Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Materials, Modeling, and Analysis for Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure Volume 1

Table of Contents

1. Influence of Rotational Components of Earthquake on Seismic Performance of Tall Steel Buildings with Shear Walls

   S. Jeena, A. S. Nisha

   Abstract

   Earthquakes generally are characterized by 6 components: 3 translation components and 3 rotational components. However, it is observed that due to the lack of resources in measuring, and the complex behaviour of earthquake’s rotational components, its impact is not generally considered in the seismic design and analysis of engineering structures. However, recent studies reveal the fact that the influence of the earthquake’s rotational components on the seismic structural response of the engineering structures is not negligible. Moreover, its impact on the behaviour of tall buildings has not been properly addressed, so far, in the literature. This study focuses on the seismic performance of a linear 20-storey tall steel building with steel shear walls, subjected to earthquake excitation (3 translation and 3 rotation components). It highlights the significant endowment of the earthquake’s rotational components to the seismic structural response of steel buildings. The 2015 Lefkada earthquake data, having rotational components, is considered for the current study. The linear time history analysis is done using ETABS.

2. Transport Modeling of Microplastic Particles in Fractured Porous Media

   Berlin Mohanadhas, Jino Lawrence, Naresh Kumar Sharma

   Abstract

   Contamination of microplastics poses a serious threat to human life and has repercussions for other organisms’ natural systems. Microplastic pollution of the air, water, and soil is accelerating as a result of poor management and reckless handling of plastics in daily life. The occurrence and movement of microplastics in subterranean environments, particularly groundwater, have been extensively studied. Conversely, the presence of fractured rocks (on which many major cities have been raised) in the deep subsurface can affect the flow of pollutants and groundwater. The current models for aping pollutant transport in fractured porous media are designed for dissolved substances, making them unsuitable for studying microplastic behavior. This study aims to investigate the transport of microplastics through fractured porous media, considering the impact of skin formation. The transport of microplastics has been modeled by solving the set of non-linear partial differential equations using an implicit finite difference method. Preliminary findings indicate that fluid velocity plays a vital role in the migration of microplastic concentration along the flow direction. Furthermore, it is understood that when fractured skin is present, the diffusion of microplastics in the matrix is minimal. Several factors directly influencing the mobility of microplastics within the fracture-skin-matrix system include the linear partition coefficients, the effective diffusion coefficient of the fracture-skin, as well as the porosity of both the fracture-skin and fracture-matrix. As a result, in a heterogeneous fractured porous system, the presence of fracture skin inhibits the transport of microplastics.

3. Sustainable Corrosion-Resistant Coating on Rebar Embedded in RCC Structures Using Garlic Peel Charcoal

   M. Ananthkumar, K. M. Mini, S. G. Ganapathy Kumaresh, C. Roashan, S. Ezhil Chandrasekar, S. Sudharsan

   Abstract

   This study presents the development of a novel and sustainable anticorrosive coating for protecting rebars embedded in reinforced concrete structures, utilizing organic materials such as garlic peel charcoal and linseed extract as binders. These organic materials were combined with epoxy and a hardener to enhance corrosion resistance. Garlic peel charcoal was prepared by carbonizing 150 g of garlic peel at 400 °C for 4 h. The corrosion resistance of the coating was evaluated using electrochemical methods, including Tafel polarization, Nyquist plots, in NaCl-contaminated simulated concrete pore solution (SPS). Mechanical tests, including pullout tests, surface roughness tests, and impact tests, were conducted to assess the coating’s durability. Additionally, the coating’s functionality was examined using SEM and XRD analyses. The composite coating of garlic peel charcoal and linseed extract with epoxy and hardener (GLEH) demonstrated the lowest corrosion rate of 15 mpy after 90 days of immersion in SPS. XRD analysis revealed that garlic peel charcoal is crystalline in nature. The results indicate that the garlic peel charcoal contains organosulfur compounds, and the presence of self-healing agents in linseed extract contributes to a significant reduction in the corrosion rate, with a protection efficiency of 90.3% compared to bare mild steel.

