Top

Published in:

2022 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

4. Probiotics and Their Various Forms Supporting Skin Health

Authors : Laura Huuskonen, Heli Anglenius, Kirsti Tiihonen, Arthur C. Ouwehand

Published in: Probiotic Research in Therapeutics

Publisher: Springer Singapore

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

There is increasing evidence for a gut-skin axis and a potential influence of the skin microbiota on skin health. With this in mind, there is an opportunity for probiotics, even though they have traditionally been investigated for their intestinal and immune benefits. The skin has an important function as a barrier. Here, oral and topical probiotics, parabiotics, and postbiotics have been observed to have positive benefit, also in supporting the skin against UV-induced damage. The manufacturing of probiotics for skin health, especially for topical applications, may have very specific requirements, different from current oral applications, because the intended use and regulation are different. For the future, the field would benefit from rigorous human intervention studies as are becoming more common in the nutritional field. While currently mainly typical probiotic organisms such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are used, it can be foreseen that in the future also organisms representative for the skin microbiota will find application.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter Skin Microbiome and Host Immunity: Applications in Regenerative Cosmetics and Transdermal Drug Delivery

next chapter Topical Probiotics: Scope and Challenges

Abdallah F, Mijouin L, Pichon C (2017) Skin immune landscape: inside and outside the organism. Mediat Inflamm 2017:5095293. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5095293CrossRef

Akdeniz M, Gabriel S, Lichterfeld-Kottner A, Blume-Peytavi U, Kottner J (2018) Transepidermal water loss in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis update. Br J Dermatol 179(5):1049–1055. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.17025CrossRefPubMed

Al-Ghazzewi FH, Tester RF (2010) Effect of konjac glucomannan hydrolysates and probiotics on the growth of the skin bacterium Propionibacterium acnes in vitro. Int J Cosmet Sci 32(2):139–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2494.2009.00555.xCrossRefPubMed

Algiert-Zielinska B, Mucha P, Rotsztejn H (2019) Lactic and lactobionic acids as typically moisturizing compounds. Int J Dermatol 58(3):374–379. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.14202CrossRefPubMed

Ali SM, Yosipovitch G (2013) Skin pH: from basic science to basic skin care. Acta Derm Venereol 93(3):261–267. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1531CrossRefPubMed

Angelova-Fischer I, Fischer TW, Abels C, Zillikens D (2018) Accelerated barrier recovery and enhancement of the barrier integrity and properties by topical application of a pH 4 vs. a pH 5.8 water-in-oil emulsion in aged skin. Br J Dermatol 179(2):471–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16591CrossRefPubMed

Ardizzoni A, Neglia RG, Baschieri MC, Cermelli C, Caratozzolo M, Righi E, Palmieri B, Blasi E (2011) Influence of hyaluronic acid on bacterial and fungal species, including clinically relevant opportunistic pathogens. J Mater Sci Mater Med 22(10):2329–2338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-011-4408-2CrossRefPubMed

Ashraf R, Shah NP (2014) Immune system stimulation by probiotic microorganisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 54(7):938–956. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.619671CrossRefPubMed

Baba H, Masuyama A, Takano T (2006) Short communication: effects of Lactobacillus helveticus-fermented milk on the differentiation of cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes. J Dairy Sci 89(6):2072–2075. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72275-5CrossRefPubMed

Baba H, Masuyama A, Yoshimura C, Aoyama Y, Takano T, Ohki K (2010) Oral intake of Lactobacillus helveticus-fermented milk whey decreased transepidermal water loss and prevented the onset of sodium dodecylsulfate-induced dermatitis in mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 74(1):18–23. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.90370CrossRefPubMed

Balato A, Cacciapuoti S, Di Caprio R, Marasca C, Masara A, Raimondo A, Fabbrocini G (2019) Human microbiome: composition and role in inflammatory skin diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 67(1):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00005-018-0528-4CrossRef

Bermudez-Brito M, Plaza-Diaz J, Munoz-Quezada S, Gomez-Llorente C, Gil A (2012) Probiotic mechanisms of action. Ann Nutr Metab 61(2):160–174. https://doi.org/10.1159/000342079CrossRefPubMed

Bhardwaj SS, Camacho F, Derrow A, Fleischer AB Jr, Feldman SR (2004) Statistical significance and clinical relevance: the importance of power in clinical trials in dermatology. Arch Dermatol 140(12):1520–1523. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.140.12.1520CrossRefPubMed

Blaak J, Dahnhardt D, Dahnhardt-Pfeiffer S, Bielfeldt S, Wilhelm KP, Wohlfart R, Staib P (2017) A plant oil-containing pH 4 emulsion improves epidermal barrier structure and enhances ceramide levels in aged skin. Int J Cosmet Sci 39(3):284–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12374CrossRefPubMed

Blanchet-Rethore S, Bourdes V, Mercenier A, Haddar CH, Verhoeven PO, Andres P (2017) Effect of a lotion containing the heat-treated probiotic strain Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC 533 on Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic dermatitis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 10:249–257. https://doi.org/10.2147/ccid.S135529CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bosman ES, Albert AY, Lui H, Dutz JP, Vallance BA (2019) Skin exposure to narrow band ultraviolet (UVB) light modulates the human intestinal microbiome. Front Microbiol 10:2410. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02410CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bouilly-Gauthier D, Jeannes C, Maubert Y, Duteil L, Queille-Roussel C, Piccardi N, Montastier C, Manissier P, Pierard G, Ortonne JP (2010) Clinical evidence of benefits of a dietary supplement containing probiotic and carotenoids on ultraviolet-induced skin damage. Br J Dermatol 163(3):536–543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09888.xCrossRefPubMed

Bouslimani A, da Silva R, Kosciolek T, Janssen S, Callewaert C, Amir A, Dorrestein K, Melnik AV, Zaramela LS, Kim J-N, Humphrey G, Schwartz T, Sanders K, Brennan C, Luzzatto-Knaan T, Ackermann G, McDonald D, Zengler K, Knight R, Dorrestein PC (2019) The impact of skin care products on skin chemistry and microbiome dynamics. BMC Biol 17(1):47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-019-0660-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bowe WP, Filip JC, DiRienzo JM, Volgina A, Margolis DJ (2006) Inhibition of propionibacterium acnes by bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) produced by Streptococcus salivarius. J Drugs Dermatol 5(9):868–870PubMedPubMedCentral

Bowe W, Patel NB, Logan AC (2014) Acne vulgaris, probiotics and the gut-brain-skin axis: from anecdote to translational medicine. Benefic Microbes 5(2):185–199. https://doi.org/10.3920/bm2012.0060CrossRef

Byrd AL, Belkaid Y, Segre JA (2018) The human skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol 16(3):143–155. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.157CrossRefPubMed

Burns EM, Ahmed H, Isedeh PN, Kohli I, Van Der Pol W, Shaheen A, Muzaffar AF, Al-Sadek C, Foy TM, Abdelgawwad MS, Huda S, Lim HW, Hamzavi I, Bae S, Morrow CD, Elmets CA, Yusuf N (2019) Ultraviolet radiation, both UVA and UVB, influences the composition of the skin microbiome. Exp Dermatol 28(2):136–141CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cabrera CA, Ramos AN, Loandos Mdel H, Valdez JC, Sesto Cabral ME (2016) Novel topical formulation for ischemic chronic wounds. Technological design, quality control and safety evaluation. Pharm Dev Technol 21(4):399–404. https://doi.org/10.3109/10837450.2015.1011661CrossRefPubMed

Callewaert C, Lambert J, Van de Wiele T (2017) Towards a bacterial treatment for armpit malodour. Exp Dermatol 26(5):388–391. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.13259CrossRefPubMed

