Top

Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance

Published in:

31-03-2017

Precipitation-Induced Grain Growth Simulation of Friction-Stir-Welded AA6082-T6

Authors: Q. Wu, Z. Zhang

Published in: Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance | Issue 5/2017

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Friction stir welding of AA6082-T6 with different welding parameters is simulated by computational fluid dynamics model. Monte Carlo method is further used to simulate the grain growth with consideration of the precipitation effects. The comparison with experimental observations can validate the proposed grain growth model with the precipitate effects. Results indicate that the final grain size can be increased by 39.7% in the nugget zone when the volume fraction of precipitation is decreased from 0.8 to 0.2% after welding. Both the grain growth speed and the final grain size on the top surface are higher than the bottom surface. The increase in the welding temperature caused by the increase in the rotation speeds or the axial forces can lead to lower volume fractions of precipitations and then lead to larger grain sizes .

previous article Constitutive Modeling of Warm Deformation Flow Curves of an Eutectoid Steel

next article Development of Processing Maps and Constitutive Relationship for Thermomechanical Processing of Aluminum Alloy AA2219

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Z.Y. Ma, Friction Stir Processing Technology: A Review, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2008, 39, p 642–658CrossRef

G. Çam, Friction Stir Welded Structural Materials: Beyond Al-Alloys, Int. Mater. Rev., 2013, 56, p 1–48CrossRef

G. Çam and S. Mistikoglu, Recent Developments in Friction Stir Welding of Al-Alloys, J. Mater. Eng. Perform, 2014, 23, p 1936–1953CrossRef

B.T. Gibson, D.H. Lammlein, T.J. Prater, W.R. Longhurst, C.D. Cox, M.C. Ballun, K.J. Dharmaraj, G.E. Cook, and A.M. Stauss, Friction Stir Welding: Process, Automation, and Control, J. Manuf. Process., 2014, 16, p 56–73CrossRef

S. Rajakumar, C. Muralidharan, and V. Balasubramanian, Establishing Empirical Relationships to Predict Grain Size and Tensile Strength of Friction Stir Welded AA 6061-T6 Aluminium Alloy Joints, Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China, 2010, 20, p 1863–1872CrossRef

M.A. Safarkhanian, M. Goodarzi, and S.M.A. Boutorabi, Effect of Abnormal Grain Growth on Tensile Strength of Al-Cu-Mg Alloy Friction Stir Welded Joints, J. Mater. Sci., 2009, 44, p 5452–5458CrossRef

T. Sakthivel and J. Mukhopadhyay, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Copper, J. Mater. Sci., 2007, 42, p 8126–8129CrossRef

P. Cavaliere and P.P.D. Marco, Effect of Friction Stir Processing on Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of AM60B MAGNESIUM ALLOY, J. Mater. Sci., 2006, 41, p 3459–3464CrossRef

M.M. Attallah, C.L. Davis, and M. Strangwood, Microstructure-Microhardness Relationships in Friction Stir Welded AA5251, J. Mater. Sci., 2007, 42, p 7299–7306CrossRef

10.

M.M. Attallah and H.G. Salem, Friction Stir Welding Parameters: A Tool for Controlling Abnormal Grain Growth During Subsequent Heat Treatment, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005, 391, p 51–59CrossRef

11.

W.F. Xu, J.H. Liu, H.Q. Zhu, and L. Fu, Influence of Welding Parameters and Tool Pin Profile on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Along the Thickness in a Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Alloy, Mater. Des., 2013, 47, p 599–606CrossRef

12.

P.B. Prangnell and C.P. Heason, Grain Structure Formation During Friction Stir Welding Observed by the ‘Stop Action Technique’, Acta Mater., 2005, 53, p 3179–3192CrossRef

13.

R.W. Fonda, J.F. Bingert, and K.J. Colligan, Development of Grain Structure During Friction Stir Welding, Scr. Mater., 2004, 51, p 243–248CrossRef

14.

