Top

Published in:

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

6. Polypropylene Copolymers

Authors : Markus Gahleitner, Cornelia Tranninger, Petar Doshev

Published in: Polypropylene Handbook

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

The wide variety of copolymers of polypropylene (PP) is one of the key reasons for the technical and commercial success of this polymer. While historically compounds with elastomers came before reactor-based compositions, the latter now dominate the market. This is the result of developments on both the catalyst and the process side of production. Two main classes are distinguished, homogeneous random copolymer with either ethylene or higher α-olefins (like butene or hexene, both of which can also be combined with ethylene to give terpolymers), and heterophasic copolymers. While the former are single-phase materials, even in case of bimodality in molecular weight and/or comonomer distribution, the latter feature a complex multi-phase structure. Design variations are possible for both the crystalline matrix and the elastomeric inclusions here, allowing a wide variety of property combinations. Applications of PP copolymers are defined by their respective properties and range from advanced packaging solutions through pipe and medical applications to components for the automotive industry.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter Morphology Development and Control

next chapter Particulate Filled Polypropylene: Structure and Properties

Ziegler K, Breil H, Holzkamp E et al (1953) High molecular polyethylenes. DE 973626, 18 Nov 1953

Natta G, Pino P, Mazzanti G (1954) Regular linear head-to-tail polymerizates of certain unsaturated hydrocarbons and filaments comprising said polymerizates. DE 1094985, 8 June 1954

Sivaram S (2017) Giulio Natta and the origins of stereoregular polymers. Resonance 11:1007–1023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12045-017-0568-9CrossRef

Natta G, Corradini P (1960) Structure and properties of isotactic polypropylene. Il Nuovo Cimento 15:40–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02731859CrossRef

Grebowicz J, Lau S-F, Wunderlich B (1984) The thermal properties of polypropylene. J Polym Sci Pol Sym 71:19–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070710106CrossRef

Mühlhaupt R (2003) Catalytic polymerization and post polymerization catalysis fifty years after the discovery of Ziegler’s catalysts. Macromol Chem Phys 204:289–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200290085CrossRef

Gahleitner M, Hauer A, Bernreitner K et al (2002) Polypropylene-based model compounds as tools for the development of high-impact ethylene-propylene copolymers. Intern Polym Proc 17:1–7. https://doi.org/10.3139/217.1709CrossRef

Natta G, Mazzanti G, Boschi G (1956) Improved process for the production of high molecular weight copolymers. DE 1293453, 22 Dec 1956

Chum SP, Swogger KW (2008) Olefin polymer technologies—history and recent progress at the dow chemical company. Prog Polym Sci 33:797–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.05.003CrossRef

10.

Ramsteiner F, Kanig G, Heckmann W et al (1983) Improved low temperature impact strength of polypropylene by modification with polyethylene. Polymer 24:365–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(83)90278-1CrossRef

11.

Rümpler K-D, Jaggard JFR, Werner RA (1988) Polypropylen-blockcopolymere mit hohem kautschukgehalt durch polymerisation in der gasphase. Kunststoffe 78:602–605

12.

Cecchin G, Morini G, Pelliconi G (2001) Polypropylene product innovation by reactor granule technology. Macromol Symp 173:195–209. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3900(200108)173:1%3c195:aid-masy195%3e3.0.co;2-aCrossRef

13.

Gahleitner M, Jääskeläinen P, Ratajski E et al (2005) Propylene–ethylene random copolymers: comonomer effects on crystallinity and application properties. J Appl Polym Sci 95:1073–1081. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.21308CrossRef

14.

Morini G, Albizzati E, Balbontin G et al (1996) Microstructure distribution of polypropylenes obtained in the presence of traditional phthalate/silane and novel diether donors: a tool for understanding the role of electron donors in MgCl₂-supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts. Macromolecules 29:5770–5776. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma960070jCrossRef

15.

Chadwick JC, van der Burgt FPTJ, Rastogi S et al (2004) Influence of Ziegler-Natta catalyst regioselectivity on polypropylene molecular weight distribution and rheological and crystallization behavior. Macromolecules 37:9722–9727. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma048108cCrossRef

16.

Wang Q, Murayama N, Liu B et al (2005) Effects of electron donors on active sites distribution of MgCl₂-supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts investigated by multiple active sites model. Macromol Chem Phys 206:961–966. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200400502CrossRef

17.

Busico V, Cipullo R (2001) Microstructure of polypropylene. Prog Polym Sci 26:443–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(00)00046-0CrossRef

18.

Aarnio-Winterhof M, Doshev P, Seppälä J et al (2017) Structure-property relations of heterophasic ethylene-propylene copolymers based on a single-site catalyst. Express Polym Lett 11:152–161. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2017.16CrossRef

19.

Fujiyama M, Inata H (2002) Crystallization and melting characteristics of metallocene isotactic polypropylenes. J Appl Polym Sci 85:1851–1857. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.10797CrossRef

20.

Boragno L, Resconi L, Lilja J et al (2013) Propylene copolymer with high impact properties. WO 2014/154610 A1, 26 Mar 2013

21.

De Rosa C, Auriemma F, Vollaro P et al (2011) Crystallization behavior of propylene-butene copolymers: the trigonal form of isotactic polypropylene and form I of isotactic poly(1-butene). Macromolecules 44:540–549. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma102534fCrossRef

22.