Cebrián R, Arévalo S, Rubiño S, Arias-Santiago S, Rojo MD, Montalbán-López M, Martínez-Bueno M, Valdivia E, Maqueda M (2018) Control of Propionibacterium acnes by natural antimicrobial substances: role of the bacteriocin AS-48 and lysozyme. Sci Rep 8(1):11766–11766. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29580-7CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Chan CF, Huang CC, Lee MY, Lin YS (2014) Fermented broth in tyrosinase- and melanogenesis inhibition. Molecules 19(9):13122–13135. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190913122CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Chen W, Becker T, Qian F, Ring J (2014) Beer and beer compounds: physiological effects on skin health. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 28(2):142–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.12204CrossRefPubMed

Chen YE, Fischbach MA, Belkaid Y (2018) Skin microbiota-host interactions. Nature 553(7689):427–436. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25177CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Choi SB, Lew LC, Hor KC, Liong MT (2014) Fe2+ and Cu2+ increase the production of hyaluronic acid by lactobacilli via affecting different stages of the pentose phosphate pathway. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 173(1):129–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-0822-5CrossRefPubMed

Cinque B, La Torre C, Melchiorre E, Marchesani G, Zoccali G, Palumbo P, Di Marzio L, Masci A, Mosca L, Mastromarino P, Giuliani M, Cifone MG (2011) Use of probiotics for dermal applications. In: Liong MT (ed) Probiotics: biology, genetics and health aspects, Vol 21. Microbiology monographs. Springer, New York, NY, pp 221–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20838-6_9CrossRef

Coant N, Sakamoto W, Mao C, Hannun YA (2017) Ceramidases, roles in sphingolipid metabolism and in health and disease. Adv Biol Regul 63:122–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbior.2016.10.002CrossRefPubMed

Collado MC, Isolauri E, Salminen S, Sanz Y (2009) The impact of probiotic on gut health. Curr Drug Metab 10(1):68–78CrossRefPubMed

Collins S, Reid G (2016) Distant site effects of ingested prebiotics. Nutrients 8(9):523. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8090523CrossRefPubMedCentral

Cruz J, Ortiz C, Guzman F, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Torres R (2014) Antimicrobial peptides: promising compounds against pathogenic microorganisms. Curr Med Chem 21(20):2299–2321. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867321666140217110155CrossRefPubMed

Deidda F, Amoruso A, Nicola S, Graziano T, Pane M, Mogna L (2018) New approach in acne therapy a specific bacteriocin activity and a targeted anti IL-8 property in just 1 probiotic strain, the L-salivarius LS03. J Clin Gastroenterol 52:S78–S81. https://doi.org/10.1097/mcg.0000000000001053CrossRefPubMed

Di Marzio L, Cinque B, De Simone C, Cifone MG (1999) Effect of the lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus on ceramide levels in human keratinocytes in vitro and stratum corneum in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 113(1):98–106. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00633.xCrossRefPubMed

Di Marzio L, Centi C, Cinque B, Masci S, Giuliani M, Arcieri A, Zicari L, De Simone C, Cifone MG (2003) Effect of the lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus on stratum corneum ceramide levels and signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis patients. Exp Dermatol 12(5):615–620. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0625.2003.00051.xCrossRefPubMed

Di Marzio L, Cinque B, Cupelli F, De Simone C, Cifone MG, Giuliani M (2008) Increase of skin ceramide levels in aged subjects following a short-term topical application of bacterial sphingomyelinase from Streptococcus thermophilus. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 21(1):137–143CrossRefPubMed

Dobson A, Cotter PD, Ross RP, Hill C (2012) Bacteriocin production: a probiotic trait? Appl Environ Microbiol 78(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.05576-11CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Drake DR, Brogden KA, Dawson DV, Wertz PW (2008) Thematic review series: skin lipids. Antimicrobial lipids at the skin surface. J Lipid Res 49(1):4–11. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R700016-JLR200CrossRefPubMed

Dréno B, Araviiskaia E, Berardesca E, Gontijo G, Sanchez Viera M, Xiang LF, Martin R, Bieber T (2016) Microbiome in healthy skin, update for dermatologists. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 30(12):2038–2047CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

EEMCO-Group (2019) The European Group on Efficacy Measurement and Evaluation of Cosmetics and other Products (EEMCO). https://www.eemco.net/

Egert M, Simmering R (2016) The microbiota of the human skin. Adv Exp Med Biol 902:61–81CrossRefPubMed

Elshaghabee FMF, Rokana N, Gulhane RD, Sharma C, Panwar H (2017) Bacillus as potential probiotics: status, concerns, and future perspectives. Front Microbiol 8:1490. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01490CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Engebretsen KA, Johansen JD, Kezic S, Linneberg A, Thyssen JP (2016) The effect of environmental humidity and temperature on skin barrier function and dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 30(2):223–249. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13301CrossRefPubMed

European Parliament (2006) CotEU Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council

Fenster K, Freeburg B, Hollard C, Wong C, Ronhave Laursen R, Ouwehand AC (2019) The production and delivery of probiotics: a review of a practical approach. Microorganisms 7(3):83. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7030083CrossRefPubMedCentral

Findley K, Oh J, Yang J, Conlan S, Deming C, Meyer JA, Schoenfeld D, Nomicos E, Park M, NIH Intramural Sequencing Center Comparative Sequencing Program, Kong HH, Segre JA (2013) Topographic diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in human skin. Nature 498(7454):367–370CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Foligne B, Daniel C, Pot B (2013) Probiotics from research to market: the possibilities, risks and challenges. Curr Opin Microbiol 16(3):284–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2013.06.008CrossRefPubMed

Friedrich AD, Paz ML, Leoni J, Gonzalez Maglio DH (2017) Message in a bottle: dialog between intestine and skin modulated by probiotics. Int J Mol Sci 18(6):1067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18061067CrossRefPubMedCentral

Ghadimi D, Folster-Holst R, de Vrese M, Winkler P, Heller KJ, Schrezenmeir J (2008) Effects of probiotic bacteria and their genomic DNA on T(H)1/T(H)2-cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy and allergic subjects. Immunobiology 213(8):677–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2008.02.001CrossRefPubMed

Ghaly S, Kaakoush NO, Lloyd F, Gordon L, Forest C, Lawrance IC, Hart PH (2018) Ultraviolet irradiation of skin alters the faecal microbiome independently of vitamin D in mice. Nutrients 10(8):1069. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10081069CrossRefPubMedCentral

Giacomoni PU, Mammone T, Teri M (2009) Gender-linked differences in human skin. J Dermatol Sci 55(3):144–149CrossRefPubMed

Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, Prescott SL, Reimer RA, Salminen SJ, Scott K, Stanton C, Swanson KS, Cani PD, Verbeke K, Reid G (2017) Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 14:491. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2017.75CrossRefPubMed

Gorska S, Hermanova P, Ciekot J, Schwarzer M, Srutkova D, Brzozowska E, Kozakova H, Gamian A (2016) Chemical characterization and immunomodulatory properties of polysaccharides isolated from probiotic Lactobacillus casei LOCK 0919. Glycobiology 26(9):1014–1024. https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cww047CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gotoh Y, Suzuki S, Amako M, Kitamura S, Toda T (2017) Effect of orally administered exopolysaccharides produced by Lactococcus lactis, subsp cremoris FC on a mouse model of dermatitis induced by repeated exposure to 2,4,6-trinitro-l-chlorobenzene. J Funct Foods 35:43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.04.045CrossRef

Grice EA (2014) The skin microbiome: potential for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to cutaneous disease. Semin Cut Med Surg 33(2):98–103CrossRef

Grice EA, Dawson TL Jr (2017) Host-microbe interactions: Malassezia and human skin. Curr Opin Microbiol 40:81–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.024CrossRefPubMed