D.M. Neto and P. Neto, Numerical Modeling of Friction Stir Welding Process: A Literature Review, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2013, 65, p 115–126CrossRef

15.

H. Atharifar, D. Lin, and R. Kovacevic, Numerical and Experimental Investigations on the Loads Carried by the Tool During Friction Stir Welding, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2009, 18(4), p 339–350CrossRef

16.

P. Carlone and G.S. Palazzo, A Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Microstructural Aspects in AA2024-T3 Friction Stir Welding, Key Eng. Mater., 2013, 554, p 1022–1030CrossRef

17.

R. Nandan, G.G. Roy, T.J. Lienert, and T. DebRoy, Numerical Modelling of 3D Plastic Flow and Heat Transfer During Friction Stir Welding of Stainless Steel, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2006, 11, p 526–537CrossRef

18.

H.W. Zhang, Z. Zhang, and J.T. Chen, 3D Modeling of Material Flow in Friction Stir Welding Under Different Process Parameters, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2007, 183, p 62–70CrossRef

19.

Z. Zhang, J.T. Chen, Z.W. Zhang, and H.W. Zhang, Coupled Thermo-mechanical Model Based Comparison of Friction Stir Welding Processes of AA2024-T3 in Different Thicknesses, J. Mater. Sci., 2011, 46, p 5815–5821CrossRef

20.

Z. Zhang and H.W. Zhang, A Fully Coupled Thermo-mechanical Model of Friction Stir Welding, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2008, 37, p 279–293CrossRef

21.

A. Arora, Z. Zhang, A. De, and T. Debroy, Strains and Strain Rates During Friction Stir Welding, Scr. Mater., 2009, 61, p 863–866CrossRef

22.

Z. Zhang, Q. Wu, and H.W. Zhang, Numerical Studies of Effect of Tool Sizes and Pin Shapes on Friction Stir Welding of AA2024-T3 Alloy, Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China, 2014, 24, p 3293–3301CrossRef

23.

Z. Zhang and H.W. Zhang, Solid Mechanics-Based Eulerian Model of Friction Stir Welding, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2014, 72, p 1647–1653CrossRef

24.

W. Pan, D. Li, A.M. Tartakovsky, S. Ahzi, M. Khraisheh, and M. Khaleel, A New Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Non-Newtonian Model for Friction Stir Welding: Process Modeling and Simulation of Microstructure Evolution in a Magnesium Alloy, Int. J. Plast., 2013, 48, p 189–204CrossRef

25.

R.S. Saluja, R.G. Narayanan, and S. Das, Cellular Automata Finite Element (CAFE) Model to Predict the Forming of Friction Stir Welded Blanks, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2012, 58, p 87–100CrossRef

26.

K.J. Song, Y.H. Wei, Z.B. Dong, X.Y. Wang, W.J. Zheng, and K. Fang, Cellular Automaton Modeling of Diffusion, Mixed and Interface Controlled Phase Transformation, J. Phase Equilibria Diffus,, 2014, 36, p 136–148CrossRef

27.

K.J. Song, K. Fang, Z.B. Dong, X.H. Zhan, and Y.H. Wei, Cellular Automaton Modelling of Dynamic Recrystallisation Microstructure Evolution During Friction Stir Welding of Titanium Alloy, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2014, 30, p 700–711CrossRef

28.

S. Mishra and T. Debroy, Measurements and Monte Carlo Simulation of Grain Growth in the Heat-Affected Zone of Ti-6Al-4V Welds, Acta Mater., 2004, 52, p 1183–1192CrossRef

29.

Z.Z. Zhang and C.S. Wu, Monte Carlo Simulation of Grain Growth in Heat-Affected Zone of 12 wt.% Cr Ferritic Stainless Steel Hybrid Welds, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2012, 65, p 442–449CrossRef

30.

Z. Zhang, Q. Wu, M. Grujicic, and Z.Y. Wan, Monte Carlo Simulation of Grain Growth and Welding Zones in Friction Stir Welding of AA6082-T6, J. Mater. Sci., 2016, 51, p 1882–1895CrossRef

31.