4. An Experimental Study on Connecting IoT Sensors with Dynamo-Based BIM Modelling

   Mukund Chand, Dasari Karthik

   Abstract

   Structural health monitoring (SHM) in the global construction industry relies increasingly on data recording sensors to analyse distress patterns in structural members. Real-time visualisation of large volumes of structural data is essential for making decisions about structural integrity. A framework has been developed to integrate Building Information Modelling (BIM) and the Internet of Things (IoT) to enable real-time data monitoring and virtual visualisation of structures. This study emphasises the creation of a digital BIM model to visualise structural integrity and develop workflow modelling, an area that has received limited attention in the structural engineering literature. The digital BIM model connects virtual sensors created in BIM to visualise real-time data monitored from IoT sensors. Laboratory testing using IoT-based sensors demonstrated that the virtual BIM model can respond to the real-time performance of the physical model. The integrated framework of BIM and IoT has the potential to introduce a digital BIM model that advances professional SHM practices, enhancing decision-making in the field.

5. Effect of Fibres on Tension Stiffening Behaviour of Binary Blended Ambient Cured Geopolymer Concrete

   R. Panchami, S. Deepa Raj, V. P. Mithuna

   Abstract

   Geopolymer concrete is often cited as a promising sustainable material due to its lower environmental impact compared to traditional Portland cement-based concrete and utilizes industrial by-products as its raw materials. Addition of fibres to concrete can significantly improve its performance characteristics, making it beneficial for a wide range of construction applications. Advantages of basalt fibre are its corrosion resistance, light weight and thermal stability, and it possesses comparable tensile strength than steel fibres. Tension stiffening is a key phenomenon in fibre-reinforced concrete that enhances its performance under tensile stress. This provides critical insights into the post-cracking behaviour of fibre-reinforced concrete. Tension stiffening enhances the stiffness, crack control and load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete in tension zones, improving structural durability and serviceability. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the tension stiffening behaviour of ambient cured binary blended geopolymer concrete with varying dosages of basalt fibre (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% of volume). Specimen of size 60 × 60 × 600 mm with 10 mm diameter bars axially reinforced is subjected to uniaxial tensile load. Properties like crack width, crack spacing and deformation were recorded for each load increment. From the study, it can be concluded that the addition of basalt fibres improved the strength and tension stiffening characteristics of binary blended GPC.

6. Analysis of Platooning Behavior of Multi Class Commercial Vehicles on Multilane Highways Under Mixed Traffic Conditions

   Sandeep Singh, Sukhjinder Singh

   Abstract

   Multilane highways encompass a variety of commercial vehicles based on size, shape, class, and maneuvering ability. The mixed traffic flow of commercial vehicles with different operating capabilities results in variation in speed, flow, and density parameters in traffic. The aim of this research is to understand the real traffic behavior of different commercial vehicles on multilane highways under platooning conditions. For this purpose, traffic data was gathered on the highways using an infra-red sensor. Macroscopic traffic relationship diagrams were developed under two different traffic regimes with two different classes of commercial vehicles as platoon leaders. The results of the traffic regime-based comparative analysis demonstrated that commercial vehicles as different platoon leaders had a significant influence on traffic speed, flow, and density, resulting in reduced highway capacity. This study may be helpful to highway engineers and traffic analysts to evaluate and plan improvements in traffic facilities for better operation of highways.