Grice EA, Kong HH, Conlan S, Deming CB, Davis J, Young AC, Program NCS, Bouffard GG, Blakesley RW, Murray PR, Green ED, Turner ML, Segre JA (2009) Topographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome. Science 324(5931):1190–1192. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1171700CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gueniche A, Benyacoub J, Buetler TM, Smola H, Blum S (2006) Supplementation with oral probiotic bacteria maintains cutaneous immune homeostasis after UV exposure. Eur J Dermatol 16(5):511–517PubMed

Gueniche A, Knaudt B, Schuck E, Volz T, Bastien P, Martin R, Rocken M, Breton L, Biedermann T (2008) Effects of nonpathogenic gram-negative bacterium Vitreoscilla filiformis lysate on atopic dermatitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Br J Dermatol 159(6):1357–1363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08836.xCrossRefPubMed

Gueniche A, Bastien P, Ovigne JM, Kermici M, Courchay G, Chevalier V, Breton L, Castiel-Higounenc I (2010a) Bifidobacterium longum lysate, a new ingredient for reactive skin. Exp Dermatol 19(8):e1–e8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00932.xCrossRefPubMed

Gueniche A, Benyacoub J, Philippe D, Bastien P, Kusy N, Breton L, Blum S, Castiel-Higounenc I (2010b) Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-2116 (ST11) inhibits substance P-induced skin inflammation and accelerates skin barrier function recovery in vitro. Eur J Dermatol 20(6):731–737. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2010.1108CrossRefPubMed

Gueniche A, Philippe D, Bastien P, Reuteler G, Blum S, Castiel-Higounenc I, Breton L, Benyacoub J (2014) Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of the effect of Lactobacillus paracasei NCC 2461 on skin reactivity. Benefic Microbes 5(2):137–145. https://doi.org/10.3920/bm2013.0001CrossRef

Hafez MM, Maghrabi IA, Zaki NM (2013) Toward an alternative therapeutic approach for skin infections: antagonistic activity of Lactobacilli against antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Prob Antimicrob Prot 5(3):216–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-013-9137-zCrossRef

Halstead FD, Rauf M, Moiemen NS, Bamford A, Wearn CM, Fraise AP, Lund PA, Oppenheim BA, Webber MA (2015) The antibacterial activity of acetic acid against biofilm-producing pathogens of relevance to burns patients. PLoS One 10(9):15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136190CrossRef

Hammerschmidt S, Rohde M, Preissner KT (2019) Extracellular matrix interactions with gram-positive pathogens. Microbiol Spectr 7(2):21. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0041-2018CrossRef

Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G, Gibson GR, Merenstein DJ, Pot B, Morelli L, Canani RB, Flint HJ, Salminen S, Calder PC, Sanders ME (2014) Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 11(8):506–514. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66CrossRefPubMed

Hoffmann MS, Fraser CM, Palumbo F, Ravel J, Rowthorn V, Schwartz J (2012) Final report: federal regulation of probiotics: an analysis of the existing regulatory framework and recommendations for alternative frameworks

Holz C, Benning J, Schaudt M, Heilmann A, Schultchen J, Goelling D, Lang C (2017) Novel bioactive from Lactobacillus brevis DSM17250 to stimulate the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis: a pilot study. Benefic Microbes 8(1):121–131. https://doi.org/10.3920/bm2016.0073CrossRef

Hong SP, Kim MJ, Jung MY, Jeon H, Goo J, Ahn SK, Lee SH, Elias PM, Choi EH (2008) Biopositive effects of low-dose UVB on epidermis: coordinate upregulation of antimicrobial peptides and permeability barrier reinforcement. J Invest Dermatol 128(12):2880–2887. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2008.169CrossRefPubMed

Hong YF, Lee H, Jung BJ, Jang S, Chung DK, Kim H (2015) Lipoteichoic acid isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum down-regulates UV-induced MMP-1 expression and up-regulates type I procollagen through the inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation. Mol Immunol 67(2 Pt B):248–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2015.05.019CrossRefPubMed

Hor YY, Liong MT (2014) Use of extracellular extracts of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria for the inhibition of dermatological pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Dermatol Sin 32(3):141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsi.2014.03.001CrossRef

Hor KC, Lew LC, Choi SB, Liong MT (2014) Effects of ultrasonication on the production of hyaluronic acid by Lactobacilli. Acta Aliment 43(2):324–332. https://doi.org/10.1556/AAlim.43.2014.2.17CrossRef

Hori K, Matsumoto S (2010) Bacterial adhesion: from mechanism to control. Biochem Eng J 48(3):424–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2009.11.014CrossRef

Huang BL, Chandra S, Shih DQ (2012) Skin manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Front Physiol 3:13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00013CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Huang R, Ning H, Shen M, Li J, Zhang J, Chen X (2017) Probiotics for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 7:392. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2017.00392CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Huseyin CE, O’Toole PW, Cotter PD, Scanlan PD (2017) Forgotten fungi-the gut mycobiome in human health and disease. FEMS Microbiol Rev 41(4):479–511. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuw047CrossRefPubMed

Hynes WL, Walton SL (2000) Hyaluronidases of gram-positive bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 183(2):201–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1097(99)00669-2CrossRefPubMed

Ibberson CB, Jones CL, Singh S, Wise MC, Hart ME, Zurawski DV, Horswill AR (2014) Staphylococcus aureus hyaluronidase is a CodY-regulated virulence factor. Infect Immun 82(10):4253–4264. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.01710-14CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Im AR, Kim HS, Hyun JW, Chae S (2016) Potential for tyndalized Lactobacillus acidophilus as an effective component in moisturizing skin and anti-wrinkle products. Exp Ther Med 12(2):759–764. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3406CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Im AR, Lee B, Kang DJ, Chae S (2018) Skin moisturizing and antiphotodamage effects of tyndallized Lactobacillus acidophilus IDCC 3302. J Med Food 21(10):1016–1023. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2017.4100CrossRefPubMed

Im AR, Lee B, Kang DJ, Chae S (2019) Protective effects of tyndallized Lactobacillus acidophilus IDCC 3302 against UVBinduced photodamage to epidermal keratinocytes cells. Int J Mol Med 43(6):2499–2506. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2019.4161CrossRefPubMed

Inoue J, Yotsumoto S, Sakamoto T, Tsuchiya S, Aramaki Y (2005) Changes in immune responses to antigen applied to tape-stripped skin with CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide in mice. J Control Release 108(2–3):294–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.08.014CrossRefPubMed

Ishii Y, Sugimoto S, Izawa N, Sone T, Chiba K, Miyazaki K (2014) Oral administration of Bifidobacterium breve attenuates UV-induced barrier perturbation and oxidative stress in hairless mice skin. Arch Dermatol Res 306(5):467–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-014-1441-2CrossRefPubMed

Jackson SA, Schoeni JL, Vegge C, Pane M, Stahl B, Bradley M, Goldman VS, Burguiere P, Atwater JB, Sanders ME (2019) Improving end-user trust in the quality of commercial probiotic products. Front Microbiol 10:739. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00739CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Jebur M (2010) Therapeutic efficacy of Lactobacillus acidophilus against bacterial isolates from burn wounds. N Am J Med Sci 2(12):586–591. https://doi.org/10.4297/najms.2010.2586CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Jensen JM, Forl M, Winoto-Morbach S, Seite S, Schunck M, Proksch E, Schutze S (2005) Acid and neutral sphingomyelinase, ceramide synthase, and acid ceramidase activities in cutaneous aging. Exp Dermatol 14(8):609–618. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00342.xCrossRefPubMed

Jeong JH, Lee CY, Chung DK (2016) Probiotic lactic acid bacteria and skin health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 56(14):2331–2337. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2013.834874CrossRefPubMed

Ji K, Cho YS, Kim YT (2018) Tyrosinase inhibitory and anti-oxidative effects of lactic acid bacteria isolated from dairy cow feces. Prob Antimicrob Prot 10(1):43–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-017-9274-xCrossRef