Galli P, Vecellio G (2004) Polyolefins: the most promising large-volume materials for the 21st century. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 42:396–415. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.10804CrossRef

23.

Mei G, Herben P, Cagnani C et al (2006) The spherizone process: a new PP manufacturing platform. Macromol Symp 245–246:677–680. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.200651395CrossRef

24.

Albizzati E (1998) In: Moore E.P. (eds.) Polypropylene handbook. Carl Hanser, Munich (1998), p 89

25.

Vestberg T, Parkinson M, Fonseca I et al (2012) Poly(propylene-co-ethylene) produced with a conventional and a self-supported Ziegler-Natta catalyst: effect of ethylene and hydrogen concentration on activity and polymer structure. J Appl Polym Sci 124:4889–4896. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.35586CrossRef

26.

Agarwal V, van Erp T, Balzano L, et al (2014) The chemical structure of the amorphous phase of propylene-ethylene random copolymers in relation to their stress-strain properties. Polymer 55:896–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.12.051

27.

Jeon K, Chiari YL, Alamo RG (2008) Maximum rate of crystallization and morphology of random propylene ethylene copolymers as a function of comonomer content up to 21 mol %. Macromolecules 41:95–108. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma070757bCrossRef

28.

Stephens CH, Poon BC, Ansems P et al (2006) Comparison of propylene/ethylene copolymers prepared with different catalysts. J Appl Polym Sci 100:1651–1658. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.23788CrossRef

29.

Jeon K, Palza H, Quijada R et al (2009) Effect of comonomer type on the crystallization kinetics and crystalline structure of random isotactic propylene 1-alkene copolymers. Polymer 50:832–844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2008.10.032CrossRef

30.

De Rosa C, Auriemma F, Ballesteros O et al (2007) Crystallization behavior of isotactic propylene-ethylene and propylene-butene copolymers: effect of comonomers versus stereodefects on crystallization properties of isotactic polypropylene. Macromolecules 40:6600–6616. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma070409+

31.

Alamo RG, VanderHart DL, Nyden Marc R et al (2000) Morphological partitioning of ethylene defects in random propylene-ethylene copolymers. Macromolecules 33:6094–6105. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma000267iCrossRef

32.

Hosier IL, Alamo RG, Esteso P et al (2003) Formation of the α and ɣ polymorphs in random metallocene-propylene copolymers. Effect of concentration and type of comonomer. Macromolecules 36:5623–5636. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma030157m

33.

Kissin YV, Fruitwala HA (2007) Analysis of polyolefins and olefin copolymers using Crystaf technique: resolution of Crystaf curves. J Appl Polym Sci 106:3872–3883. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.27090CrossRef

34.

Sangroniz L, Cavallo D, Santamaria A et al (2017) Thermorheologically complex self-seeded melts of propylene–ethylene copolymers. Macromolecules 50:642–651. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02392CrossRef

35.

Hosoda S, Hori H, Yada K et al (2002) Degree of comonomer inclusion into lamella crystal for propylene/olefin copolymers. Polymer 43:7451–7460. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00680-8CrossRef

36.

Auriemma F, De Rosa C, Di Girolamo R et al (2017) Yield behavior of random copolymers of isotactic polypropylene. Polymer 129:235–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2017.09.058CrossRef

37.

Gahleitner M, Mileva D, Gloger D et al (2017) Polymer structure effects on crystallization and properties in polypropylene film casting. AIP Conf Proc 1914:130001. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5016762CrossRef

38.

Cavallo D, Portale G, Balzano L et al (2010) Real-time WAXD detection of mesophase development during quenching of propene/ethylene copolymers. Macromolecules 43:10208–10212. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma1022499CrossRef

39.

Gahleitner M, Grein C, Blell R et al (2011) Sterilization of propylene/ethylene random copolymers: annealing effects on crystalline structure and transparency as influenced by polymer structure and nucleation. Express Polym Lett 5:788–798. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2011.77CrossRef

40.

Resch K, Wallner GM, Teichert C et al (2007) Highly transparent polypropylene cast films: relationships between optical properties, additives, and surface structure. Polym Eng Sci 47:1021–1032. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.20781CrossRef

41.

Gahleitner M, Fiebig J, Wolfschwenger J et al (2002) Post-crystallization and physical aging of polypropylene: material and processing effects. J Macromol Sci Phys B 41:833–849. https://doi.org/10.1081/MB-120013068CrossRef

42.

Mazzola N, Cáceres C, França M et al (2012) Correlation between thermal behavior of a sealant and heat sealing of polyolefin films. Polym Test 31:870–875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2012.06.013CrossRef

43.

Stehling F, Meka P (1994) Heat sealing of semicrystalline polymer films. II. Effect of melting distribution on heat-sealing behavior of polyolefins. J Appl Polym Sci 51:105–119. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070510112CrossRef

44.

Mirabella FM (1987) Determination of the crystalline and noncrystalline molecular orientation in oriented polypropylene by infrared spectroscopy. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 25:591–602. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.1987.090250310CrossRef

45.

Ibhadon AO (1991) Effect of orientation on melting of isotactic polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 43:567–571. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070430318CrossRef

46.

