Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Materials, Modeling, and Analysis for Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure Volume 2

Table of Contents

1. Scientometric Analysis on Seismic Stability Analysis of Soil Retaining Structures Using Conventional Methods and Machine Learning Techniques

   Surya Muthukumar, Dhanya Sathyan, Sanjay Kumar Shukla

   Abstract

   Seismic analysis of structures is an indubitable prerequisite for the understanding and visualization of the necessary responses to earthquake episodes. The inferred curative knowledge on seismic performances can drastically minimize the consequential impact of disruptive tremors. There are no previous works globally to identify the research hotspots in geotechnical engineering focusing on seismic responses of soil retaining structures and the advancement of machine learning techniques. This analysis addresses the gap in existing literature by implementing a scientometric and content analysis of the identified research hotspot, employing text mining and literature network mapping. The machine learning techniques were perceived as pertinent to systematically assess the seismic analysis. The current analysis explores both the existing state and future trends, as well as co-occurrence of keywords in the field of study. The findings of the study revealed the accelerated growth in the artificial intelligent (AI) research in seismic analysis. The scientometric analysis provides discernment of the linkages of co-authors, countries, keywords, and research areas, beyond the limits of manual analysis. This AI-powered techniques have identified the textual pattern and trends of unstructured data in diverse research areas and the research hotspots to be explored in future.

2. Condition Assessment and Corrosion Initiation Time Prediction in Alccofine-Based Concrete Under Extreme Environmental Conditions

   Amgoth Rajender, Jijith Sudev, Amiya K. Samanta

   Abstract

   Early and precise prediction of corrosion-induced deterioration plays a crucial role in designing robust Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures with reduced carbon footprints. In light of the aforementioned, a blend of Portland Slag Cement (PSC) and alccofine concrete is considered to exhibit a durable performance even in the presence of extremely high chloride levels. By ASTM C876-91 standards, concrete cube samples with centrally positioned bars and different alccofine levels (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) were subjected to accelerated corrosion in a 5% NaCl solution for seven stages extending up to 105 days. Findings reveal that corrosion initiation occurred within 30–45 days in samples containing 0, 5, 10, and 20% of alccofine. Conversely, specimens with 15% alccofine replacement exhibited a passive state for up to 45 days, with corrosion initiation noted after this period. Between days 45 and 75 of testing, all specimens remained in an uncertain probability region. Following an extended testing period surpassing 90 days, the samples transitioned to active corrosion with a probability of 0.9. Notably, the 15% alccofine replacement samples displayed notable resistance against corrosion compared to other replacement percentages throughout the testing intervals. Based on the experimental findings, adjusting the optimal dosage within the 10–15% range is recommended. The pozzolanic properties of alccofine contribute to the formation of dense and compact structures within the concrete, thereby reducing permeability and enhancing durability.

3. Design of an Optimum Interstage Structure for a Two-Ton Class Satellite Launch Vehicle

   P. S. Krishnapriya, Mini K. Madhavan

   Abstract

   Interstage structures are critical components that connect various stages of a launch vehicle, each equipped with its own fuel storage and propulsion system. These structures enable staging, where rocket stages are sequentially fired to break through earth's atmosphere and enter space. Their design focuses on meeting growing performance demands through lightweight materials and increased structural efficiency, achieved by reducing weight without compromising strength and stability. Commonly used configurations, such as monocoque, semi-monocoque, and isogrid, were selected in this study for their applications in the aerospace industry. This study demonstrates significant mass optimization of cylindrical interstage structures, using ABAQUS for detailed modeling and analysis. Focusing on specific dimensions (cylinder height and diameter) and defined loading conditions, preliminary designs of the configurations were developed and analyzed. Lightweight materials were employed to achieve the minimum possible mass. The monocoque configuration resulted in a maximum weight of 808.46 kg, while the isogrid configuration significantly reduced the mass to 534 kg. To evaluate structural and dynamic behavior, static and buckling analyses were performed, both with and without an applied pressure of 10 kPa, along with free vibration analysis. This comprehensive approach highlights the efficiency of isogrid designs for weight-sensitive applications and establishes a robust methodology for developing lightweight, high-performance structures using advanced simulation tools.