Johannsen H, Prescott SL (2009) Practical prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics for allergists: how useful are they? Clin Exp Allergy 39(12):1801–1814. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03368.xCrossRefPubMed

Jung YO, Jeong H, Cho Y, Lee EO, Jang HW, Kim J, Nam K, Lim KM (2019) Lysates of a probiotic, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, can improve skin barrier function in a reconstructed human epidermis model. Int J Mol Sci 20(17):4289. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20174289CrossRefPubMedCentral

Juranova J, Frankova J, Ulrichova J (2017) The role of keratinocytes in inflammation. J Appl Biomed 15(3):169–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jab.2017.05.003CrossRef

Kang BS, Seo JG, Lee GS, Kim JH, Kim SY, Han YW, Kang H, Kim HO, Rhee JH, Chung MJ, Park YM (2009) Antimicrobial activity of enterocins from Enterococcus faecalis SL-5 against Propionibacterium acnes, the causative agent in acne vulgaris, and its therapeutic effect. J Microbiol 47(1):101–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0179-yCrossRefPubMed

Kang MS, Oh JS, Lee SW, Lim HS, Choi NK, Kim SM (2012) Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on the proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Microbiol 50(1):137–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1286-3CrossRefPubMed

Kang SS, Sim JR, Yun CH, Han SH (2016) Lipoteichoic acids as a major virulence factor causing inflammatory responses via Toll-like receptor 2. Arch Pharm Res 39(11):1519–1529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-016-0804-yCrossRefPubMed

Kano M, Masuoka N, Kaga C, Sugimoto S, Iizuka R, Manabe K, Sone T, Oeda K, Nonaka C, Miyazaki K, Ishikawa F (2013) Consecutive intake of fermented milk containing bifidobacterium breve strain yakult and galacto-oligosaccharides benefits skin condition in healthy adult women. Biosci Microb Food Health 32(1):33–39. https://doi.org/10.12938/bmfh.32.33CrossRef

Kaur K, Rath G (2019) Formulation and evaluation of UV protective synbiotic skin care topical formulation. J Cosmet Laser Ther 21(6):332–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/14764172.2019.1658878CrossRefPubMed

Kawahara T, Hanzawa N, Sugiyama M (2018) Effect of Lactobacillus strains on thymus and chemokine expression in keratinocytes and development of atopic dermatitis-like symptoms. Benefic Microbes 9(4):643–652. https://doi.org/10.3920/bm2017.0162CrossRef

Keshari S, Balasubramaniam A, Myagmardoloonjin B, Herr DR, Negari IP, Huang CM (2019) Butyric acid from probiotic Staphylococcus epidermidis in the skin microbiome down-regulates the ultraviolet-induced pro-inflammatory IL-6 cytokine via short-chain fatty acid receptor. Int J Mol Sci 20(18):4477. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184477CrossRefPubMedCentral

Khmaladze I, Butler E, Fabre S, Gillbro JM (2019) Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938-A comparative study on the effect of probiotics and lysates on human skin. Exp Dermatol 28(7):822–828. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.13950CrossRefPubMed

Kim YS, Kim Y, Lee KJ, Kwon HJ, Kim DS, Kim TY (2007) Improvement of atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice by topical application of CpG phosphodiester-ODN. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 144(4):315–324. https://doi.org/10.1159/000106458CrossRefPubMed

Kim HM, Lee DE, Park SD, Kim YT, Kim YJ, Jeong JW, Jang SS, Ahn YT, Sim JH, Huh CS, Chung DK, Lee JH (2014) Oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum HY7714 protects hairless mouse against ultraviolet B-induced photoaging. J Microbiol Biotechnol 24(11):1583–1591CrossRefPubMed

Kim H, Kim HR, Jeong BJ, Lee SS, Kim TR, Jeong JH, Lee M, Lee S, Lee JS, Chung DK (2015a) Effects of oral intake of kimchi-derived Lactobacillus plantarum K8 lysates on skin moisturizing. J Microbiol Biotechnol 25(1):74–80CrossRefPubMed

Kim HR, Kim H, Jung BJ, You GE, Jang S, Chung DK (2015b) Lipoteichoic acid isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum inhibits Melanogenesis in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. Mol Cell 38(2):163–170. https://doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2015.2263CrossRef

Kim NY, Kwon HS, Lee HY (2017) Effect of inhibition on tyrosinase and melanogenesis of Agastache rugosa Kuntze by lactic acid bacteria fermentation. J Cosmet Dermatol 16(3):407–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12264CrossRefPubMed

Kimoto-Nira H, Nagakura Y, Kodama C, Shimizu T, Okuta M, Sasaki K, Koikawa N, Sakuraba K, Suzuki C, Suzuki Y (2014) Effects of ingesting milk fermented by Lactococcus lactis H61 on skin health in young women: a randomized double-blind study. J Dairy Sci 97(9):5898–5903. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-7980CrossRefPubMed

Knackstedt R, Knackstedt T, Gatherwright J (2020) The role of topical probiotics on skin conditions: a systematic review of animal and human studies and implications for future therapies. Exp Dermatol 29:15. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.14032CrossRefPubMed

Kobayashi T, Voisin B, Kim DY, Kennedy EA, Jo JH, Shih HY, Truong A, Doebel T, Sakamoto K, Cui CY, Schlessinger D, Moro K, Nakae S, Horiuchi K, Zhu J, Leonard WJ, Kong HH, Nagao K (2019) Homeostatic control of sebaceous glands by innate lymphoid cells regulates commensal bacteria equilibrium. Cell 176(5):982–997.e916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.031CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Korcz E, Kerenyi Z, Varga L (2018) Dietary fibers, prebiotics, and exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria: potential health benefits with special regard to cholesterol-lowering effects. Food Funct 9(6):3057–3068. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8fo00118aCrossRefPubMed

Kovachev S (2018) Defence factors of vaginal lactobacilli. Crit Rev Microbiol 44(1):31–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/1040841x.2017.1306688CrossRefPubMed

Krejner A, Bruhs A, Mrowietz U, Wehkamp U, Schwarz T, Schwarz A (2018) Decreased expression of G-protein-coupled receptors GPR43 and GPR109a in psoriatic skin can be restored by topical application of sodium butyrate. Arch Dermatol Res 310(9):751–758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-018-1865-1CrossRefPubMed

Kumar S, Mahajan BB, Kamra N (2014) Future perspective of probiotics in dermatology: an old wine in new bottle. Dermatol Online J 20(9):13030/qt8br333fcPubMed

Kuo IH, Carpenter-Mendini A, Yoshida T, McGirt LY, Ivanov AI, Barnes KC, Gallo RL, Borkowski AW, Yamasaki K, Leung DY, Georas SN, De Benedetto A, Beck LA (2013) Activation of epidermal toll-like receptor 2 enhances tight junction function: implications for atopic dermatitis and skin barrier repair. J Invest Dermatol 133(4):988–998. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2012.437CrossRefPubMed

Kwiecien K, Zegar A, Jung J, Brzoza P, Kwitniewski M, Godlewska U, Grygier B, Kwiecinska P, Morytko A, Cichy J (2019) Architecture of antimicrobial skin defense. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 49:70–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.08.001CrossRefPubMed

Kwon JE, Lim J, Bang I, Kim I, Kim D, Kang SC (2019) Fermentation product with new equol-producing Lactobacillus paracasei as a probiotic-like product candidate for prevention of skin and intestinal disorder. J Sci Food Agric 99(9):4200–4210. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9648CrossRefPubMed

van Laarhoven AIM, van der Sman-Mauriks IM, Donders ART, Pronk MC, van de Kerkhof PCM, Evers AWM (2015) Placebo effects on itch: a meta-analysis of clinical trials of patients with dermatological conditions. J Invest Dermatol 135(5):1234–1243. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2014.522CrossRefPubMed

