Skip to main content
Top
Published in: International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics 4/2017

11-01-2016 | Original Article

Position stabilisation and lag reduction with Gaussian processes in sensor fusion system for user performance improvement

Authors: Shimin Feng, Roderick Murray-Smith, Andrew Ramsay

Published in: International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics | Issue 4/2017

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

In this paper we present a novel Gaussian Process (GP) prior model-based sensor fusion approach to dealing with position uncertainty and lag in a system composed of an external position sensing device (Kinect) and inertial sensors embedded in a mobile device for user performance improvement. To test the approach, we conducted two experiments: (1) GPs sensor fusion simulation. Experimental results show that the novel GP sensor fusion helps improve the accuracy of position estimation, and reduce the lag (0.11 s). (2) User study on a trajectory-based target acquisition task in a spatially aware display application. We implemented the real-time sensor fusion system by augmenting the Kinect with a Nokia N9. In the trajectory-based interaction experiment, each user performed target selection tasks following a trajectory in (a) the Kinect system and (b) the sensor fusion system. In comparison with the Kinect time-delay system, our system enables the user to perform the task easier and faster. The MSE of target selection was reduced by 38.3 % and the average task completion time was reduced by 26.7 %.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Show more products
Footnotes
2
In this implementation a fixed rotation matrix between the phone body frame and the Kinect frame is assumed.
 