4. Study on Modal Interaction Due to Sudden Change in Stiffness at Structural Base

   Kadeeja Sensy, Sanjukta Chakraborty

   Abstract

   During seismic events, structures often undergo nonlinear deformations, resulting in hysteresis cycles that minimize force transfer to the superstructure while dissipating significant seismic energy. This nonlinear behavior is characterized by sudden changes in system stiffness, leading to energy redistribution across system modes. Such energy transfers can excite higher modes, potentially impacting responses like attached component behaviors during earthquakes. The energy transfer process is largely influenced by interactions between the initial and degraded modes of a nonlinear hysteretic system. While linear structural dynamics assumes mode orthogonality for simplicity, sudden nonlinearities especially during large deformations or damage disrupt this orthogonality, leading to non-zero modal interaction. This study investigates modal interaction during sudden nonlinearities at the structural base and its role in explaining energy transfer between different vibrational modes, often triggering higher mode excitation. The research also highlights the limitations of first-order perturbation theory in predicting modal interaction for severely damaged structures, emphasizing the need for a more accurate approach across varying degrees of freedom and damage levels.

5. Morphometric Analysis and Watershed Prioritization Using a Geospatial Technique for Singipuram Sub-watershed in Tamil Nadu, India

   Subbarayan Saravanan, Janardhanam Niraimathi, S. Sivaranjani, Ramanarayan Sankriti, E. Arivoli

   Abstract

   The geomorphological property of the watershed plays a vital role in times of crisis in solving hydrological problems, which otherwise cannot be carried out due to inadequate data in some ungauged watersheds. In the current study, the 18 sub-watersheds of Singipuram are classified based on their vulnerability to soil erosion by morphometrical analysis with subsequent prioritization. Singipuram is a sub-watershed pertaining to the Vellar basin of Tamil Nadu, India. The morphometric properties selected to prioritize the sub-watersheds are the bifurcation ratio, circulatory ratio, compactness ratio, elongation ratio, drainage density, form factor, stream frequency, stream length, stream order, and texture ratio. Post morphometric analysis, the quantity compound parameter value was computed, after which the priority ordering of 18 mini-watersheds was performed. The mini-watershed 10 is subjected to the highest erosion as it has the least compound parameter value of 8.3. Hence, top priority while adopting soil conservation measures has to be provided for this mini watershed.

6. A Lightweight Cyber Security Model for Vehicle-To-Vehicle and In-Vehicle Communication in Intelligent Transportation System

   Dhivya Rathinasamy, Sivaramakrishnan Rajendar, Vishnu Kumar Kaliappan

   Abstract

   In recent years, vehicles have gained the capability to communicate with each other and with roadside infrastructure. This network of vehicle communication is anticipated to expand in the near future, incorporating intelligence for autonomous decision-making and forming what is known as the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Such a system enhances decision-making abilities through real-time information. However, ITS faces several security challenges, including sensor spoofing, false data injection, and Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, which can jeopardize control systems and lead to cyber vulnerabilities and physical malfunctions. Traditional security methods are often inadequate in tackling these issues. This study introduces a Lightweight Cyber Security (LCS) model designed for secure communication between vehicles and within in-vehicle systems. An ITS testbed was established to validate the LCS model and demonstrate the effects of various attacks. Experimental tests involved the random injection of threats, and the simulation results from the ITS testbed reveal the percentage of threats that successfully targeted the nodes.

7. Geotextile Membranes: A Sustainable Solution for Wastewater Treatment

   B. V. Shreyas, C. Prakash

   Abstract

   As globalization accelerates, the availability of clean water is becoming increasingly scarce, necessitating the development of advanced filtration membranes that offer high flux, high permeability, reduced energy consumption, and superior selectivity and stability. Filtration membrane-based wastewater purification relies on porous, permeable membranes to remove suspended solids, including particles, macromolecules, and microorganisms, from water. Geotextiles—manufactured fabrics made from polymers like polyester, polypropylene, or nylon— act as physical barriers, filtering solids and contaminants from wastewater. In a study, domestic wastewater was pre-treated with chemical coagulants, specifically alum and ferric chloride (FeCl₃). Ferric chloride proved more effective, with an optimal dosage of 1 mg/L for 1000 ml. After a 24-h settling period to allow sludge to settle, the supernatant was filtered using four non-woven geotextiles (150 GSM, 200 GSM, 300 GSM, and 500 GSM) with varying properties. Different combinations of these geotextiles were used in column studies to evaluate filtration efficiency. The results showed that geotextiles achieved total suspended solids removal efficiencies of 70–90% and COD removal efficiencies of 50–70%. The most effective arrangement, with geotextiles placed in the upper, middle, and bottom layers sandwiched between sand and granular activated carbon, achieved COD and TDS removal efficiencies of 96.87 and 95.17%, respectively. Among the geotextiles, the 500GSM non-woven fabric yielded the best results, offering superior strength, flexibility, durability, and controlled degradation compared to traditional sand filters.