Lai YP, Di Nardo A, Nakatsuji T, Leichtle A, Yang Y, Cogen AL, Wu ZR, Hooper LV, Schmidt RR, von Aulock S, Radek KA, Huang CM, Ryan AF, Gallo RL (2009) Commensal bacteria regulate Toll-like receptor 3-dependent inflammation after skin injury. Nat Med 15(12):1377–U1374. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2062CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lastauskiene E, Zinkeviciene A, Girkontaite I, Kaunietis A, Kvedariene V (2014) Formic acid and acetic acid induce a programmed cell death in pathogenic candida species. Curr Microbiol 69(3):303–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-014-0585-9CrossRefPubMed

Lau ASY, Liong MT (2014) Lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria-inhibited staphylococcus epidermidis. Wounds-Compend Clin Res Pract 26(5):121–131

Lebeer S, Claes IJ, Vanderleyden J (2012) Anti-inflammatory potential of probiotics: lipoteichoic acid makes a difference. Trends Microbiol 20(1):5–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.004CrossRefPubMed

Lee HY (2018) Improvement of skin barrier dysfunction by Scutellaria baicalensis GEOGI extracts through lactic acid fermentation. J Cosmet Dermatol 18:183. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12521CrossRefPubMed

Lee DE, Huh CS, Ra J, Choi ID, Jeong JW, Kim SH, Ryu JH, Seo YK, Koh JS, Lee JH, Sim JH, Ahn YT (2015) Clinical evidence of effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HY7714 on skin aging: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Microbiol Biotechnol 25(12):2160–2168. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1509.09021CrossRefPubMed

Lee DH, Oh JH, Chung JH (2016a) Glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan in skin aging. J Dermatol Sci 83(3):174–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.05.016CrossRefPubMed

Lee NR, Lee HJ, Yoon NY, Kim D, Jung M, Choi EH (2016b) Application of topical acids improves atopic dermatitis in murine model by enhancement of skin barrier functions regardless of the origin of acids. Ann Dermatol 28(6):690–696. https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2016.28.6.690CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lee SY, Lee E, Park YM, Hong SJ (2018) Microbiome in the Gut-Skin Axis in Atopic Dermatitis. Allergy, Asthma Immunol Res 10(4):354–362. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2018.10.4.354CrossRef

Lee GR, Maarouf M, Hendricks AJ, Lee DE, Shi VY (2019a) Topical probiotics: the unknowns behind their rising popularity. Dermatol Online J 25(5):13030/qt2v83r5wkPubMed

Lee YB, Byun EJ, Kim HS (2019b) Potential role of the microbiome in acne: a comprehensive review. J Clin Med 8(7):25. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8070987CrossRef

Levkovich T, Poutahidis T, Smillie C, Varian BJ, Ibrahim YM, Lakritz JR, Alm EJ, Erdman SE (2013) Probiotic bacteria induce a ‘glow of health’. PLoS One 8(1):e53867. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053867CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lew LC, Liong MT (2013) Bioactives from probiotics for dermal health: functions and benefits. J Appl Microbiol 114(5):1241–1253. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12137CrossRefPubMed

Lew LC, Choi SB, Khoo BY, Liong MT (2013a) Mn2+ and Mg2+ improved sphingomyelinase production by Lactobacillus rhamnosus FTDC 8313 and binding affinity to sphingomyelin for generation of ceramides. Process Biochem 48(12):1815–1821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2013.09.023CrossRef

Lew LC, Gan CY, Liong MT (2013b) Dermal bioactives from lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Ann Microbiol 63(3):1047–1055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-012-0561-1CrossRef

Lolou V, Panayiotidis MI (2019) Functional role of probiotics and prebiotics on skin health and disease. Fermentation 5(2):41CrossRef

Lopes EG, Moreira DA, Gullon P, Gullon B, Cardelle-Cobas A, Tavaria FK (2017) Topical application of probiotics in skin: adhesion, antimicrobial and antibiofilm in vitro assays. J Appl Microbiol 122(2):450–461. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13349CrossRefPubMed

Lukic J, Chen V, Strahinic I, Begovic J, Lev-Tov H, Davis SC, Tomic-Canic M, Pastar I (2017) Probiotics or pro-healers: the role of beneficial bacteria in tissue repair. Wound Repair Regen 25(6):912–922. https://doi.org/10.1111/wrr.12607CrossRefPubMed

Maarouf M, Platto JF, Shi VY (2019) The role of nutrition in inflammatory pilosebaceous disorders: implication of the skin-gut axis. Aust J Dermatol 60(2):e90–e98. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajd.12909CrossRef

Martin R, Langella P (2019) Emerging health concepts in the probiotics field: streamlining the definitions. Front Microbiol 10:1047. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01047CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Marzani B, Pinto D, Minervini F, Calasso M, Di Cagno R, Giuliani G, Gobbetti M, De Angelis M (2012) The antimicrobial peptide pheromone Plantaricin A increases antioxidant defenses of human keratinocytes and modulates the expression of filaggrin, involucrin, beta-defensin 2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha genes. Exp Dermatol 21(9):665–671. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01538.xCrossRefPubMed

Matard B, Meylheuc T, Briandet R, Casin I, Assouly P, Cavelier-balloy B, Reygagne P (2013) First evidence of bacterial biofilms in the anaerobe part of scalp hair follicles: a pilot comparative study in folliculitis decalvans. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 27(7):853–860. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04591.xCrossRefPubMed

McBurney MI, Davis C, Fraser CM, Schneeman BO, Huttenhower C, Verbeke K, Walter J, Latulippe ME (2019) Establishing what constitutes a healthy human gut microbiome: state of the science, regulatory considerations, and future directions. J Nutr 149:1882. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz154CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Miller LS, Modlin RL (2007) Toll-like receptors in the skin. Semin Immunopathol 29(1):15–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-007-0061-8CrossRefPubMed

Miyazaki K, Hanamizu T, Iizuka R, Chiba K (2003) Bifidobacterium-fermented soy milk extract stimulates hyaluronic acid production in human skin cells and hairless mouse skin. Skin Pharmacol Appl Ski Physiol 16(2):108–116. https://doi.org/10.1159/000069031CrossRef

Mohammedsaeed W, McBain AJ, Cruickshank SM, O’Neill CA (2014) Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG inhibits the toxic effects of Staphylococcus aureus on epidermal keratinocytes. Appl Environ Microbiol 80(18):5773–5781. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00861-14CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Morganti P, Coltelli M-B (2019) A new carrier for advanced cosmeceuticals. Cosmetics 6(1):10CrossRef

Mori N, Kano M, Masuoka N, Konno T, Suzuki Y, Miyazaki K, Ueki Y (2016) Effect of probiotic and prebiotic fermented milk on skin and intestinal conditions in healthy young female students. Biosci Microb Food Health 35(3):105–112. https://doi.org/10.12938/bmfh.2015-022CrossRef

Morifuji M, Kitade M, Fukasawa T, Yamaji T, Ichihashi M (2017) Exopolysaccharides Isolated from milk fermented with lactic acid bacteria prevent ultraviolet-induced skin damage in hairless mice. Int J Mol Sci 18(1):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18010146CrossRef

Mottin VHM, Suyenaga ES (2018) An approach on the potential use of probiotics in the treatment of skin conditions: acne and atopic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 57(12):1425–1432. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.13972CrossRefPubMed

Muizzuddin N, Maher W, Sullivan M, Schnittger S, Mammone T (2012) Physiological effect of a probiotic on skin. J Cosmet Sci 63(6):385–395PubMed

Mukherjee S, Ramesh A (2015) Bacteriocin-producing strains of Lactobacillus plantarum inhibit adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to extracellular matrix: quantitative insight and implications in antibacterial therapy. J Med Microbiol 64(12):1514–1526. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.000181CrossRefPubMed

