Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Materials, Modeling, and Analysis for Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure Volume 2

Table of Contents

1. Simulation of Extreme Flood Event Through Hydrologic and Hydraulic Modelling: A Case Study on 2015 Extreme Floods in Kovalam Basin, Tamil Nadu, India

   Surendar Natarajan, A. Jegan Bharath Kumar

   Abstract

   Flood is a natural calamity that impacts the lives and property of individuals. Floods result from river overflow, coastal influences, and changes in Land Use Land Cover (LULC). The rapid land cover transformations and changes to natural stream flow pathways are causes of flooding. Changes in LULC along with high rainfall intensity over a short span of time produce more runoff in Kovalam basin. Floods are challenging to regulate; yet, they may be controlled with appropriate flood modelling techniques. This study discusses developing flood modelling for Kovalam basin by integrating GIS with Hydrologic Engineering Centre—Hydrologic Modelling Simulation model (HEC-HMS) and hydraulic Hydrologic Engineering Centre—River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model. The Kovalam basin was chosen owing to the recurrent floods that occurred in 2015, 2021, and 2023. An extreme rainfall event of 400 mm occurred on 1–2 December 2015 is taken for simulating rainfall runoff process with changing land cover conditions of the years 2014, 2019, and 2024. The flood plain maps were developed for the changing LULC conditions. The maximum flood depth is 1.89 m in year 2014, 1.91 m in 2019, and 1.95 m in 2024 of LULC changes. This study discusses the necessity for developing flood modelling in flood management strategies for reducing flood risks. The proposed study can be implemented in basins with analogous hydrological circumstances.

2. Life-Cycle Assessment of Slurry-Infiltrated Construction and Demolition Coarse Aggregate Waste in Concrete

   Vishnu Vijayan, Sanjay Kumar Shukla, K. M. Mini

   Abstract

   The usage of recycled aggregates in concrete leads to a significant reduction in the extraction of natural resources and the disposal of construction and demolition wastes into landfills. The application of recycled aggregate (RA) in concrete results in an environment-friendly and cost-effective construction approach, contributing to a circular economy. There are different ways for the integration of recycled aggregates in concrete, such as direct addition, addition of treated RA to enhance the properties, and addition of mineral or chemical admixtures directly into recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). The current study explores the life-cycle assessment of silica slurry-treated recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) added concrete and its impact on environment. The RCA was treated using impregnation of silica slurry into the pores of RCA, and the concrete was prepared with 50 and 75% treated RCA as a replacement to natural aggregate. To enhance the strength and shrinkage properties, 10% silica fume by weight of cement and 0.5% polypropylene fibers by volume of concrete were also added. The study confirmed the efficacy of treated RCA as a promising material for construction and, thus, a solution to various environmental impacts caused by the production of these construction and demolition wastes.

3. State-of-the-Art Sustainable Integration of Guided Waves and Optical Fibers for Structural Health Monitoring of Mortar Plates in Civil Infrastructure

   Paresh Mirgal, E. Lalith Prakash

   Abstract

   Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is essential for evaluating the state of cur-rent civil infrastructure. This study explores the use of guided waves specifically for SHM in mortar plates with sustainability and long-term performance as focal points. Optical fibers are strategically embedded in the plates to transmit light for monitoring purposes. Guided waves offer a non-destructive method for detecting faults, while optical fibers enable sustainable and low-impact real-time monitoring. This approach minimizes the need for external sensors and reduces material waste. The process entails the production of guided waves using piezoelectric transducers and transmitting them through the mortar plate. Optical fibers are embedded in locations that ensure minimal interference with structural integrity and optimize light transmission. This method streamlines the monitoring system, minimizes potential failure points, and aligns with sustainable practices in civil engineering. Further research is required to validate its effectiveness across diverse structural configurations and materials.

