich, 1988)
70.
M.R. Kamal, in Concise Encyclopedia of Polymer Processing and Applications, ed. by P.J. Corish (Pergamon Press, New York 1992), pp. 71–76
71.
72.
D. Bhattacharya, Composite Sheet Forming (Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1997)
73.
R.J. Crawford, Rotational Molding of Plastics (Wiley, New York, 1992)
74.
R.J. Crawford, J.L. Throne, Rotational Molding Technology (William Andrew Publishing, New York, 2002)
75.
M. Narkis, N. Rosenzweig, Polymer Powder Technology (Wiley, New York, 1995)
76.
M. Kontopoulou, J. Vlachopoulos, Melting and densification of thermoplastic powders. Polym. Eng. Sci. 41(2), 155–169 (2001)CrossRef
77.
A. Ziabicki, Fundamentals of Fiber Formation: The Science of Fiber Spinning and Drawing (Wiley, New York, 1976)
78.
T. Nakajima (ed.), Advanced Fiber Spinning Technology (Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 1994)
79.
M. Schmid, A. Amado, K. Wegener, Polymer powders for selective laser sintering (SLS). AIP Conf. Proc. 1664, 160009 (2015)CrossRef
80.
B.N. Turner, R. Strong, S.A. Gold, A review of melt extrusion additive manufacturing processes: I. Process design and modeling. Rapid Prototyp. J. 20(3), 192–204 (2014)CrossRef
81.
B.N. Turner, S.A. Gold, A review of melt extrusion additive manufacturing processes: II. Materials, dimensional accuracy, and surface roughness. Rapid Prototyp. J. 21(3), 250–261 (2015)CrossRef
82.
J. Hornick, 3D Printing Will Rock the World (CreateSpace, North Charleston, 2015)
83.
F.A. Morrison, Understanding Rheology (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001)
84.
H. Zhou, Computer Modeling for Injection Molding: Simulation, Optimization, and Control (Wiley, New York, 2013)CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Polymer Processing and Rheology
Authors
Nickolas D. Polychronopoulos
John Vlachopoulos
Copyright Year
2019
Book
Functional Polymers

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-95986-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-95987-0

Copyright Year: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95987-0_4

Premium Partners

    Image Credits