N’Diaye A, Gannesen A, Borrel V, Maillot O, Enault J, Racine PJ, Plakunov V, Chevalier S, Lesouhaitier O, Feuilloley MG (2017) Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide: key regulators of cutaneous microbiota homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 8:15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2017.00015CrossRef

Nagino T, Kaga C, Kano M, Masuoka N, Anbe M, Moriyama K, Maruyama K, Nakamura S, Shida K, Miyazaki K (2018) Effects of fermented soymilk with Lactobacillus casei Shirota on skin condition and the gut microbiota: a randomised clinical pilot trial. Benefic Microbes 9(2):209–218. https://doi.org/10.3920/bm2017.0091CrossRef

Nakai H, Hirose Y, Murosaki S, Yoshikai Y (2019) Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 upregulates hyaluronic acid production in epidermal cells and fibroblasts in mice. Microbiol Immunol 63(9):367–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.12725CrossRefPubMed

Nakatsuji T, Chiang HI, Jiang SB, Nagarajan H, Zengler K, Gallo RL (2013) The microbiome extends to subepidermal compartments of normal skin. Nat Commun 4:8. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2441CrossRef

Nasti TH, Timares L (2012) Inflammasome activation of IL-1 family mediators in response to cutaneous photodamage. Photochem Photobiol 88(5):1111–1125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01182.xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Navarre WW, Schneewind O (1999) Surface proteins of gram-positive bacteria and mechanisms of their targeting to the cell wall envelope. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 63(1):174CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Nazipi S, Stodkilde K, Scavenius C, Bruggemann H (2017) The skin bacterium propionibacterium acnes employs two variants of hyaluronate lyase with distinct properties. Microorganisms 5(3):16. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms5030057CrossRef

Noda M, Sultana N, Hayashi I, Fukamachi M, Sugiyama M (2019) Exopolysaccharide produced by lactobacillus paracasei IJH-SONE68 prevents and improves the picryl chloride-induced contact dermatitis. Molecules 24(16):14. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162970CrossRef

Nohynek GJ, Antignac E, Re T, Toutain H (2010) Safety assessment of personal care products/cosmetics and their ingredients. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 243(2):239–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.001CrossRefPubMed

Notay M, Foolad N, Vaughn AR, Sivamani RK (2017) Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics for the treatment and prevention of adult dermatological diseases. Am J Clin Dermatol 18(6):721–732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-017-0300-2CrossRefPubMed

Notay M, Saric-Bosanac S, Vaughn AR, Dhaliwal S, Trivedi M, Reiter PN, Rybak I, Li CC, Weiss LB, Ambrogio L, Burney W, Sivamani RK (2020) The use of topical Nitrosomonas eutropha for cosmetic improvement of facial wrinkles. J Cosmet Dermatol 19:689. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13060CrossRefPubMed

O’Neill CA, Monteleone G, McLaughlin JT, Paus R (2016) The gut-skin axis in health and disease: a paradigm with therapeutic implications. BioEssays 38(11):1167–1176. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201600008CrossRefPubMed

O’Sullivan JN, Rea MC, O’Connor PM, Hill C, Ross RP (2019) Human skin microbiota is a rich source of bacteriocin-producing staphylococci that kill human pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 95(2):fiy241. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiy241CrossRef

Ogawa M, Saiki A, Matsui Y, Tsuchimoto N, Nakakita Y, Takata Y, Nakamura T (2016) Effects of oral intake of heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis SBC8803 (SBL88) on dry skin conditions: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Exp Ther Med 12(6):3863–3872. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3862CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Oh J, Byrd AL, Park M, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Kong HH, Segre JA (2016) Temporal stability of the human skin microbiome. Cell 165(4):854–866CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Oh S, Kim SH, Ko Y, Sim JH, Kim KS, Lee SH, Park S, Kim YJ (2006) Effect of bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus sp HY 449 on skin-inflammatory bacteria. Food Chem Toxicol 44(8):1184–1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2005.08.008CrossRefPubMed

Ouwehand AC, Tölkkö S, Kulmala J, Salminen S, Salminen E (2000) Adhesion of inactivated probiotic strains to intestinal mucus. Lett Appl Microbiol 31:82–86CrossRefPubMed

Paetzold B, Willis JR, Pereira de Lima J, Knodlseder N, Bruggemann H, Quist SR, Gabaldon T, Guell M (2019) Skin microbiome modulation induced by probiotic solutions. Microbiome 7(1):95. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0709-3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Panther DJ, Jacob SE (2015) The importance of acidification in atopic eczema: an underexplored avenue for treatment. J Clin Med 4(5):970–978. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm4050970CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Papakonstantinou E, Roth M, Karakiulakis G (2012) Hyaluronic acid: a key molecule in skin aging. Dermatoendocrinology 4(3):253–258. https://doi.org/10.4161/derm.21923CrossRef

Park SY, Gupta D, Hurwich R, Kim CH, Dziarski R (2011) Peptidoglycan recognition protein Pglyrp2 protects mice from psoriasis-like skin inflammation by promoting regulatory T cells and limiting Th17 responses. J Immunol 187(11):5813–5823. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1101068CrossRefPubMed

Park SB, Im M, Lee Y, Lee JH, Lim J, Park YH, Seo YJ (2014) Effect of emollients containing vegetable-derived lactobacillus in the treatment of atopic dermatitis symptoms: split-body clinical trial. Ann Dermatol 26(2):150–155. https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2014.26.2.150CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Parra JL, Paye M (2003) EEMCO guidance for the in vivo assessment of skin surface pH. Skin Pharmacol Appl Ski Physiol 16(3):188–202. https://doi.org/10.1159/000069756CrossRef

Pauwels M, Rogiers V (2010) Human health safety evaluation of cosmetics in the EU: a legally imposed challenge to science. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 243(2):260–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.007CrossRefPubMed

Peguet-Navarro J, Dezutter-Dambuyant C, Buetler T, Leclaire J, Smola H, Blum S, Bastien P, Breton L, Gueniche A (2008) Supplementation with oral probiotic bacteria protects human cutaneous immune homeostasis after UV exposure-double blind, randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial. Eur J Dermatol 18(5):504–511. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2008.0496CrossRefPubMed

Pereira GVD, Coelho BD, Magalhaes AI, Thomaz-Soccol V, Soccol CR (2018) How to select a probiotic? A review and update of methods and criteria. Biotechnol Adv 36(8):2060–2076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.09.003CrossRef

Perez Perez GI, Gao Z, Jourdain R, Ramirez J, Gany F, Clavaud C, Demaude J, Breton L, Blaser MJ (2016) Body site is a more determinant factor than human population diversity in the healthy skin microbiome. PLoS One 11(4)

Philippe D, Blum S, Benyacoub J (2011) Oral Lactobacillus paracasei improves skin barrier function recovery and reduces local skin inflammation. Eur J Dermatol 21(2):279–280. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2010.1242CrossRefPubMed

Pinto D, Marzani B, Minervini F, Calasso M, Giuliani G, Gobbetti M, De Angelis M (2011) Plantaricin A synthesized by Lactobacillus plantarum induces in vitro proliferation and migration of human keratinocytes and increases the expression of TGF-beta1, FGF7, VEGF-A and IL-8 genes. Peptides 32(9):1815–1824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2011.07.004CrossRefPubMed

Pirnazar P, Wolinsky L, Nachnani S, Haake S, Pilloni A, Bernard GW (1999) Bacteriostatic effects of hyaluronic acid. J Periodontol 70(4):370–374. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1999.70.4.370CrossRefPubMed

Possemiers S, Marzorati M, Verstraete W, Van de Wiele T (2010) Bacteria and chocolate: a successful combination for probiotic delivery. Int J Food Microbiol 141(1–2):97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.03.008CrossRefPubMed

Prieux R, Eeman M, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Valacchi G (2020) Mimicking cigarette smoke exposure to assess cutaneous toxicity. Toxicol in Vitro 62:104664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104664CrossRefPubMed