Tetsuya T, Hashimoto Y, Ishiaku US et al (2006) Effect of heat-sealing temperature on the properties of OPP/CPP heat seals. Part II. crystallinity and thermomechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 99:513–519. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.22443CrossRef

47.

Gahleitner M, Grein Kheirandish S et al (2011) Nucleation of polypropylene homo and copolymers. Intern Polym Proc 26:2–20. https://doi.org/10.3139/217.2411CrossRef

48.

Horváth Z, Menyhárd A, Doshev P et al (2016) Improvement of the impact strength of ethylene-propylene random copolymers by nucleation. J Appl Polym Sci 133:43823. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.43823CrossRef

49.

Grein C (2005) Toughness of neat, rubber modified and filled β-nucleated polypropylene: from fundamentals to applications. Adv Polym Sci 188:43–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/b136972CrossRef

50.

Benavente R, Caveda S, Perez E et al (2012) Influence of β-nucleation on polymorphism and properties in random copolymers and terpolymers of propylene. Polym Eng Sci 52:2285–2295. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.23322CrossRef

51.

Boragno L, Braun H, Hartl AM (2017) Polypropylene for pressure pipes—from polymer design to long-term performance. In: Grellmann W, Langer B (eds) Deformation and fracture behaviour of polymer materials. Springer series in materials science. vol 247. Springer, Cham

52.

LyondellBasell Industries Holdings B.V. (2016) Hostalen PP “XN” series pipe, leading the way. Information Brochure

53.

Spalding MA, Chatterjee AM (eds) (2007) Handbook of industrial polyethylene and technology. Scrivener Publishing, Wiley, USA

54.

Arnold M, Henschke O, Knorr J (1996) Copolymerization of propene and higher alpha-olefins with the metallocene catalyst Et[Ind]2HfCl₂/methylaluminoxane. Macromol Chem Phys 197:563–573. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.1996.021970212CrossRef

55.

Quijada R, Guevara JL, Galland GB et al (2005) Synthesis and properties coming from the copolymerization of propene with alpha-olefins using different metallocene catalysts. Polymer 46:1567–1574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.11.115CrossRef

56.

Stagnaro P, Costa G, Trefiletti V et al (2004) Thermal behavior, structure and morphology of propene/higher 1-olefin copolymers. Macromol Chem Phys 207:2128–2141. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200600288CrossRef

57.

Palza H, Lopez-Majada JM, Quijada R et al (2008) Comonomer length influence on the structure and mechanical response of metallocenic polypropylenic materials. Macromol Chem Phys 209:2259–2267. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200800294CrossRef

58.

De Rosa C, Auriemma F, de Ballesteros OR et al (2008) The double role of comonomers on the crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene: propylene-hexene copolymers. Macromoluecules 41:2172–2177. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma071753+CrossRef

59.

Arranz-Andrés J, Suárez I, Pena B et al (2007) Metallocenic isotactic poly(propylene) and its copolymers with 1-hexene and ethylene. Macromol Chem Phys 208:1510–1521. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200700115CrossRef

60.

Van Reenen AJ (2003) Propene copolymers: an overview of recent research. Macromol Symp 193:57–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.200390064CrossRef

61.

Locatelli P, Sacchi MC, Tritto I et al (1988) Propene/1-butene copolymerization with a heterogenous Ziegler-Natta catalyst: inhomogeneity of isotactic active sites. Macromol Chem Rapid Commun 9:575–580. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.1988.030090812CrossRef

62.

Dlubek G, Bamford D, Rodriguez-Gonzalez A et al (2002) Free volume, glass transition and degree of branching in metallocene-based propylene/α-olefin copolymers: positron lifetime, density, and differential scanning calorimetric studies. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 40:434–453. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.10108CrossRef

63.

Poon B, Rogunova M, Hiltner A et al (2005) Structure and properties of homogenous copolymers of propylene and 1-hexene. Macromolecules 38:1232–1243. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma048813lCrossRef

64.

Lotz B, Ruan J, Thierry A et al (2007) A structure of copolymers of propene and hexene isomorphous to isotactic poly(1-butene) form I. Macromolecules 39:5777–5781. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma052314iCrossRef

65.

Boragno L, Stagnara P, Forlini F et al (2013) The trigonal form of i-PP in random C3/C5/C6 terpolymers. Polymer 54:1656–1662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.01.041CrossRef

66.

Majada-Lopez JM, Palza H, Guevara JL et al (2006) Metallocene copolymers of propene and 1-hexene: the influence of the comonomer content and thermal history on the structure and mechanical properties. J Polym Sci Phys 44:1253–1267. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.20781CrossRef

67.

Lovisi H, Tavares MIB, de Silva NM et al (2001) Influence of comonomer content and short branch length on the physical properties of metallocene propylene copolymers. Polymer 42:9791–9799. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00528-6CrossRef

68.

Grein C, Bernreitner K, Gahleitner M (2004) Potential and limits of dynamic mechanical analysis as a tool for fracture resistance evaluation of isotactic polypropylenes and their polyolefin blends. J Appl Polym Sci 93:1854–1867. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.20606CrossRef

69.

Gahleitner M, Doshev P, Tranninger C (2013) Heterophasic copolymers of polypropylene—development, design principles and future challenges. J Appl Polym Sci 130:3028–3037. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.39626CrossRef

70.

ISO 16152:2005, Plastics—determination of xylene-soluble matter in polypropylene

71.