M. Grujicic, S. Ramaswami, J.S. Snipes, V. Avuthu, R. Galgalikar, and Z. Zhang, Prediction of the Grain-Microstructure Evolution Within a Friction Stir Welding (FSW) Joint Via the Use of the Monte Carlo Simulation Method, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, 24, p 3471–3486CrossRef

32.

T. Nishizawa, I. Ohnuma, and K. Ishida, Examination of the Zener Relationship Between Grain Size and Particle Dispersion, Mater. Trans. Jim, 1997, 38, p 950–956CrossRef

33.

S.M.H. Haghighat and A.K. Taheri, Investigation of Limiting Grain Size and Microstructure Homogeneity in the Presence of Second Phase Particles Using the Monte Carlo Method, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2008, 195, p 195–203CrossRef

34.

N. Moelans, B. Blanpain, and P. Wollants, Pinning Effect of Second-Phase Particles on Grain Growth in Polycrystalline Films Studied by 3-D Phase Field Simulations, Acta Mater., 2007, 55, p 2173–2182CrossRef

35.

F. Han, B. Tang, H. Kou, J. Li, and Y. Feng, Cellular Automata Simulations of Grain Growth in the Presence of Second-Phase Particles, Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2015, 23, p 065010CrossRef

36.

K. Chang, W. Feng, and L.Q. Chen, Effect of Second-Phase Particle Morphology on Grain Growth Kinetics, Acta Mater., 2009, 57, p 5229–5236CrossRef

37.

W. Wei, P. Jiang, and F. Cao, Constitutive Equations for Hot Deformation of 6082 Aluminum Alloy, J. Plast. Eng., 2013, 20, p 100–106 ((In Chinese))

38.

P.A. Colegrove and H.R. Shercliff, 3-Dimensional CFD Modelling of Flow Round a Threaded Friction Stir Welding Tool Profile, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2005, 169, p 320–327CrossRef

39.

Z. Zhang and Q. Wu, Analytical and Numerical Studies of Fatigue Stresses in Friction Stir Welding, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2015, 78, p 1371–1380CrossRef

40.

Z. Zhang, Q. Wu, and H.W. Zhang, Prediction of Fatigue Life of Welding Tool in Friction Stir Welding of AA6061-T6, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2016, 86, p 3407–3415CrossRef

41.

M. Riahi and H. Nazari, Analysis of Transient Temperature and Residual Thermal Stresses in Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloy 6061-T6 Via Numerical Simulation, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2011, 55, p 143–152CrossRef

42.

G. Buffa, J. Hua, R. Shivpuri, and L. Fratini, A Continuum Based FEM Model for Friction Stir Welding-Model Development, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2006, 419, p 389–396CrossRef

43.

G. Buffa, J. Hua, R. Shivpuri, and L. Fratini, Design of the Friction Stir Welding Tool Using the Continuum Based FEM Model, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2006, 419(1–2), p 381–388CrossRef

44.

Z. Yang, S. Sista, J.W. Elmer, and T. Debroy, Three Dimensional Monte Carlo Simulation of Grain Growth During GTA Welding of Titanium, Acta Mater., 2000, 48, p 4813–4825CrossRef

45.

S. Sista, Z. Yang, and T. Debroy, Three-Dimensional Monte Carlo Simulation of Grain Growth in the Heat-Affected Zone of a 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel Weld, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2000, 31, p 529–536CrossRef

46.

R. Ding and Z.X. Guo, Coupled Quantitative Simulation of Microstructural Evolution and Plastic Flow During Dynamic Recrystallization, Acta Mater., 2010, 49, p 3163–3175CrossRef

47.

D. Bardel, M. Perez, D. Nelias, A. Deschamps, C.R. Hutchinson, D. Maisonnette, T. Chaise, J. Garnier, and F. Bourlier, Coupled Precipitation and Yield Strength Modelling for Non-isothermal Treatments of a 6061 Aluminium Alloy, Acta Mater., 2014, 62, p 129–140CrossRef

48.

