Powerful H₂ Engines with Direct Ignition for Medium-/Heavy-Duty Applications

The article delves into the development of powerful hydrogen engines with direct injection for medium- and heavy-duty off-road applications. It highlights the advantages of hydrogen engines over fuel cells, particularly in terms of acquisition costs, reliability, and service life. The focus is on achieving high-power density by optimizing mixture formation, combustion process, and turbocharging systems. Key challenges include preventing irregular combustion phenomena such as knocking and pre-ignition, which are addressed through advanced simulation techniques and engine design modifications. The use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations is emphasized to improve mixture homogenization and reduce component temperatures. Additionally, the article explores the potential of charge dilution and water injection to increase the required ignition energy of the hydrogen-air mixture. The performance of the engine in transient operation is also discussed, with a focus on optimizing load response and minimizing NOx emissions. The FEV engine control software is highlighted as a key tool for achieving an optimal balance between response and emissions. The article concludes by noting the potential for further increases in indicated efficiency and the elimination of irregular combustion phenomena through port water injection.