Zacur R, Goizueta G, Capiati N (2000) Dispersed phase morphology of impact pp copolymers. Effects of blend composition as determined by TREF. Polym Eng Sci 40:1921–1930. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.11324CrossRef

72.

Fernández A, Expósito MT, Peña B et al (2015) Molecular structure and local dynamic in impact polypropylene copolymers studied by preparative TREF, solid state NMR spectroscopy, and SFM microscopy. Polymer 61:87–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2015.01.079CrossRef

73.

Santonja-Blasco L, Rungswang W, Alamo RG (2017) Influence of chain microstructure on LLPS and crystallization of dual reactor Ziegler-Natta made impact propylene ethylene copolymers. Ind Eng Chem Res 56:3270–3282. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04708CrossRef

74.

EN ISO 1628-3:2010, Plastics—determination of the viscosity of polymers in dilutesolution using capillary viscometers—part 3: polyethylenes and polypropylenes

75.

Romero L, Ortín A, Monrabal B et al (2012) A new calibration method for the accurate determination of ethylene content in ethylene-propylene copolymers by CRYSTEX-IR. Macromol Symp 312:157–166. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.201100014CrossRef

76.

Kim G-M, Michler GH (1998) Micromechanical deformation processes in toughened and particle-filled semicrystalline polymers: part 1. Characterization of deformation processes in dependence on phase morphology. Polymer 39:5689–5697. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00089-5CrossRef

77.

Kim G-M, Michler GH (1998) Micromechanical deformation processes in toughened and particle filled semicrystalline polymers: part 2. Model representation for micromechanical deformation processes. Polymer 39:5699–5703. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00169-4CrossRef

78.

Grein C, Bernreitner K, Hauer A et al (2003) Impact modified isotatic polypropylene with controlled rubber intrinsic viscosities: some new aspects about morphology and fracture. J Appl Polym Sci 87:1702–1712. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.11696CrossRef

79.

Starke J-U, Michler GH, Grellmann W et al (1998) Fracture toughness of polypropylene copolymers: influence of interparticle distance and temperature. Polymer 39:75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(97)00219-XCrossRef

80.

Kotter I, Grellmann W, Koch T et al (2006) Morphology–toughness correlation of polypropylene/ethylene–propylene rubber blends. J Appl Polym Sci 100:3364–3371. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.23708CrossRef

81.

Kojima M (1981) Stress whitening in crystalline propylene-ethylene block copolymers. J Macromol Sci Phys B19:523–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222348108015316CrossRef

82.

Bakshi S, Kulshreshta AK, Singh BP et al (1989) Stress-whitening of polypropylene block copolymer in impact tests and its measurement. Polym Test 8:191–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-9418(88)90010-4CrossRef

83.

Jang HJ, Kim S-D, Choi W et al (2012) Morphology and stress whitening of heterophasic poly(propylene) copolymer/high density polyethylene blends. Macromol Symp 312:34–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.201100021CrossRef

84.

Gensler R, Plummer CJG, Grein C et al (2000) Influence of the loading rate on the fracture resistance of isotactic polypropylene and impact modified isotactic polypropylene. Polymer 41:3809–3819. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00593-5CrossRef

85.

Nachtnebel M, Rastel M, Mayrhofer C et al (2017) The fracture behaviour of particle modified polypropylene—3D reconstructions and interparticle distances. Polymer 126:65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2017.08.029CrossRef

86.

Poelt P, Zankel A, Gahleitner M et al (2010) Tensile tests in the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM)—part I: polypropylene homopolymers. Polymer 51:3203–3212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.04.068CrossRef

87.

Karger-Kocsis J, Friedrich K (1989) Effect of skin-core morphology on fatigue crack propagation in injection moulded polypropylene homopolymer. Int J Fatigue 11:161–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-1123(89)90435-0CrossRef

88.

Mirabella FM (1994) Phase separation and the kinetics of phase coarsening in commercial impact polypropylene copolymers. J Polym Sci Phys 32:1205–1216. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.1994.090320708CrossRef

89.

Moffitt M, Rharbi Y, Chen W et al (2002) Stratified morphology of a polypropylene/elastomer blend following channel flow. J Polym Sci Phys 40:2842–2859. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.10301CrossRef

90.

Karger-Kocsis J, Mouzakis DE (1999) Effects of injection molding-induced morphology on the work of fracture parameters in rubber-toughened polypropylenes. Polym Eng Sci 39:1365–1374. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.11525CrossRef

91.

Housmans JW, Gahleitner M, Peters GWM et al (2009) Structure-property relations in molded, nucleated isotactic polypropylene. Polymer 50:2304–2319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2009.02.050CrossRef

92.

Zhong G-J, Li Z-M (2005) Injection molding-induced morphology of thermoplastic polymer blends. Polym Eng Sci 45:1655–1665. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.20448CrossRef

93.

Grillet AM, Bogaerds ACB, Peters GWM et al (2002) Numerical analysis of flow mark surface defects in injection molding flow. J Rheol 46:651. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.1459419CrossRef

94.

Patham B, Papworth P, Jayaraman K et al (2005) Flow marks in injection molding of polypropylene and ethylene-propylene elastomer blends: analysis of morphology and rheology. J Appl Polym Sci 96:423–434. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.21459CrossRef

95.