O.R. Myhr, Ø. Grong, H.G. Fjær, and C.D. Marioara, Modelling of the Microstructure and Strength Evolution in Al-Mg-Si Alloys During Multistage Thermal Processing, Acta Mater., 2004, 52, p 4997–5008CrossRef

49.

J.H. Gao and R.G. Thompson, Real Time-Temperature Models for Monte Carlo Simulations of Normal Grain Growth, Acta Mater., 1996, 44, p 4565–4570CrossRef

50.

G.W. Driver and K.E. Johnson, Interpretation of Fusion and Vaporisation Entropies for Various Classes of Substances, with a Focus on Salts, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 2014, 70, p 207–213CrossRef

51.

D.M. Kirch, E. Jannot, L.A. Barrales-Mora, D.A. Molodov, and G. Gottstein, Inclination Dependence of Grain Boundary Energy and Its Impact on the Faceting and Kinetics of Tilt Grain Boundaries in Aluminum, Acta Mater., 2008, 56, p 4998–5011CrossRef

52.

Y. Morisada, T. Imaizumi, and H. Fujii, Determination of Strain Rate in Friction Stir Welding by Three-Dimensional Visualization of Material Flow Using X-ray Radiography, Scr. Mater., 2015, 106, p 57–60CrossRef

53.

J.Q. Zhang, Y.F. Shen, B. Li, H.S. Xu, X. Yao, B.B. Kuang, and J.C. Gao, Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation on Friction Stir Welding of 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy, Mater. Des., 2014, 60, p 94–101CrossRef

54.

A. Arora, T. Debroy, and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, Back-of-the-Envelope Calculations in Friction Stir Welding-Velocities, Peak Temperature, Torque, and Hardness, Acta Mater., 2011, 59, p 2020–2028CrossRef

55.

C.I. Chang, C.J. Lee, and J.C. Huang, Relationship Between Grain Size and Zener–Holloman Parameter During Friction Stir Processing in AZ31 Mg Alloys, Scr. Mater., 2004, 51, p 509–514CrossRef

56.

K. Kuykendall, T. Nelson, and C. Sorensen, On the Selection of Constitutive Laws Used in Modeling Friction Stir Welding, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf., 2013, 74, p 74–85CrossRef

57.

S. Choudhury and R. Jayaganthan, Monte Carlo Simulation of Grain Growth in 2D and 3D Bicrystals with Mobile and Immobile Impurities, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2008, 109, p 325–333CrossRef

58.

H.N. Lee, H.S. Ryoo, and S.K. Hwang, Monte Carlo Simulation of Microstructure Evolution Based on Grain Boundary Character Distribution, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2000, 281(1–2), p 176–188CrossRef

59.

J.B. Allen, C.F. Cornwell, B.D. Devine, and C.R. Welch, Simulations of Anisotropic Grain Growth in Single Phase Materials Using Q-state Monte Carlo, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2013, 71, p 25–32CrossRef

60.

L. Fratini and G. Buffa, CDRX Modelling in Friction Stir Welding of Aluminium Alloys, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf., 2005, 45, p 1188–1194CrossRef

Title: Precipitation-Induced Grain Growth Simulation of Friction-Stir-Welded AA6082-T6
Authors: Q. Wu
Z. Zhang
Publication date: 31-03-2017
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance / Issue 5/2017
Print ISSN: 1059-9495
Electronic ISSN: 1544-1024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-017-2639-1

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 5/2017

Investigation on Conductive Layer, Delamination, and Recast Layer Characteristics of Electro-discharge Machined Holes in TBCs

Compressive Properties of PTFE/Al/Ni Composite Under Uniaxial Loading

Effect of Load and Sliding Rate on the Wear Behavior of Ti-Containing TWIP Steel

Microbial Activities’ Influence on Three Kinds of Metal Material Corrosion Behaviors

Method to Predict Tempering of Steels Under Non-isothermal Conditions

Influence of Direct Annealing Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of As-Casting TWIP Steels

Premium Partners