7. Building Damage Mapping in Kahramanmaras City, Turkey, Using Sentinel-1 Dataset

   Ratiranjan Jena, Abdallah Shanableh, E. Lalith Prakash, Rami Al-Ruzouq, Mohammed Barakat A. Gibril, Nezar Atalla Hammouri, Hani Shanableh

   Abstract

   The Kahramanmaraş region in southeast Türkiye experienced two earthquakes, 7.7 M_w and 7.6 M_w, originating from the East Anatolian Fault Zone, where the African and Arabian tectonic plates shift. The Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) observed in this region was 0.6 g, indicating strong ground shaking. Several studies were conducted on seismic impact, field-based structural damage, and geo-tectonics. This study applied remote sensing techniques to derive damaged buildings and validated them using updated Google Earth imagery data. The derived information can be used for inventory data preparation and as a fundamental basis for future susceptibility and hazard mapping. The damaged buildings were extracted using the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery (Sentinel-1) dataset. According to the obtained results, the city's area is classified into various categories of damage: 10% is categorized as very high, 15% as high, 35% as moderate, 38% as low, and 2% as very low. The city center is falling under a very high damage zone, possibly due to high-rise buildings and high building volume. The quality of the materials utilized is not examined in this study as a factor in understanding the percentage of damage. This study will lead to an understanding of the significant geospatial factors responsible for the building damage in Kahramanmaras City for future risk assessment. According to the discussion, the significant factors are building height, soil thickness, and slope, which add to the city's damage. This study offers a primary framework and approach to damage mapping for researchers, government agencies, and damage management practitioners.

8. Identification of Factors Affecting Road Construction Safety: A Questionnaire Approach

   Anitha Babu, K. Krishnan, Puja Dutta, Tathagatha Khan

   Abstract

   Road construction safety is a crucial aspect of infrastructure development, aimed at safeguarding the health and well-being of workers, motorists, and pedestrians throughout the construction process. The primary reasons for enhancing road construction safety include the growing number of work zones, the expansion and widening of existing highways, inadequate use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and so on. Ensuring that these measures are in place helps mitigate risks and protect everyone involved from potential hazards. This study employs Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) software to analyse the relationships between key factors that influence road construction safety. This approach involves utilizing both measurement and structural models to pinpoint factors influencing safety. A questionnaire survey is administered to workers to identify key safety-related factors in road construction. The measurement model results indicate that four key factors influence worker safety: (i) PPE, (ii) sign board, (iii) safety training, and (iv) communication. The SEM reveals the direction of relationship between the key factors. PPE is a primary factor influencing safety, while other important elements, such as understanding signboard and effective communication, also play a crucial role in creating a safer working environment for workers. Construction companies can make use of these results to recognize the factors which affect safety and can implement necessary steps to carry out the work safely.

9. Prediction of Compressive Strength in Geopolymer Coarse Aggregates by Synthesizing Data Using CTGAN

   K. Krishna Bhavani Siram, Dhanya Sathyan, B. Premjith

   Abstract

   The synthesized aggregate manufacturing involves the geopolymerization technology and the direct pressure application approach to obtain coarse aggregates. This current study combined industrial-grade FAS, GGBS, Fine Aggregate (FAgg), Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), and Sodium Silicate (Na₂SiO₃) to create a geopolymer mortar. Initially, geopolymer mortar cubes of 150 mm were created by applying geopolymer technique. Subsequently, these cubes were broken down into coarse stones having angular forms at 7 days. The artificially synthesized aggregates were employed as geopolymer coarse aggregates (GCA) in lieu of conventional coarse aggregates for the production of geopolymer aggregate concrete (GPAC). Since experimentation alone cannot solve the problem of data scarcity, a feed-forward network is used to address this challenge and is modeled as a regression problem. The issue of data insufficiency was overcome by creating 1000 synthetic data points with the Conditional Tabular Generative Adversarial Network (CTGAN) algorithm. The proposed approach achieved a mean squared logarithmic loss of 0.0277 and an R² score of 0.5491.