Grestenberger G, Potter GD, Grein C (2014) Polypropylene/ethylene-propylene rubber (PP/EPR) blends for the automotive industry: basic correlations between EPR-design and shrinkage. Express Polym Lett 8:282–292. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2014.31CrossRef

96.

Martuscelli E, Silvestre C, Abate G (1982) Morphology, crystallization and melting behaviour of films of isotactic polypropylene blended with ethylene-propylene copolymers and polyisobutylene. Polymer 23:229–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(82)90306-8CrossRef

97.

Lin Z, Peng M, Zheng Q (2004) Isothermal crystallization behavior of polypropylene catalloys. J Appl Polym Sci 93:877–882. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.20501CrossRef

98.

Van Drongelen M, Gahleitner M, Spoelstra AB et al (2015) Flow-induced solidification of high-impact polypropylene copolymer compositions: morphological and mechanical effects. J Appl Polym Sci 132:42040. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.42040CrossRef

99.

Grein C, Gahleitner M, Knogler B et al (2007) Melt viscosity effects in ethylene-propylene copolymers. Rheol Acta 46:1083–1089. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-007-0200-0CrossRef

100.

Seppäla J, Härkonen M, Luciani L (1989) Effect of the structure of external alkoyxsilane donors on the polymerization of propene with high activity Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Macromol Chem 190:2535–2550. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.1989.021901019

101.

Gahleitner M, Bachner C, Ratajski E et al (1999) Effects of the catalyst system on the crystallization of polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 73:2507–2515. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990919)73:12%3c2507:AID-APP19%3e3.0.CO;2-VCrossRef

102.

Pukánszky B, Mudra I, Staniek P (1997) Relation of crystalline structure and mechanical properties of nucleated polypropylene. J Vin Add Tech 3:53–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/vnl.10165CrossRef

103.

Gahleitner M, Wolfschwenger J, Bernreitner K et al (1996) Crystallinity and mechanical properties of PP-homopolymers as influenced by molecular structure and nucleation. J Appl Polym Sci 61:649–657. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19960725)61:4%3c649:AID-APP8%3e3.0.CO;2-LCrossRef

104.

Van der Wal A, Mulder JJ, Oderkerk J, Gaymans RJ (1998) Polypropylene–rubber blends: 1. The effect of the matrix properties on the impact behaviour. Polymer 39, 6781–6787. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00170-0

105.

Van der Meer DW, Varga J, Vancso GJ (2015) The influence of chain defects on the crystallization behaviour of isotactic polypropylene. Express Polym Lett 9:233–254. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2015.23CrossRef

106.

Phillips R, Herbert G, News J et al (1994) High modulus polypropylene: effect of polymer and processing variables on morphology and properties. Polym Eng Sci 34:1731–1743. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.760342304CrossRef

107.

Pantani R, Balzano L, Peters GMW (2012) Flow-induced morphology of iPP solidified in a shear device. Macromol Mater Eng 297:60–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201100158CrossRef

108.

Tranninger C, Doshev P, Potter E (2012) Heterophasic propylene copolymer with excellent impact/stiffness balance. EP 2601260 B1, 6 Aug 2010

109.

Nagasawa S, Fujimori A, Masuko T et al (2005) Crystallisation of polypropylene containing nucleators. Polymer 46:5241–5250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.03.099CrossRef

110.

Menyhárd A, Gahleitner M, Varga J et al (2009) The influence of nucleus density on optical properties in nucleated isotactic polypropylene. Eur Polym J 45:3138–3148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.08.006CrossRef

111.

Sun M, Gao D, Zhang H et al (2014) Toughening effects of nucleating agent on impact polypropylene copolymer. J Appl Polym Sci 131:40705. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.40705CrossRef

112.

Grein C, Gahleitner M (2008) On the influence of nucleation on the toughness of iPP/EPR blends with different rubber molecular architectures. Express Polym Lett 2:392–397. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2008.47CrossRef

113.

Paulik C, Gahleitner M, Neißl W (1996) Flexible, tough and resilient PP-copolymers. Kunstst Plast Eur 86:16–17

114.

Cecchin G, Giuglielmi F (1988) Propylene polymer compositions having good transparency and improved impact resistance. EP 0373660 A2, 14 Dec 1988

115.

Cheruthazhekatt S, Pijpers TFJ, Harding GW et al (2012) Multidimensional analysis of the complex composition of impact polypropylene copolymers: combination of TREF, SEC-FTIR-HPer DSC, and high temperature 2D-LC. Macromolecules 45:2025–2034. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma2026989CrossRef

116.

Cheruthazhekatt S, Pijpers TFJ, Harding GW et al (2012) Compositional analysis of an impact polypropylene copolymer by fast scanning DSC and FTIR of TREF-SEC cross-fractions. Macromolecules 45:5866–5880. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma3008702CrossRef

117.

Pasch H, Albrecht A, Bruell R et al (2009) High temperature interaction chromatography of olefin copolymers. Macromol Symp 282:71–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.200950808CrossRef

118.

Macko T, Ginzburg A, Remerie K et al (2012) Separation of high-impact polypropylene using interactive liquid chromatography. Macromol Chem Phys 213:937–944. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201200017CrossRef

119.