8. Smart Water Management: Leveraging Community-Driven Technology for Increasing Resilience and Sustainability in Krishnappa Nagara, Karnataka

   R. B. Sujjanth, E. Keerthana, S. Harini, D. Harshit Royal, Binod Mandal, Melvina Jose, Samarjeet Vashisth, Vinata Sai, Souresh Cornet

   Abstract

   Drinking Water scarcity is a critical issue that affects communities across India, in rural as well as urban areas. Existing water management systems are often inefficient, due to improper infrastructure that does not match the current needs of the population. This leads to resource wastage and exacerbates water shortages. This study aimed at understanding the challenge of drinking water shortage from a user perspective, and to explore how technology could be leveraged to increase the sustainability and resilience of communities. A participatory research methodology was implemented to understand this challenge from the ground up. This included extensive community engagement through collaborative activities and informal interviews with community members. As a result, a conceptual smart water management framework is proposed. It leverages Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, cloud computing, and data analytics technologies to optimize water usage and distribution. The system integrates real-time water monitoring using IoT sensors that track water levels, consumption patterns, and leak detection, all of which are stored and processed on a cloud platform. Technology provides actionable insights, enabling predictive maintenance, demand forecasting, and efficient water allocation to address the needs of the people. By combining advanced technologies with a community-driven approach, this framework has the potential to significantly reduce water wastage, improve resource allocation, and contribute to the long-term sustainability and resilience of communities. While the implementation details are yet to be fully developed, the conceptual framework provides a comprehensive roadmap for deploying technology-driven solutions to address water scarcity in rural India.

9. A Comparative Analysis of Hemp, Kenaf, and Sisal Fibres as Internal Curing Agents in Concrete: A Performance Evaluation

   J. Shanmugapriya, Kh. Ananjit, Chingmak T. Chang, Carwyn Vyvian Rymbai

   Abstract

   This study presents a comprehensive comparison of hemp, kenaf, and sisal fibres as internal curing materials in concrete production. Internal curing has emerged as an effective technique to mitigate autogenous shrinkage and enhance concrete durability. Natural fibres offer sustainable alternatives to conventional internal curing agents. The research evaluates the water retention capacity, moisture release characteristics, and effects on concrete properties of these three fibre types. Experimental results demonstrate variations in absorption rates, desorption kinetics, and its impacts on mechanical properties of concrete among the fibres. The results indicate that hemp fibres exhibit superior water retention, while kenaf shows optimal moisture release patterns. Sisal fibres contribute significantly to improved strength. The study also assessed the effect of fibre dosage on the workability, compressive strength, and cost-effectiveness of each fibre type. This comparative analysis provides valuable insights into the selection of natural fibres for internal curing, considering both performance and sustainability aspects in concrete technology.

10. Urban Infrastructure Vulnerability to Resilience Through Urban Governance

    Sangam Kumar Patro, Seemi Ahmed

    Abstract

    This review paper examines the basic understanding of the term vulnerability, resilience, and its relevance in urban context and the evolving from a state of vulnerability to resilience. But in the recent events, it is extremely significant and alarming, and the focus is more on the prevention of the events and mechanisms to resolve them. The cities must need to be resilient to any kind of natural and man-made disasters, and vulnerability to be minimized. Various steps are taken at global level and national level and their coordination to achieve resilience. Focusing largely on cities because they are growing rapidly and to address disaster of any type, and there must be some strategies and frameworks in place. To reduce economic and social losses, there must be intervention of policies, programmes, and authorities, with strategic implementations. Steps are taken by United Nations of Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) through various goals and strategies. Importance is given in sustainable development goals and other relevant initiatives. Chennai city has been included in 100 RC (resilient city) by a Non-Profit Organization ARUP in the year 2015 and has also collaboratively worked with Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority and has developed various strategies for the city to be resilient. To study the pre- and post-scenarios of a particular city as a case, this paper discusses about Chennai, Tamil Nadu, through Neighbourhood Development of Chepauk area.

11. Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Polymer-Impregnated Coir Mat

    S. Sruthi, Nandani Kumari Das, Mukesh Kumar Shah, Ritendra Yadav, P. C. Shrimaan, R. T. Arjun Siva Rathan

    Abstract

    The rising demand for sustainable and eco-friendly materials has driven heightened interest in natural fibre-reinforced composites, with coir fibre being particularly notable due to its availability, biodegradability, and cost-effectiveness. Natural geotextiles, available in both woven and non-woven forms, are thin, durable, and flexible fabric sheets used in pavement construction and maintenance to improve soil stability and reduce erosion risks. This study examines the mechanical properties of coir fibre-reinforced polymer mat by incorporating polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a coating layer to enhance the mechanical properties of coir mats. The study also focused on the impacts of coir mat thickness, polymer concentration, proportion and number of coatings. The primary forces encountered by geotextiles predominantly are tensile and puncture forces. In this study, various thicknesses of non-woven coir mat fabrics impregnated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were developed with 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0 cm thickness respectively. The PVA of two different concentrations of 10 and 30% is used for this study. The study further examines the proportions of the two PVA concentration solution in the range of 10, 50, and 90% by the weight of coir mat. The influence of the number of coatings is also determined by considering single and double coating of coir mat. The test result confirmed that the non-woven coir mat performed better for 0.8-cm thickness, coated with 90% by the weight of coir mat of 30% PVA concentration in two layers.

12. Analysis of Underground Structure for Racking Forces with Soil Structure Interaction

    Sugam Jain, Amit Kumar Srivastava, Shilpa Pal

    Abstract

    Underground structures are subjected to both seismic and static loading. The research states that the response of a rectangular structure is in the form of racking. However, circular structures like tunnels behave in the form of ovaling. The practical approach adopted for the design of the underground metro stations ignores soil structure interaction, assuming the design to be more critical for the racking forces without soil–structure interaction. However, the study implies that structures with more stiffness than the surrounding soil will experience more deformation without soil–structure interaction, whereas structure with less stiffness than the soil will experience less deformation compared to the actual forces applied due to the absence of soil–structure interaction. Research is done for the underground box structure, experiencing the raking forces in two different media of soil and rock with and without soil–structure interaction. The analysis shows that the racking forces will increase in the case of rock medium with soil–structure interaction. However, the forces will reduce by approx. 20% in less stiff soil using soil–structure interaction.

13. Space-Based Forest Fire Risk Assessment and Mapping: A Case Study of Wayanad District, Kerala

    M. P. Jeevan, Husna Nazeer, S. Sumith Satheendran, B. Athul

    Abstract

    Real-world disasters such as forest fires frequently result in significant losses of life, property, and ecosystems. These are all seriously threatened by forest fires, which makes risk mapping an essential tool for preventive management and mitigation. This research investigates the forest-prone areas of Wayanad district in Kerala, India. The frequency ratio (FR) technique is used in this work to map the prone area of forest fires using a geographic information system (GIS). The FR technique is an analytical tool in spatial statistics that identifies high-risk locations by correlating fire incidence with different environmental and socioeconomic parameters. Environmental factors such as vegetation, terrain, land use, and climatic conditions were combined with data from past fire incidents to create a GIS framework. The association between these factors and the incidence of fire incidents was measured using the FR approach. The present study created a risk index that shows locations of highly prone areas of forest fires by figuring out the frequency ratio for each element. According to the study, the risk of fire is greatly influenced by elements including the density of vegetation, the slope, and the closeness to metropolitan areas. Targeted preventive and response tactics are made easier by the risk map that is produced using GIS technologies and gives a visual depiction of areas that are prone to fires. This approach helps policymakers and forest managers better allocate resources and prioritize areas for improvement. By combining the frequency ratio technique with GIS technology, forest fire risk assessment is demonstrated to be robustly approached, providing insightful information that can be used to improve overall forest management practices and lessen the effect of forest fires.

14. Impact of Climate Variability on Future Water Availability

    Savy Soni, Rajat Soni, Arshi Parashar

    Abstract

    The influence of climate variability on the availability of water is critical as it directly affects ecosystems and human livelihoods. Understanding these changes is essential for evolving adaptive strategies to mitigate water stress and ensure long-term water security. Despite the increasing identification of variable climate’s impact on water resources, examination of its upcoming implications is restricted, leaving a significant gap in understanding regional vulnerabilities. This paper attempts to analyze the impact of climate change on water availability and quality considering population growth. A bibliometric study of 582 research papers (journals) through the use of the two most prominent databases: Scopus and Google Scholar was conducted till 2024 on key terms: “climate change” and “water availability” using tools, VOSviewer 1.6.20, R Studio, and Biblioshiny. Therefore, the analysis helps get an in-depth summary of research in this domain that research scholars and individuals engaged can use to recognize probable ways for future research on water availability considering climate variability by formulating effective policies to mitigate water stress.