Prince T, McBain AJ, O’Neill CA (2012) Lactobacillus reuteri protects epidermal keratinocytes from Staphylococcus aureus-induced cell death by competitive exclusion. Appl Environ Microbiol 78(15):5119–5126. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00595-12CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Proksch E (2018) pH in nature, humans and skin. J Dermatol 45(9):1044–1052. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.14489CrossRefPubMed

Puch F, Samson-Villeger S, Guyonnet D, Blachon JL, Rawlings AV, Lassel T (2008) Consumption of functional fermented milk containing borage oil, green tea and vitamin E enhances skin barrier function. Exp Dermatol 17(8):668–674. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00688.xCrossRefPubMed

Pummi K, Malminen M, Aho H, Karvonen SL, Peltonen J, Peltonen S (2001) Epidermal tight junctions: ZO-1 and occludin are expressed in mature, developing, and affected skin and in vitro differentiating keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 117(5):1050–1058CrossRefPubMed

Putaala H, Tiihonen K, Ouwehand AC, Rautonen N (2012) Probiotics modulate tight junction integrity and expression of junctional proteins in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Int J Prob Preb 7(2):81–90

Ra J, Lee DE, Kim SH, Jeong JW, Ku HK, Kim TY, Choi ID, Jeung W, Sim JH, Ahn YT (2014) Effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum HY7714 on epidermal hydration in ultraviolet B-irradiated hairless mice. J Microbiol Biotechnol 24(12):1736–1743CrossRefPubMed

Ramos AN, Sesto Cabral ME, Arena ME, Arrighi CF, Arroyo Aguilar AA, Valdez JC (2015) Compounds from Lactobacillus plantarum culture supernatants with potential pro-healing and anti-pathogenic properties in skin chronic wounds. Pharm Biol 53(3):350–358. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.920037CrossRefPubMed

Rawlings AV, Davies A, Carlomusto M, Pillai S, Zhang K, Kosturko R, Verdejo P, Feinberg C, Nguyen L, Chandar P (1996) Effect of lactic acid isomers on keratinocyte ceramide synthesis, stratum corneum lipid levels and stratum corneum barrier function. Arch Dermatol Res 288(7):383–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02507107CrossRefPubMed

Reid G, Younes JA, Van der Mei HC, Gloor GB, Knight R, Busscher HJ (2011) Microbiota restoration: natural and supplemented recovery of human microbial communities. Nat Rev Microbiol 9(1):27–38. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2473CrossRefPubMed

Reygagne P, Bastien P, Couavoux MP, Philippe D, Renouf M, Castiel-Higounenc I, Gueniche A (2017) The positive benefit of Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461 ST11 in healthy volunteers with moderate to severe dandruff. Benefic Microbes 8(5):671–680. https://doi.org/10.3920/bm2016.0144CrossRef

Rinnerthaler M, Bischof J, Streubel MK, Trost A, Richter K (2015) Oxidative stress in aging human skin. Biomolecules 5(2):545–589. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom5020545CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rogiers V (2001) EEMCO guidance for the assessment of transepidermal water loss in cosmetic sciences. Skin Pharmacol Appl Ski Physiol 14(2):117–128. https://doi.org/10.1159/000056341CrossRef

Rong J, Shan C, Liu S, Zheng H, Liu C, Liu M, Jin F, Wang L (2017) Skin resistance to UVB-induced oxidative stress and hyperpigmentation by the topical use of Lactobacillus helveticus NS8-fermented milk supernatant. J Appl Microbiol 123(2):511–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13506CrossRefPubMed

Rosignoli C, Thibaut de Menonville S, Orfila D, Beal M, Bertino B, Aubert J, Mercenier A, Piwnica D (2018) A topical treatment containing heat-treated Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC 533 reduces Staphylococcus aureus adhesion and induces antimicrobial peptide expression in an in vitro reconstructed human epidermis model. Exp Dermatol 27(4):358–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.13504CrossRefPubMed

Ryssel H, Kloeters O, Germann G, Schafer T, Wiedemann G, Oehlbauer M (2009) The antimicrobial effect of acetic acid-an alternative to common local antiseptics? Burns 35(5):695–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2008.11.009CrossRefPubMed

Saito Y, Mihara T, Maruyama K, Saito J, Ikeda M, Tomonaga A, Kumagai T (2017) Effects of intake of Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei 327 on skin conditions: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study in women. Biosci Microb Food Health 36(3):111–120. https://doi.org/10.12938/bmfh.16-031CrossRef

Salem I, Ramser A, Isham N, Ghannoum MA (2018) The gut microbiome as a major regulator of the gut-skin axis. Front Microbiol 9:1459–1459. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01459CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sanders ME, Akkermans LM, Haller D, Hammerman C, Heimbach J, Hormannsperger G, Huys G, Levy DD, Lutgendorff F, Mack D, Phothirath P, Solano-Aguilar G, Vaughan E (2010) Safety assessment of probiotics for human use. Gut Microbes 1(3):164–185. https://doi.org/10.4161/gmic.1.3.12127CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sarkar S (2018) Whether viable and dead probiotic are equally efficacious? Nutr Food Sci 48(2):285–300. https://doi.org/10.1108/nfs-07-2017-0151CrossRef

Sato T, Yamamoto M, Shimosato T, Klinman DM (2010) Accelerated wound healing mediated by activation of Toll-like receptor 9. Wound Repair Regen 18(6):586–593. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-475X.2010.00632.xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Satoh T, Murata M, Iwabuchi N, Odamaki T, Wakabayashi H, Yamauchi K, Abe F, Xiao JZ (2015) Effect of Bifidobacterium breve B-3 on skin photoaging induced by chronic UV irradiation in mice. Benefic Microbes 6(4):497–504. https://doi.org/10.3920/bm2014.0134CrossRef

Schommer NN, Gallo RL (2013) Structure and function of the human skin microbiome. Trends Microbiol 21(12):660–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2013.10.001CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Shane AL, Cabana MD, Vidry S, Merenstein D, Hummelen R, Ellis CL, Heimbach JT, Hempel S, Lynch SV, Sanders ME, Tancredi DJ (2010) Guide to designing, conducting, publishing and communicating results of clinical studies involving probiotic applications in human participants. Gut Microbes 1(4):243–253. https://doi.org/10.4161/gmic.1.4.12707CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sharma D, Kober MM, Bowe WP (2016) Anti-aging effects of probiotics. J Drugs Dermatol 15(1):9–12PubMed

Shirzad M, Hamedi J, Motevaseli E, Modarressi MH (2018) Anti-elastase and anti-collagenase potential of Lactobacilli exopolysaccharides on human fibroblast. Artif Cell Nanomed Biotechnol 46:S1051–S1061. https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2018.1443274CrossRef

Siegel DM, Jakus J, Hooper D (2019) Topical natural products in managing dermatologic conditions: observations and recommendations. Cutis 103(4):233PubMed

da Silva PT, Fries LLM, de Menezes CR, Holkem AT, Schwan CL, Wigmann EF, Bastos JD, da Silva CD (2014) Microencapsulation: concepts, mechanisms, methods and some applications in food technology. Cienc Rural 44(7):1304–1311. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20130971CrossRef

Silva AKS, Silva TRN, Nicoli JR, Vasquez-Pinto LMC, Martins FS (2018) In vitro evaluation of antagonism, modulation of cytokines and extracellular matrix proteins by Bifidobacterium strains. Lett Appl Microbiol 67:497. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.13062CrossRefPubMed

Singh B, Fleury C, Jalalvand F, Riesbeck K (2012) Human pathogens utilize host extracellular matrix proteins laminin and collagen for adhesion and invasion of the host. FEMS Microbiol Rev 36(6):1122–1180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00340.xCrossRefPubMed