Kock C, Gahleitner M, Schausberger A et al (2013) Polypropylene/polyethylene blends as models for high-impact propylene-ethylene copolymers. 1: interaction between rheology and morphology. J Appl Polym Sci 128:1484–1496. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.38289CrossRef

120.

Tocháček J, Jančár J, Kalfus J et al (2011) Processing stability of polypropylene impact-copolymer during multiple extrusion—effect of polymerization technology. Polym Deg Stab 96:491–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.01.018CrossRef

121.

Wu S (1985) Phase structure and adhesion in polymer blends: a criterion for rubber toughening. Polymer 26:1855–1863. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(85)90015-1CrossRef

122.

Van der Wal A, Nijhof R, Gaymans RJ (1999) Polypropylene-rubber blends 2: the effect of the rubber content on the deformation and impact behaviour. Polymer 40:6031–6044. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00213-XCrossRef

123.

Debling JA, Ray WH (2011) Morphological development of impact polypropylene produced in gas phase with a TiCl₄/MgCl₂ catalyst. J Appl Polym Sci 81:3085–3106. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1761CrossRef

124.

Kittilsen P, McKenna TF (2001) Study of the kinetics, mass transfer, and particle morphology in the production of high-impact polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 82:1047–1060. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1939CrossRef

125.

Grof Z, Kosek J, Marek M (2005) Modeling of morphogenesis of growing polyolefin particles. AIChE J 51:2048–2067. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.10549CrossRef

126.

Bouzid D, McKenna TFL (2006) Improving impact poly(propylene) morphology and production: selective poisoning of catalyst surface sites and the use of antistatic agents. Macromol Chem Phys 207:13–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200500379CrossRef

127.

Bartke M, Kröner S, Wittebrock A et al (2007) Sorption and diffusion of propylene and ethylene in heterophasic polypropylene copolymers. Macromol Symp 259:327–336. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.200751337CrossRef

128.

Zubov A, Pechackova L, Seda L et al (2010) Transport and reaction in reconstructed porous polypropylene particles: model validation. Chem Eng Sci 65:2361–2372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2009.09.082CrossRef

129.

Smolná K, Gregor T, Kosek J (2013) Morphological analysis of high-impact polypropylene using X-ray microCT and AFM. Eur Polym J 49:3966–3976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.08.030CrossRef

130.

D’Orazio L, Mancarella C, Martuscelli E et al (1991) Polypropylene/ethylene-co-propylene blends: influence of molecular structure and composition of EPR on melt rheology, morphology and impact properties of injection-moulded samples. Polymer 32:1186–1194. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(91)90220-DCrossRef

131.

Kontopoulou M, Wang W, Gopakumar TG et al (2003) Effect of composition and comonomer type on the rheology, morphology and properties of ethylene-α-olefin copolymer/polypropylene blends. Polymer 44:7495–7504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2003.08.043CrossRef

132.

Poelt P, Ingolic E, Gahleitner M et al (2000) Characterization of modified polypropylene by scanning electron microscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 78:1152–1161. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4628(20001031)78:5%3c1152:AID-APP250%3e3.0.CO;2-7CrossRef

133.

Tanem BS, Kamfjord T, Augestad M et al (2003) Sample preparation and AFM analysis of heterophase polypropylene systems. Polymer 44:4283–4291. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00392-6CrossRef

134.

D’Orazio L, Mancarella C, Martuscelli E et al (1991) Polypropylene/ethylene-co-propylene blends: influence of molecular structure of EPR and composition on phase structure of isothermally crystallized samples. J Mater Sci 26:4033–4047. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02402944CrossRef

135.

Nomura T, Nishio T, Fujii T et al (1995) Compatibility and tensile behavior of polypropylene/ethylene-propylene rubber blends. Polym Eng Sci 35:1261–1271. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.760351602CrossRef

136.

Doshev P, Lach R, Lohse G et al (2005) Fracture characteristics and deformation behavior of heterophasic ethylene–propylene copolymers as a function of the dispersed phase composition. Polymer 46:9411–9422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.07.029CrossRef

137.

Torgersen U, De Mink P, Bernreitner K (2002) Flat film for thermoforming and process for its manufacturing. EP 1572785 B1, 18 Dec 2002

138.

Doshev P, Lohse G, Henning S et al (2006) Phase interactions and structure evolution of heterophasic ethylene–propylene copolymers as a function of system composition. J Appl Polym Sci 101:2825–2837. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.22921CrossRef

139.

Massari P, Ciarafoni M, News J (2004) Polyolefinic compositions having good whitening resistance. EP 1828304 B1, 23 Dec 2004

140.

Tian Y, Song S, Feng J et al (2012) Phase morphology evolution upon melt annealing treatment and corresponding mechanical performance of impact-resistant polypropylene copolymer. Mat Chem Phys 133:893–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2012.01.113CrossRef

141.

Fan Z-Q, Zhang Y-Q, Xu J-T et al (2003) Structure and properties of polypropylene/poly(ethylene-co-propylene) in-situ blends synthesized by spherical Ziegler-Natta catalyst. Eur Polym J 39:795–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00062-3CrossRef

142.

Lu L, Fan H, Li B-G et al (2009) Polypropylene and ethylene–propylene copolymer reactor alloys prepared by metallocene/Ziegler–Natta hybrid catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res 48:8349–8355. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie900579hCrossRef

143.