4. Evaluation of the Geometric Design Consistency for a Two-Lane Highway in Rolling Terrain

   R. Chandra Prathap, C. K. Fathima

   Abstract

   Evaluating road geometric design consistency is crucial for ensuring highway safety. The goal of geometric design consistency studies is to locate the inconsistent portions of highways so that suggestions for improvement can be made. As per studies, geometric design consistency measures are categorized based on operating speed, vehicle stability, driver workload, and alignment indices. In this study, geometric design consistency is evaluated based on the operating speed of vehicles on a two-lane state highway passing through rolling terrain. Horizontal curves of varying radii ranging from 23 to 50 m and listed as black spot locations by previous studies were considered for the study. Data on the operating speed of vehicles passing the approaching tangent and midpoint of the curve and their geometric parameters, such as curve length, gradient, superelevation, and minimum sight distance, were collected through field surveys. The 85th percentile speed of each vehicle category is then plotted against the curve radius. Pearson correlation analysis was done to study the geometric consistency by correlating the operating speed with the geometric parameters and determining their significance. Based on this, the operating speed reduction prediction model is developed by linear multiple linear regression at a 95% confidence interval using SPSS software, which is then validated in terms of mean absolute deviation (MAD) and root mean square error (RMSE) values. The model developed is further used for geometric design consistency evaluation.

5. Spatiotemporal Analysis and Forecasting of Climate Variables Along Indian Coasts: A Statistical Modeling Approach

   Aparna Pradeep, S. Sumith Satheendran

   Abstract

   Climate change stands as an overriding concern to the earth’s system. For a sustainable future, it is essential to consider each minute variation across the earth. Thus, it is important to understand the region’s spatiotemporal dynamics, trends, and forecasting behavior. The primary goal is to identify the characteristics of each parameter for further studies. The study mainly focuses on three aspects. The study mainly focuses on the spatiotemporal patterns of climatic variables (Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), surface temperature of land, and surface pressure) over 43 years, using geostatistical methods, assessing the historical trends of these with the Modified Mann–Kendall Test and forecasting the climate of Indian coastal states for the next 30 years using an Auto regression (AR) model. Geostatistical analysis indicates a rise in AOD over the northern parts of West Bengal. Over the past 43 years, surface temperatures have been notably higher along the coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Odisha. Surface pressure peaks in regions of Gujarat as well as along the coastal borders of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The Modified Mann–Kendall Test highlights significant trends in both AOD (p-value 4.352e⁻¹⁴) and surface pressure (p-value 0.014), while the surface temperature of land (−0.002) exhibits no notable trends. Additionally, the autoregressive (AR) model exhibits an irregular trend. These results are vital for directing future research efforts.

6. Decentralized Water Distribution and Greywater Treatment Using a Waste-Derived Filter System: A Sustainable Approach

   Karthikeyan Kaaraneeswaran, Jayachitra Arivalagan Harshini, Thennaleeswaran Dharshana, Chandrasekaran Ramprasad

   Abstract

   Water, a ubiquitous available resource, yet due to sheer mismanagement in water distribution there is always humungous pressure imbued on fresh water. The rudimentary aim of this project is to design an effective decentralized water distribution using EPANET and efficacious in-house greywater filter system with indigenously produced waste. The data on water distribution was collected from the local authority of Thamanur, Villupuram district, Tamil Nadu. The network was created using EPANET; the existing network had shortcomings such as negative pressure and unequal flow at certain nodes. Hence, the recommendation proposed was to enlarge the pipe diameter, adding more overhead tanks and installing pump’s in several locations. Subsequently with water budgeting, greywater considered to be more voluminous and less polluted can be treated and reused which provides a sustainable decentralized alternative to tackle water scarcity. In the realm of greywater treatment, greywater were collected and characterized for various basic physicochemical parameters using the APHA standard operating procedure. In the due course, two filter media prototypes were designed for 20 cm height and named as H20 and W20. Filters had top 3 cm with hay for H20 and wood chips for W20 respectively, and the filters had fixed layers from top to bottom with vetiver, alum, biochar, activated charcoal, sand, and gravel. Post-characterization of filters showed pH 6.8, turbidity of 25 NTU, hardness of 97.5 mg/L (85%), alkalinity of 79%, total solids of 2500 mg/L, and suspended solids of 200 mg/L. Hence, treated greywater can be reused for non-portable uses like floor washing, gardening, and toilet flushing.

7. Backmatter