Singh BM, Jain A, Mishra A (2018) Cosmetic regulations in india vs. globally and challenges in harmonization. Int J Pharma Sci Drug Res 10(03):150. https://doi.org/10.25004/ijpsdr.2018.100308CrossRef

Sorensen OE, Thapa DR, Rosenthal A, Liu LD, Roberts AA, Ganz T (2005) Differential regulation of beta-defensin expression in human skin by microbial stimuli. J Immunol 174(8):4870–4879. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4870CrossRefPubMed

Sugimoto S, Ishii Y, Izawa N, Masuoka N, Kano M, Sone T, Chiba K, Miyazaki K, Ishikawa F (2012) Photoprotective effects of Bifidobacterium breve supplementation against skin damage induced by ultraviolet irradiation in hairless mice. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 28(6):312–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/phpp.12006CrossRefPubMed

Sultana R, McBain AJ, O’Neill CA (2013) Strain-dependent augmentation of tight-junction barrier function in human primary epidermal keratinocytes by Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium lysates. Appl Environ Microbiol 79(16):4887–4894. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00982-13CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Szanto M, Dozsa A, Antal D, Szabo K, Kemeny L, Bai P (2019) Targeting the gut-skin axis-Probiotics as new tools for skin disorder management? Exp Dermatol 28:1210. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.14016CrossRefPubMed

Szollosi AG, Gueniche A, Jammayrac O, Szabo-Papp J, Blanchard C, Vasas N, Andrasi M, Juhasz I, Breton L, Biro T (2017) Bifidobacterium longum extract exerts pro-differentiating effects on human epidermal keratinocytes, in vitro. Exp Dermatol 26(1):92–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.13130CrossRefPubMed

Tkachenko N, Chagarovskyi O, Dets N, Sevastyanova E, Lanzhenko L (2017) “Living” and “probiotic” cosmetics: modern view and definitions. J Food Sci Technol Ukraine 11(4):90–102. https://doi.org/10.15673/fst.v11i4.735CrossRef

Tokudome Y (2018) Influence of oral administration of lactic acid bacteria metabolites on skin barrier function and water content in a murine model of atopic dermatitis. Nutrients 10(12):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121858CrossRef

Trabelsi I, Ktari N, Ben Slima S, Triki M, Bardaa S, Mnif H, Ben Salah R (2017) Evaluation of dermal wound healing activity and in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of a new exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus sp.Ca6. Int J Biol Macromol 103:194–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.017CrossRefPubMed

Trojahn C, Dobos G, Blume-Peytavi U, Kottner J (2015) The skin barrier function: differences between intrinsic and extrinsic aging. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 150(6):687–692PubMed

Tsai CC, Chan CF, Huang WY, Lin JS, Chan P, Liu HY, Lin YS (2013) Applications of Lactobacillus rhamnosus spent culture supernatant in cosmetic antioxidation, whitening and moisture retention applications. Molecules 18(11):14161–14171. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181114161CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Tsilingiri K, Rescigno M (2013) Postbiotics: what else? Benefic Microbes 4(1):101–107. https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2012.0046CrossRef

Tungland B, Tungland B (2018) Short-chain fatty acid production and functional aspects on host metabolism. In: Human microbiota in health and disease: pathogenesis to therapy. Academic Press Ltd-Elsevier Science Ltd, London. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814649-1.00002-8CrossRef

Uchida Y (2014) Ceramide signaling in mammalian epidermis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1841(3):453–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.09.003CrossRefPubMed

Uchida Y, Kim YI, Park K (2015) Signaling roles of ceramide and its metabolites in cutaneous antimicrobial defense. Dermatol Sin 33(2):78–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsi.2015.04.004CrossRef

Vachon-Presseau E, Berger SE, Abdullah TB, Huang L, Cecchi GA, Griffith JW, Schnitzer TJ, Apkarian AV (2018) Brain and psychological determinants of placebo pill response in chronic pain patients. Nat Commun 9(1):3397. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05859-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Valdez JC, Peral MC, Rachid M, Santana M, Perdigon G (2005) Interference of Lactobacillus plantarum with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in infected burns: the potential use of probiotics in wound treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect 11(6):472–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01142.xCrossRefPubMed

Vaughn AR, Sivamani RK (2015) Effects of fermented dairy products on skin: a systematic review. J Altern Complement Med 21(7):380–385. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2014.0261CrossRefPubMed

Wang YH, Kuo SW, Shu MY, Yu JH, Huang S, Dai A, Two A, Gallo RL, Huang CM (2014) Staphylococcus epidermidis in the human skin microbiome mediates fermentation to inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes: implications of probiotics in acne vulgaris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98(1):411–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-5394-8CrossRefPubMed

Warming M, Lassen C, Christensen F (2018) Ministry of Environment, and Food of Denmark. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency: survey of cosmetic products with “probiotic” or “prebiotic” claims. Survey of chemical substances in consumer products No 171

Wegh CAM, Geerlings SY, Knol J, Roeselers G, Belzer C (2019) Postbiotics and their potential applications in early life nutrition and beyond. Int J Mol Sci 20(19):4673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194673CrossRefPubMedCentral

Xu YM, Cui YL, Yue FF, Liu LH, Shan YY, Liu BF, Zhou Y, Lu X (2019) Exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacteria: structures, physiochemical functions and applications in the food industry. Food Hydrocoll 94:475–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.03.032CrossRef

Yamamoto M, Sato T, Beren J, Verthelyi D, Klinman DM (2011) The acceleration of wound healing in primates by the local administration of immunostimulatory CpG oligonucleotides. Biomaterials 32(18):4238–4242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.02.043CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

You GE, Jung BJ, Kim HR, Kim HG, Kim TR, Chung DK (2013) Lactobacillus sakei Lipoteichoic acid inhibits MMP-1 induced by UVA in normal dermal fibroblasts of human. J Microbiol Biotechnol 23(10):1357–1364. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1306.06026CrossRefPubMed

Yu Y, Dunaway S, Champer J, Kim J, Alikhan A (2020) Changing our microbiome: probiotics in dermatology. Br J Dermatol 182:39. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.18088CrossRefPubMed

Yuki T, Yoshida H, Akazawa Y, Komiya A, Sugiyama Y, Inoue S (2011) Activation of TLR2 enhances tight junction barrier in epidermal keratinocytes. J Immunol 187(6):3230–3237. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1100058CrossRefPubMed

Zhai W, Huang Y, Zhang X, Fei W, Chang Y, Cheng S, Zhou Y, Gao J, Tang X, Zhang X, Yang S (2018) Profile of the skin microbiota in a healthy Chinese population. J Dermatol 45(11):1289–1300. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.14594CrossRefPubMed

Zhernakova A, Kurilshikov A, Bonder MJ, Tigchelaar EF, Schirmer M, Vatanen T, Mujagic Z, Vila AV, Falony G, Vieira-Silva S, Wang J, Imhann F, Brandsma E, Jankipersadsing SA, Joossens M, Cenit MC, Deelen P, Swertz MA, LifeLines Cohort S, Weersma RK, Feskens EJ, Netea MG, Gevers D, Jonkers D, Franke L, Aulchenko YS, Huttenhower C, Raes J, Hofker MH, Xavier RJ, Wijmenga C, Fu J (2016) Population-based metagenomics analysis reveals markers for gut microbiome composition and diversity. Science 352(6285):565–569. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad3369CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zhu GY, Wang Q, Lu SL, Niu YW (2017) Hydrogen peroxide: a potential wound therapeutic target? Med Princ Pract 26(4):301–308. https://doi.org/10.1159/000475501CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Title: Probiotics and Their Various Forms Supporting Skin Health
Authors: Laura Huuskonen
Heli Anglenius
Kirsti Tiihonen
Arthur C. Ouwehand
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Book: Probiotic Research in Therapeutics
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-5627-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-16-5628-6

Copyright Year: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5628-6_4

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"