15. A Sustainability Framework for Dealing Infectious Plastic Wastes for Environmental Protection

    C. Sowmya Dhanalakshmi, P. Madhu, B. Hariharan, G. Pranav, M. Palak

    Abstract

    Since 2019, there has been a global pandemic due to Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19), which has resulted in a large increase in the production of personal protective equipment (PPE) used for treating infected patients. The constant need for PPE has resulted in the accumulation of medical waste, leading to environmental issues. Apart from sanitation, incineration, and land filling, an energy recovery method has to be identified to handle COVID-19 medical wastes (CMW). This research focuses on the use of thermochemical processes for treating infectious medical wastes, especially pyrolysis. It is a method of converting CMW into useful products. It is eco-friendly, efficient, cost-effective, and causes lower pollution. This study provides comprehensive information on the management, treatment, and formation of valuable products, as well as the appropriate discharge of CMW into an open environment.

16. Enhancement of Corrosion Resistance in Steel Reinforcement Using Benzotriazole-Infused Epoxy Coatings for Concrete Protection

    M. Ananthkumar, Malyala Roopika, K. M. Mini, Bharath Chandrasekar

    Abstract

    The corrosion of steel reinforcement significantly compromises the durability of concrete structures. This study highlights the innovative use of benzotriazole (BTA) as an anticorrosive additive in epoxy coatings to enhance corrosion protection for steel rebars. Combining BTA with epoxy offers a synergistic effect, significantly enhancing the barrier and inhibitory properties against corrosion. Corrosion performance was evaluated for uncoated, blank epoxy-coated, and BTA-modified epoxy-coated samples (5, 10, and 15 wt%) under aggressive environments, including 3.5% NaCl and 1 M H₂SO₄ solutions. Electrochemical techniques such as OCP, LPR, and Tafel polarization, along with weight-loss and half-cell potential methods, were employed. Results demonstrated that epoxy coatings with 15 wt% BTA provided superior corrosion resistance, offering a sustainable approach to improve the longevity of reinforced concrete structures.

17. Agricultural Waste and Its Effect on Cement Concrete Strength: A Review

    Sneha Sanjay Ganpule, Prashant Sudani, Nikita Bhagat

    Abstract

    The agricultural sector serves as the cornerstone of India’s economy, contributing 18% to the country’s Gross Value Added (GVA) in FY24. Despite facing challenges from pandemics and changing climatic conditions, the sector has shown remarkable resilience, playing a significant role in the recovery of India’s economy. Given the significant pollution generated by the concrete industry, partially replacing cement has become essential for achieving sustainability. Research indicates that when agricultural waste is properly processed, it gains pozzolanic properties, making it suitable as a partial substitute for cement in concrete production. This review highlights the local availability of various agricultural wastes and their effects on concrete. Findings suggest that partial replacement of cement with sugarcane bagasse ash, rice husk ash, and palm oil fuel ash could potentially save around 121 million tonnes of cement globally each year while maintaining or even enhancing the desired properties of concrete at optimal substitution ratios.

18. Participatory Approach to Identify Challenges Hindering Sustainable Development in Villages: A Case Study of Devarnagar, Tamil Nadu

    M. Surya, P. Jayakrishna, Muchala Lakshmi Vardhan Reddy, Vedant Dhaval Jobanputra, P. Arjun, A. R. Vijayanarayanan

    Abstract

    Identifying barriers that hinder sustainable development is essential for enhancing sustainability in rural communities. This study investigates the challenges in Devarnagar village, situated at Ramanathapuram District of Tamil Nadu, India. To investigate the impediments to sustainable development, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and Human-Centred Design (HCD) methodologies were employed. By utilizing the data compiled through the said methodologies, the study presents the complex obstacles hindering sustainable development. Based on the present study, potable water and waste management were identified as the critical challenges hindering sustainability in the study village. Additionally, the study recommends innovative sustainable solutions to address the challenges of sustainable development. The case study offers essential insights for addressing future challenges, particularly the scarcity of potable water and the improvement of waste management in areas similar to the study location.