Tynys A, Saarinen T, Hakala K et al (2005) Ethylene–propylene copolymerisations: effect of metallocene structure on termination reactions and polymer microstructure. Macromol Chem Phys 206:1043–1056. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200400523CrossRef

144.

Karger-Kocsis J, Kiss L (1987) Dynamic mechanical properties and morphology of polypropylene block copolymers and polypropylene/elastomer blends. Polym Eng Sci 27:254–262. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.760270404CrossRef

145.

Okamoto Y, Miyagi H, Kakugo M et al (1991) Impact improvement mechanism of HIPS with bimodal distribution of rubber particle size. Macromolecules 24:5639–5644. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00020a024CrossRef

146.

Paul S, Kale DD (2000) Impact modification of polypropylene copolymer with a polyolefinic elastomer. J Appl Polym Sci 76:1480–1484. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(20000531)76:9%3c1480:AID-APP12%3e3.0.CO;2-KCrossRef

147.

Massari P, News J, Ciarafoni M (2004) Impact resistant polyolefin compositions. EP 1747249 B1, 21 May 2004

148.

Grein C, Bernreitner K, Berger F (2004) Novel polypropylene compositions. EP 1769029 B1, 27 May 2004

149.

Grein C, Bernreitner K, Thermoplastic polyolefins with high flowability and excellent surface quality produced by a multistage process. EP 2294129 B1, 16 Jun 2008

150.

Hobbs SY, Dekkers MEJ, Watkins VH (1988) Effect of interfacial forces on polymer blend morphologies. Polymer 29:1598–1602. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(88)90269-8CrossRef

151.

Luzinov I, Pagnoulle C, Jerome R (2000) Ternary polymer blend with core–shell dispersed phases: effect of the core-forming polymer on phase morphology and mechanical properties. Polymer 41:7099–7109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00057-4CrossRef

152.

Sandholzer M, Bernreitner K, Klimke K (2016) Polypropylene and polypropylene-elastomer blends for medical packaging. AIP Conf Proc 1779:110001. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4965575CrossRef

153.

Leong YW, Abu Bakar MB, Mohd Ishak ZA et al (2004) Comparison of the mechanical properties and interfacial interactions between talc, kaolin, and calcium carbonate filled polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 91:3315–3326. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.13542CrossRef

154.

Hadal R, Dasari A, Rohrmann J et al (2004) Susceptibility to scratch surface damage of wollastonite- and talc-containing polypropylene micrometric composites. Mat Sci Eng A 380:326–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2004.03.058CrossRef

155.

Saw LT, Lan DNU, Abdul Rahim NA (2015) Processing degradation of polypropylene-ethylene copolymer-kaolin composites by a twin-screw extruder. Polym Deg Stab 111:32–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.10.024CrossRef

156.

Yu B, Geng C, Zhou M et al (2016) Impact toughness of polypropylene/glass fiber composites: interplay between intrinsic toughening and extrinsic toughening. Comp B 92:413–419 10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.02.040CrossRef

157.

Sudár A, Renner K, Móczó J et al (2016) Fracture resistance of hybrid PP/elastomer/wood composites. Comp Struct 141:146–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.01.031CrossRef

158.

Liu Y, Zhang X, Song C et al (2015) An effective surface modification of carbon fiber for improving the interfacial adhesion of polypropylene composites. Mater Design 88:810–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.100CrossRef

159.

Gahleitner M, Grein C, Bernreitner K (2012) Synergistic mechanical effects of calcite micro- and nanoparticles and β-nucleation in polypropylene copolymers. Eur Polym J 48:49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.10.013CrossRef

160.

Liu X, Miao X, Guo M et al (2015) Influence of the HDPE molecular weight and content on the morphology and properties of the impact polypropylene copolymer/HDPE blends. RSC Adv 5:80297–80306. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA08517ACrossRef

161.

Wolfschwenger J, Härkönen M (2000) Polyolefin compositions with improved properties. EP 1702956 B1, 29 Nov 2000

162.

Wolfschwenger J, Grein C, Bernreitner K (2004) Novel propylene polymer compositions. EP 1833909 B1, 18 Nov 2004

163.

Grein C, Gahleitner M, Bernreitner K (2012) Mechanical and optical effects of elastomer interaction in polypropylene modification: ethylene-propylene rubber, poly-(ethylene-co-octene) and styrene-butadiene elastomers. Express Polym Lett 6:688–696. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2012.74CrossRef

164.

Kock C (2009) Correlations between molecular structure and mechanical properties of selected ethylene-propylene copolymers. Ph.D. thesis. Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria

165.

Kolar̆ík J, Jančár̆ J (1992) Ternary composites of polypropylene/elastomer/calcium carbonate: effect of functionalized components on phase structure and mechanical properties. Polymer 33:4961–4967. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(92)90046-YCrossRef

166.

Premphet K, Horanont P (2000) Phase structure of ternary polypropylene/elastomer/ filler composites: effect of elastomer polarity. Polymer 41:9283–9290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00303-7CrossRef

167.

Stockreiter W, Schininger R, Kastl J (2007) Improved glass fibre reinforced polypropylene. EP 2212381 B1, 20 Nov 2007

168.

Tzoganakis C, Vlachopoulos J, Hamielec AE (1988) Production of controlled-rheology polypropylene resins by peroxide promoted degradation during extrusion. Polym Eng Sci 28:170–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.760280308CrossRef

169.