Literature
2.
3.
go back to reference Bo A, Hayashibe M, Poignet P et al (2011) Joint angle estimation in rehabilitation with inertial sensors and its integration with Kinect. In: EMBC’11: 33rd annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society, pp 3479–3483 Bo A, Hayashibe M, Poignet P et al (2011) Joint angle estimation in rehabilitation with inertial sensors and its integration with Kinect. In: EMBC’11: 33rd annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society, pp 3479–3483
4.
go back to reference Casiez G, Roussel N, Vogel D (2012) 1 € filter: a simple speed-based low-pass filter for noisy input in interactive systems. In: Proceedings of the 2012 ACM annual conference on human factors in computing systems, ACM, pp 2527–2530) Casiez G, Roussel N, Vogel D (2012) 1 € filter: a simple speed-based low-pass filter for noisy input in interactive systems. In: Proceedings of the 2012 ACM annual conference on human factors in computing systems, ACM, pp 2527–2530)
5.
go back to reference Conner B, Holden L (1997) Providing a low latency user experience in a high latency application. In: Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics, ACM, pp 45–ff Conner B, Holden L (1997) Providing a low latency user experience in a high latency application. In: Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics, ACM, pp 45–ff
6.
go back to reference Corke P, Lobo J, Dias J (2007) An introduction to inertial and visual sensing. Int J Robot Res 26:519–535 (SAGE Publications) Corke P, Lobo J, Dias J (2007) An introduction to inertial and visual sensing. Int J Robot Res 26:519–535 (SAGE Publications)
7.
go back to reference Feng S, Murray-Smith R (2014) Fusing Kinect sensor and inertial sensors with multi-rate Kalman filter. In: IET conference on data fusion target tracking 2014: algorithms and applications (DF TT 2014), pp 1–8 Feng S, Murray-Smith R (2014) Fusing Kinect sensor and inertial sensors with multi-rate Kalman filter. In: IET conference on data fusion target tracking 2014: algorithms and applications (DF TT 2014), pp 1–8
8.
go back to reference Feng S, Murray-Smith R (2016) Transformations of Gaussian Process priors for user matching. Int J Hum Comput Stud 86:32–47 (Elsevier) Feng S, Murray-Smith R (2016) Transformations of Gaussian Process priors for user matching. Int J Hum Comput Stud 86:32–47 (Elsevier)
9.
go back to reference Fitzmaurice GW (1993) Situated information spaces and spatially aware palmtop computers. Commun ACM 36:39–49 (ACM) Fitzmaurice GW (1993) Situated information spaces and spatially aware palmtop computers. Commun ACM 36:39–49 (ACM)
10.
go back to reference Forrester A, Sobester A, Keane A (2008) Engineering design via surrogate modelling: a practical guide, Wiley Forrester A, Sobester A, Keane A (2008) Engineering design via surrogate modelling: a practical guide, Wiley
11.
go back to reference Forrester AI, Sóbester A, Keane AJ (2007) Multi-fidelity optimization via surrogate modelling. In: Proceedings of the royal society of london a: mathematical, physical and engineering sciences, vol 463. The Royal Society, pp 3251–3269 Forrester AI, Sóbester A, Keane AJ (2007) Multi-fidelity optimization via surrogate modelling. In: Proceedings of the royal society of london a: mathematical, physical and engineering sciences, vol 463. The Royal Society, pp 3251–3269
12.
go back to reference Girard A, Rasmussen CE, Candela JQ, Murray-Smith R (2003) Gaussian process priors with uncertain inputs—application to multiple-step ahead time series forecasting. In: Becker STS, Obermayer K (eds) Advances in neural information processing systems, vol 15. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 529–536 Girard A, Rasmussen CE, Candela JQ, Murray-Smith R (2003) Gaussian process priors with uncertain inputs—application to multiple-step ahead time series forecasting. In: Becker STS, Obermayer K (eds) Advances in neural information processing systems, vol 15. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 529–536
14.
go back to reference Hall DL, Llinas J (1997) An introduction to multisensor data fusion. Proc IEEE 85:6–23 (IEEE) Hall DL, Llinas J (1997) An introduction to multisensor data fusion. Proc IEEE 85:6–23 (IEEE)
15.
go back to reference Han Z-H, Görtz S, Zimmermann R (2013) Improving variable-fidelity surrogate modeling via gradient-enhanced kriging and a generalized hybrid bridge function. Aerosp Sci Technol 25: 177–189 (Elsevier) Han Z-H, Görtz S, Zimmermann R (2013) Improving variable-fidelity surrogate modeling via gradient-enhanced kriging and a generalized hybrid bridge function. Aerosp Sci Technol 25: 177–189 (Elsevier)
16.
go back to reference Hart SG, Staveland LE (1988) Development of NASA-TLX (task load index): results of empirical and theoretical research. Hum Ment Workload 1:139–183 (Amsterdam, Holland) Hart SG, Staveland LE (1988) Development of NASA-TLX (task load index): results of empirical and theoretical research. Hum Ment Workload 1:139–183 (Amsterdam, Holland)
17.
