Top

Published in:

2025 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Preliminary Assessment of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC³) in Soil Stabilization for Geotechnical Applications

Authors : Joseph Mwiti Marangu, Loyford Muchui Mugambi, Julius Toeri Ratumo, Luca Valentini

Published in: Proceedings of the RILEM Spring Convention and Conference 2024

Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

In this paper, the experimental findings on the use of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC³) in the stabilization of sub-grade expansive soils are reported. The effect of LC³ on mechanical properties of subgrade soil was investigated experimentally through the soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Proctor and Atterberg limits tests. The difference in the performance between LC³ and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) treated subgrade soils was studied for comparison purposes. The LC³ and OPC stabilizers were separately mixed with the soil in the proportions of 1%, 1.5% and 2% by dry weight of the soil. The results showed that the addition of both LC³ and OPC increased plastic limit, reduced plastic index, liquid limit and linear shrinkage of the treated soils. The Maximum Dry Density (MDD) of the soil was observed to increase with a corresponding decrease in Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) upon adding varying cement dosages. Additionally, the soaked CBR of the treated soil was observed to increase significantly with increasing cement content. The maximum CBR and MDD improvement were observed at 2% cement dosage, while OMC was reduced, hence, it could be regarded as the optimum dosage for soil stabilization. The performance between LC³ and OPC treated subgrade was quite comparable. In conclusion, LC³ was found to improve the strength and stability of subgrade soil.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter Use of Limestone Calcinated Clay in Concrete

next chapter Modification of Reactivated Cement Fines with Addition of Ground Blast Furnace Slag

Zumrawi, M., Zumrawi, M.M.E.: Asphalt mix design view project geotechnical investigation view project construction problems of light structures founded on expansive soils in Sudan. Int. J. Sci. Res. (IJSR) 4 (2015). ISSN

Zumrawi, M., Abdelmarouf, A.O.: Damages of buildings on expansive soils: diagnosis and avoidance damages of buildings on expansive soils: diagnosis and avoidance. Int. J. Multidiscip. Sci. Emerg. Res. 6(2), 108–115 (2017)

Rosenbalm, D., Zapata, C.: Effect of wetting and drying cycles on the behavior of compacted expansive soils. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29, 4016191 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001689CrossRef

Pongsivasathit, S., Horpibulsuk, S., Piyaphipat, S.: Assessment of mechanical properties of cement stabilized soils. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 11, e00301 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00301CrossRef

Phetchuay, C., Horpibulsuk, S., Suksiripattanapong, C., Chinkulkijniwat, A., Arulrajah, A., Disfani, M.M.: Calcium carbide residue: alkaline activator for clay-fly ash geopolymer. Constr. Build. Mater. 69, 285–294 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.018CrossRef

Yoobanpot, N., Jamsawang, P., Horpibulsuk, S.: Strength behavior and microstructural characteristics of soft clay stabilized with cement kiln dust and fly ash residue. Appl. Clay Sci. 141, 146–156 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.02.028CrossRef

Abu-Farsakh, M., Dhakal, S., Chen, Q.: Laboratory characterization of cementitiously treated/stabilized very weak subgrade soil under cyclic loading. Soils Found. 55(3), 504–516 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2015.04.003CrossRef

Cancio Díaz, Y., et al.: Limestone calcined clay cement as a low-carbon solution to meet expanding cement demand in emerging economies. Dev. Eng. 2, 82–91 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.deveng.2017.06.001

Scrivener, K.: Options for the future of cement (2014)

10.

Marangu, J.M., Thiong’o, J.K., Wachira, J.M.: Review of carbonation resistance in hydrated cement based materials. J. Chem. 2019, 1–6 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8489671

11.

Sánchez, S., Cancio Diaz, Y., Martirena Hernandez, J.F., Sánchez Machado, I., Scrivener, K., Habert, G.: Low carbon cement: a sustainable way to meet growing demand in Cuba (2016)

12.

ASTM D4609-08: ASTM D4609 - 08 Standard Guide for Evaluating Effectiveness of Admixtures for Soil Stabilization (2008)

13.

AASHTO: Standard Specification for Transportation Materials and Method of Sampling and Testing Part 3 edition (1997)

14.

ASTM D422-63: ASTM D422 - 63 Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils. West Conshohocken, PA (2007)

15.

BS 1377-4: Soils for civil engineering purposes, vol. 3, no. 1 (1990)

16.

A. D1883: Standard test method for California bearing ratio (CBR) of laboratory-compacted soils (2016)

17.

Gyamera, E.: Classification of soils and their plasticity index of the university of cape coast research station at Twifo Wamaso. Int. J. Soil Crop Sci. 2(1), 025–032 (2014)

18.

Samson, A.O.: Predicting the California bearing ratio value of low compressible clays with it’s index and compaction characteristics 8(5), 1460–1472 (2017)

19.

Sakr, M.A., Shahin, M.A., Metwally, Y.M.: Utilization of lime for stabilizing soft clay soil of high organic content. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 27(1), 105–113 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-008-9215-2CrossRef

20.

Osula, D.O.A.: Lime modification of problem laterite. Eng. Geol. 30(2), 141–154 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(91)90040-RCrossRef

21.

Firoozi, A.A., Guney Olgun, C., Firoozi, A.A., Baghini, M.S.: Fundamentals of soil stabilization. Int. J. Geo-Eng. 8(1) (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-017-0064-9

22.

Coban, H.S.: The use of lime sludge for soil stabilization (2017)

23.

Puppala, A., Wattanasanticharoen, E., Porbaha, A.: Combined lime and polypropylene fiber stabilization for modification of expansive soils. Expans. Soils Recent Adv. Charact. Treat., 349–367 (2006)

24.

Hastuty, I.P., Roesyanto, Limbong, M.N., Oberlyn, S.J.: California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test on stabilization of clay with lime addition California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test on stabilization of clay with lime addition. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., 0–7 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/309/1/012076

25.

Harichane, K., Ghrici, M., Kenai, S., Grine, K.: Use of natural pozzolana and lime for stabilization of cohesive soils. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 29, 759–769 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-011-9415-zCrossRef

26.

Wang, D.: Solidification/stabilization of dredged marine sediments for road construction (2012). https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2011.551840

27.

Hossain, K.M.A., Lachemi, M., Easa, S.: Stabilized soils for construction applications incorporating natural resources of Papua new Guinea. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 51(4), 711–731 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.12.003CrossRef

28.

Emesiobi, F.: Testing and Quality Control of Materials in Civil and Highway Engineering. The BluePrint Limited, Port Harcourt, Nigeria (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9741-8

29.

Hartono, E., Prabandiyani, S., Wardani, R., Muntohar, A.S.: The effect of cement stabilization on the strength of the Bawen’ s siltstone 03012, 1–8 (2018)

Title: Preliminary Assessment of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) in Soil Stabilization for Geotechnical Applications
Authors: Joseph Mwiti Marangu
Loyford Muchui Mugambi
Julius Toeri Ratumo
Luca Valentini
Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland
Book: Proceedings of the RILEM Spring Convention and Conference 2024
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-70276-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-70277-8

Copyright Year: 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70277-8_21

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"