Sandholzer M, Knall AC, Gahleitner M et al. (2010) Peroxide-induced degradation of impact PP: the influence of rubber design. Proc Polym Proc Soc. European Meeting. Istanbul, Turkey, 20–23 Oct 2010

170.

Pham T, Gahleitner M (2005) Interfacial strengthening of high impact polypropylene compounds by reactive modification. Compos Interf 12:707–723. https://doi.org/10.1163/156855405774984129CrossRef

171.

Rätzsch M, Bucka H, Hesse A et al (1997) Modified polypropylene having improved processability. EP 0879830 B1, 20 May 1997

172.

Krause B, Stephan M, Volkland S et al (2006) Long-chain branching of polypropylene by electron-beam irradiation in the molten state. J Appl Polym Sci 99:260–265. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.22471CrossRef

173.

Rajeshbabu R, Gohs U, Naskar K et al (2011) Preparation of polypropylene (PP)/ethylene octene copolymer (EOC) thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) by high energy electron reactive processing. Rad Phys Chem 80:1398–1405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2011.07.001CrossRef

174.

Aghjeh MR, Khonakdar HA, Jafari SH et al (2016) Rheological, morphological and mechanical investigations on ethylene octene copolymer toughened polypropylene prepared by continuous electron induced reactive processing. RSC Adv 6:24651. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA00359ACrossRef

175.

Mei G, Beccarini E, Caputo T et al (2009) Recent technical advances in polypropylene. J Plast Film Sheet 25:95–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/8756087909343500CrossRef

176.

Sedighiamiri A, Van Erp TB, Peters GWM et al (2010) Micromechanical modeling of the elastic properties of semicrystalline polymers: a three-phase approach. J Polym Sci Phys 48:2173–2184. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.22099CrossRef

177.

Mileva D, Androsch R, Radusch H-J (2009) Effect of structure on light transmission in isotactic polypropylene and random propylene-1-butene copolymers. Polym Bull 62:561–571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-008-0034-7CrossRef

178.

Zhang XM, Ajji A (2005) Oriented structure of PP/LLDPE multilayer and blends films. Polymer 46:3385–3393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.03.004CrossRef

179.

Bernreitner K, Doshev P (2010) Polypropylene bottles. WO 2011131578 A1, 20 Apr 2010

180.

Horváth Z, Menyhárd A, Doshev P et al (2014) Effect of the molecular structure of the polymer and nucleation on the optical properties of polypropylene homo- and copolymers. Appl Mater Interf 10:7456–7463. https://doi.org/10.1021/am5008535CrossRef

181.

Gahleitner M, Mileva D, Androsch R et al (2016) Crystallinity-based product design: utilizing the polymorphism of isotactic PP homo- and copolymers. Intern Polym Proc 31:618–627. https://doi.org/10.3139/217.3242CrossRef

182.

Wassenaar J (2016) Polypropylene materials for sewerage & drainage pipes with reduced energy and carbon footprints. J Mat Sci Eng B 6:283–290. https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6221/2016.11-12.003

183.

Yu L, Wu T, Chen T et al (2014) Polypropylene random copolymer in pipe application: performance improvement with controlled molecular weight distribution. Thermochim Acta 578:43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2013.11.009CrossRef

184.

Braun J, Gahleitner M, Jerabek M et al (2016) Polypropylene (PP). Kunstst Int 106:18–26

185.

Verghese K, Crossin E, Jollands M (2012) Packaging Materials. In: Verghese K, Lewis H, Fitzpatrick L (eds) Packaging for sustainability. Springer, London, pp 211–250CrossRef

186.

Moritomi S, Tsuyoshi Watanabe T, Kanzaki S (2010) Polypropylene compounds for automotive applications, translated from R&D report, “Sumitomo Kagaku”, vol 2010-I. Available online at http://ww.sumitomo-chem.co.jp

187.

Liu GY, Qiu GX (2013) Study on the mechanical and morphological properties of toughened polypropylene blends for automobile bumpers. Polym Bull 70:849–857. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-012-0880-1CrossRef

188.

Ernst E, Reussner J, Poelt P et al (2005) Surface stability of polypropylene compounds and paint adhesion. J Appl Polym Sci 97:797–805. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.21743CrossRef

189.

Koch T, Machl D (2007) Evaluation of scratch resistance in multiphase PP blends. Polym Testing 26:927–936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2007.06.006CrossRef

190.

Paroli RM, Liu KKY, Simmons TR (1999) Thermoplastic polyolefin roofing membranes, construction technology update no. 30, 1999. Available online from http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca

191.

Matsuda Y, Hara M, Mano T et al (2005) The effect of the volume fraction of dispersed phase on toughness of injection molded polypropylene blended with SEBS, SEPS, and SEP. Polym Eng Sci 45:1630–1638. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.20298CrossRef

192.

Gahleitner M, Sandholzer M, Bernreitner K (2012) Soft polypropylene with improved optical properties. EP 2831169 B1, 29 Mar 2012

193.

NexantThinking™, Petrochemical market dynamics—polyolefins, July 2015

Title: Polypropylene Copolymers
Authors: Markus Gahleitner
Cornelia Tranninger
Petar Doshev
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Polypropylene Handbook
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-12902-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-12903-3

Copyright Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12903-3_6

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Premium Partners