go back to reference Hennessey C, Noureddin B, Lawrence P (2008) Fixation precision in high-speed noncontact eye-gaze tracking. Syst Man Cybern Part B Cybern IEEE Trans 38:289–298 (IEEE) Hennessey C, Noureddin B, Lawrence P (2008) Fixation precision in high-speed noncontact eye-gaze tracking. Syst Man Cybern Part B Cybern IEEE Trans 38:289–298 (IEEE)
18.
go back to reference Hol J, Schön T, Luinge H, Slycke P, Gustafsson F (2007) Robust real-time tracking by fusing measurements from inertial and vision sensors. J Real Time Image Process 2:149–160 (Springer) Hol J, Schön T, Luinge H, Slycke P, Gustafsson F (2007) Robust real-time tracking by fusing measurements from inertial and vision sensors. J Real Time Image Process 2:149–160 (Springer)
19.
go back to reference Jeon S, Tomizuka M, Katou T (2009) Kinematic Kalman filter (KKF) for robot end-effector sensing. J Dyn Syst Meas Control 131:021010CrossRef Jeon S, Tomizuka M, Katou T (2009) Kinematic Kalman filter (KKF) for robot end-effector sensing. J Dyn Syst Meas Control 131:021010CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Khaleghi B, Khamis A, Karray FO, Razavi SN (2011) Multisensor data fusion: a review of the state-of-the-art. Inf Fusion, Elsevier Khaleghi B, Khamis A, Karray FO, Razavi SN (2011) Multisensor data fusion: a review of the state-of-the-art. Inf Fusion, Elsevier
21.
go back to reference Ko J, Fox D (2009) GP-BayesFilters: Bayesian filtering using Gaussian Process prediction and observation models. Auton Robots 27:75–90 (Springer) Ko J, Fox D (2009) GP-BayesFilters: Bayesian filtering using Gaussian Process prediction and observation models. Auton Robots 27:75–90 (Springer)
22.
go back to reference Ko J, Klein DJ, Fox D, Haehnel D (2007) GP-UKF: unscented Kalman filters with Gaussian Process prediction and observation models. In: Intelligent robots and systems, 2007. IROS 2007. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on, IEEE, pp 1901–1907 Ko J, Klein DJ, Fox D, Haehnel D (2007) GP-UKF: unscented Kalman filters with Gaussian Process prediction and observation models. In: Intelligent robots and systems, 2007. IROS 2007. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on, IEEE, pp 1901–1907
23.
go back to reference Krzysztofowicz R, Long D (1990) Fusion of detection probabilities and comparison of multisensor systems. Syst Man Cybern IEEE Trans 20:665–677 (IEEE) Krzysztofowicz R, Long D (1990) Fusion of detection probabilities and comparison of multisensor systems. Syst Man Cybern IEEE Trans 20:665–677 (IEEE)
24.
go back to reference Leith DJ, Heidl M, Ringwood JV (2004) Gaussian Process prior models for electrical load forecasting. In: Probabilistic methods applied to power systems, 2004 International Conference on, IEEE, pp 112–117 Leith DJ, Heidl M, Ringwood JV (2004) Gaussian Process prior models for electrical load forecasting. In: Probabilistic methods applied to power systems, 2004 International Conference on, IEEE, pp 112–117
25.
go back to reference Livingston MA, Sebastian J, Ai Z, Decker JW (2012) Performance measurements for the Microsoft Kinect skeleton. In: Virtual reality short papers and posters (VRW), 2012 IEEE, IEEE, pp 119–120 Livingston MA, Sebastian J, Ai Z, Decker JW (2012) Performance measurements for the Microsoft Kinect skeleton. In: Virtual reality short papers and posters (VRW), 2012 IEEE, IEEE, pp 119–120
26.
go back to reference Llinas J, Hall DL, Liggins ME (2009) Handbook of Multisensor data fusion: theory and practice, CRC Press Llinas J, Hall DL, Liggins ME (2009) Handbook of Multisensor data fusion: theory and practice, CRC Press
27.
go back to reference Lu Z, Chen X, Li Q, Zhang X, Zhou P (2014) A hand gesture recognition framework and wearable gesture-based interaction prototype for mobile devices. Hum Mach Systems IEEE Trans 44:293–299CrossRef Lu Z, Chen X, Li Q, Zhang X, Zhou P (2014) A hand gesture recognition framework and wearable gesture-based interaction prototype for mobile devices. Hum Mach Systems IEEE Trans 44:293–299CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Luo RC, Chang CC, Lai CC (2011) Multisensor fusion and integration: theories, applications, and its perspectives. Sens J IEEE 11:3122–3138 (IEEE) Luo RC, Chang CC, Lai CC (2011) Multisensor fusion and integration: theories, applications, and its perspectives. Sens J IEEE 11:3122–3138 (IEEE)
29.
go back to reference MacKay DJ (1998) Introduction to Gaussian processes. NATO ASI Ser F Comput Syst Sci 168:133–166 (Springer Verlag) MacKay DJ (1998) Introduction to Gaussian processes. NATO ASI Ser F Comput Syst Sci 168:133–166 (Springer Verlag)
30.
go back to reference MacKenzie IS, Ware C (1993) Lag as a determinant of human performance in interactive systems. In: Proceedings of the INTERACT’93 and CHI’93 conference on Human factors in computing systems, ACM, pp 488–493 MacKenzie IS, Ware C (1993) Lag as a determinant of human performance in interactive systems. In: Proceedings of the INTERACT’93 and CHI’93 conference on Human factors in computing systems, ACM, pp 488–493
32.
go back to reference Murphy RR (1996) Biological and cognitive foundations of intelligent sensor fusion. Syst Man Cybern Part A Syst Hum IEEE Trans 26:42–51 (IEEE) Murphy RR (1996) Biological and cognitive foundations of intelligent sensor fusion. Syst Man Cybern Part A Syst Hum IEEE Trans 26:42–51 (IEEE)
33.
go back to reference Murray-Smith R, Pearlmutter BA (2005) Transformations of Gaussian process priors. In: Proceedings of the first international conference on deterministic and statistical methods in machine learning,Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 110–123 Murray-Smith R, Pearlmutter BA (2005) Transformations of Gaussian process priors. In: Proceedings of the first international conference on deterministic and statistical methods in machine learning,Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 110–123
34.
go back to reference Norrie L, Koelle M, Murray-Smith R, Kranz M (2013) Putting books back on the shelf: Situated interactions with digital book collections on smartphones. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on mobile and ubiquitous multimedia MUM ’13, ACM, pp 44:1–44:2 Norrie L, Koelle M, Murray-Smith R, Kranz M (2013) Putting books back on the shelf: Situated interactions with digital book collections on smartphones. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on mobile and ubiquitous multimedia MUM ’13, ACM, pp 44:1–44:2
36.
go back to reference Pavlovych A, Gutwin C (2012) Assessing target acquisition and tracking performance for complex moving targets in the presence of latency and jitter. In: Proceedings of graphics interface 2012 GI ’12, Canadian Information Processing Society, pp 109–116 Pavlovych A, Gutwin C (2012) Assessing target acquisition and tracking performance for complex moving targets in the presence of latency and jitter. In: Proceedings of graphics interface 2012 GI ’12, Canadian Information Processing Society, pp 109–116
37.
go back to reference Pavlovych A, Stuerzlinger W (2009) The tradeoff between spatial jitter and latency in pointing tasks. In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems, ACM, pp 187–196 Pavlovych A, Stuerzlinger W (2009) The tradeoff between spatial jitter and latency in pointing tasks. In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems, ACM, pp 187–196
38.
go back to reference Rasmussen CE, Williams CKI (2005) Gaussian processes for machine learning (adaptive computation and machine learning), The MIT Press Rasmussen CE, Williams CKI (2005) Gaussian processes for machine learning (adaptive computation and machine learning), The MIT Press
39.
go back to reference Rohs M, Oulasvirta A (2008) Target acquisition with camera phones when used as magic lenses. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, ACM, pp 1409–1418 Rohs M, Oulasvirta A (2008) Target acquisition with camera phones when used as magic lenses. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, ACM, pp 1409–1418
40.
go back to reference Roweis S, Ghahramani Z (1999) A unifying review of linear Gaussian models. Neural Comput 11:305–345 (MIT Press) Roweis S, Ghahramani Z (1999) A unifying review of linear Gaussian models. Neural Comput 11:305–345 (MIT Press)
41.
go back to reference Schmidt A (2000) Implicit human computer interaction through context. Pers Technol 4:191–199 (Springer) Schmidt A (2000) Implicit human computer interaction through context. Pers Technol 4:191–199 (Springer)
42.
go back to reference Shneiderman B, Plaisant C (2005) Designing the user interface, edition4 edn. Pearson Addison Wesley, Reading Shneiderman B, Plaisant C (2005) Designing the user interface, edition4 edn. Pearson Addison Wesley, Reading
43.
go back to reference Smith D, Singh S (2006) Approaches to multisensor data fusion in target tracking: a survey. Knowl Data Eng IEEE Trans 18:1696–1710 (IEEE) Smith D, Singh S (2006) Approaches to multisensor data fusion in target tracking: a survey. Knowl Data Eng IEEE Trans 18:1696–1710 (IEEE)
44.
go back to reference Solak E, Murray-Smith R, Leithead WE, Leith DJ, Rasmussen CE (2003) Derivative observations in Gaussian Process models of dynamic systems. In: Becker STS, Obermayer K (eds) Advances in neural information processing systems, vol 15. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 1033–1040 Solak E, Murray-Smith R, Leithead WE, Leith DJ, Rasmussen CE (2003) Derivative observations in Gaussian Process models of dynamic systems. In: Becker STS, Obermayer K (eds) Advances in neural information processing systems, vol 15. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 1033–1040
45.
go back to reference Stanton NA, Walker GH et al (2013) Human factors methods: a practical guide for engineering and design. Ashgate Publishing Ltd Stanton NA, Walker GH et al (2013) Human factors methods: a practical guide for engineering and design. Ashgate Publishing Ltd
46.
go back to reference Strachan S, Murray-Smith R (2009) Bearing-based selection in mobile spatial interaction. Personal Ubiquitous Comput 13:265–280 (Springer-Verlag) Strachan S, Murray-Smith R (2009) Bearing-based selection in mobile spatial interaction. Personal Ubiquitous Comput 13:265–280 (Springer-Verlag)
47.
go back to reference Susperregi L, Arruti A, Jauregi E, Sierra B, Martínez-Otzeta JM, Lazkano E, Ansuategui A (2013) Fusing multiple image transformations and a thermal sensor with Kinect to improve person detection ability. Eng Appl Artif Intell 26:1980–1991 (Elsevier) Susperregi L, Arruti A, Jauregi E, Sierra B, Martínez-Otzeta JM, Lazkano E, Ansuategui A (2013) Fusing multiple image transformations and a thermal sensor with Kinect to improve person detection ability. Eng Appl Artif Intell 26:1980–1991 (Elsevier)
48.
go back to reference Thrun S (2002) Probabilistic robotics. Commun ACM 45:52–57 (ACM) Thrun S (2002) Probabilistic robotics. Commun ACM 45:52–57 (ACM)
49.
go back to reference Titterton D, Weston J (2004) Strapdown inertial navigation technology, vol 17. Peter Peregrinus Ltd Titterton D, Weston J (2004) Strapdown inertial navigation technology, vol 17. Peter Peregrinus Ltd
50.
go back to reference Turner RD (2012) Gaussian Processes for state space models and change point detection. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge Turner RD (2012) Gaussian Processes for state space models and change point detection. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge
51.
go back to reference Vasudevan S (2012) Data fusion with Gaussian processes. Robot Auton Syst 60:1528–1544 (Elsevier) Vasudevan S (2012) Data fusion with Gaussian processes. Robot Auton Syst 60:1528–1544 (Elsevier)
52.
go back to reference Wang JM, Fleet DJ, Hertzmann A (2008) Gaussian Process dynamical models for human motion. Pattern Anal Mach Intell IEEE Trans 30:283–298 (IEEE) Wang JM, Fleet DJ, Hertzmann A (2008) Gaussian Process dynamical models for human motion. Pattern Anal Mach Intell IEEE Trans 30:283–298 (IEEE)
53.
go back to reference Ware C, Balakrishnan R (1994) Reaching for objects in VR displays: lag and frame rate. ACM Trans Comput Hum Interact (TOCHI) 1:331–356 (ACM) Ware C, Balakrishnan R (1994) Reaching for objects in VR displays: lag and frame rate. ACM Trans Comput Hum Interact (TOCHI) 1:331–356 (ACM)
54.
go back to reference Welch G, Bishop G (1995) An introduction to the Kalman filter, vol 7. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill Welch G, Bishop G (1995) An introduction to the Kalman filter, vol 7. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
55.
go back to reference Welch G, Bishop G (1997) SCAAT: Incremental tracking with incomplete information. In: Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques SIGGRAPH ’97. ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co, New York, pp 333–344 Welch G, Bishop G (1997) SCAAT: Incremental tracking with incomplete information. In: Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques SIGGRAPH ’97. ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co, New York, pp 333–344
56.
go back to reference Williamson J (2006) Continuous uncertain interaction. Phd thesis, University of Glasgow Williamson J (2006) Continuous uncertain interaction. Phd thesis, University of Glasgow
57.
go back to reference Williamson J, Murray-Smith R, Hughes S (2007) Shoogle: excitatory multimodal interaction on mobile devices. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems CHI ’07, pp 121–124 Williamson J, Murray-Smith R, Hughes S (2007) Shoogle: excitatory multimodal interaction on mobile devices. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems CHI ’07, pp 121–124
58.
go back to reference Yee K-P (2003) Peephole displays: pen interaction on spatially aware handheld computers. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems. ACM, pp 1–8 Yee K-P (2003) Peephole displays: pen interaction on spatially aware handheld computers. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems. ACM, pp 1–8
59.
go back to reference Zaraki A, Mazzei D, Giuliani M, De Rossi D (2014) Designing and evaluating a social gaze-control system for a humanoid robot. Hum Mach Syst IEEE Trans 44:157–168CrossRef Zaraki A, Mazzei D, Giuliani M, De Rossi D (2014) Designing and evaluating a social gaze-control system for a humanoid robot. Hum Mach Syst IEEE Trans 44:157–168CrossRef
60.
go back to reference Zhang Z-Q, Ji L-Y, Huang Z-P, Wu J-K (2012) Adaptive information fusion for human upper limb movement estimation. Syst Man Cybern Part A Syst Hum IEEE Trans 42:1100–1108 (IEEE) Zhang Z-Q, Ji L-Y, Huang Z-P, Wu J-K (2012) Adaptive information fusion for human upper limb movement estimation. Syst Man Cybern Part A Syst Hum IEEE Trans 42:1100–1108 (IEEE)
Metadata
Title
Position stabilisation and lag reduction with Gaussian processes in sensor fusion system for user performance improvement
Authors
Shimin Feng
Roderick Murray-Smith
Andrew Ramsay
Publication date
11-01-2016
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics / Issue 4/2017
Print ISSN: 1868-8071
Electronic ISSN: 1868-808X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-015-0488-5

Other articles of this Issue 4/2017

International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics 4/2017 Go to the issue