10. A Comparative Assessment on Crack Propagation Behavior of Concrete Beams Using Polypropylene Fiber

    M. Jayaram, Niveditha Pinamarukil Sunil, B. Lavanya, V. Kastro Kiran

    Abstract

    Cracks in concrete structures significantly compromise their load-bearing capacity and durability, often resulting in premature structural failures. These cracks primarily arise due to plastic and drying shrinkage, posing a major challenge to the longevity of concrete structures. Enhancing the resistance of concrete to crack formation is thus critical to improving its performance. This study investigates the potential of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) using synthetic fibers, specifically Recron 3 S, which is primarily composed of polypropylene and known for its high tensile strength. The study focuses on evaluating the fresh and hardened properties of FRC of M20 Grade, as well as assessing crack propagation in terms of crack length, crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD), and crack depth. Polypropylene fibers of 12 and 25 mm in length were incorporated into the concrete at dosages of 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0% by volume, maintaining an aspect ratio (L/D) of 200 and a random fiber orientation. Experimental results indicated that the 25 mm polypropylene fiber, at a 1.0% dosage, achieved the highest flexural strength, while the 12 mm fiber exhibited superior crack resistance. This research highlights the effectiveness of polypropylene fibers in enhancing both the mechanical properties and crack mitigation of concrete, providing a valuable approach to improving its structural integrity.

11. Evaluating Road Network Connectivity in Bengaluru Using GIS and Connectivity Indices for Better Urban Planning

    Shiva Chandra Vaddiraju, V. Vaishnavi, N. Laasya Priya

    Abstract

    Many Indian cities’ existing road networks are struggling to satisfy increased transport demands, necessitating more efficient use of extant infrastructure. To improve the existing road network, structural criteria such as connectedness, accessibility, hierarchy, and morphology must be analyzed and evaluated. This study evaluates the road network connectivity of Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, using GIS and transportation indices. The analysis takes into account several places in Bengaluru, employing connection indicators such as the Alpha index, Beta index, Gamma index, Eta index, Cyclomatic number, and Aggregate Transportation Score. The road network shows variability, with low-to-moderate connectivity overall. Sparse connections and limited redundancy are indicated by low alpha, gamma, and eta indices. However, some areas exhibit higher complexity and node density, reflecting better connectivity. The network's structure varies significantly, with denser, well-connected urban areas and sparser rural regions. The study's findings could help transportation planners better understand the level of connectedness at each place in the city and implement better planning techniques to promote connectivity in the city.

12. Durability Study on the Use of Copper Slag and Washed Silt as Partial Replacement Materials for Fine Aggregate in High Strength Hybrid Fibre Reinforced Concrete

    M. Sathish Kumar, R. Durai Madhavan, M. Hari Krishna, M. Hari Haran, D. Mahesh Dharma Pandian, M. Manikandan, S. Nijith Kumar

    Abstract

    This paper reports the durability study on high strength hybrid fibre reinforced concrete with the use of Copper Slag (CS) and Washed Silt (WS) as partial replacement materials for fine aggregate. Industrial wastes like CS and WS are partially replaced in the range of 5, 10 and 15% to fine aggregate in concrete. The following properties like compressive strength test, water absorption test, percentage of chloride content test and determination of pH will be carried out in the cast specimen. To study the durability characteristics for the above, after 28 days of normal curing, the cast specimens were immersed in 5% Nacl solution for another 30 days. In high strength concrete matrix to avoid catastrophic failure polypropylene fibre and steel fibre were added to the concrete. Polypropylene fibre in the range of 0.2 and 0.4% by weight of cement and steel fibre in the range of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1% by volume of concrete were added to the concrete individually and in combination. From the test results, it is concluded that the durability characteristic concrete specimen under 5% Nacl solution shows poor performance, when compared with the normal cured specimen.

13. Optimization of Quaternary Blended Medium Strength Mortar Exposed to Elevated Temperatures Using Regression Analysis

    K. B. Aswini, Dhanya Sathyan, Meera Balachandran

    Abstract

    The vast manufacturing and broad use of cement as a binder contribute to global warming. However, this may be mitigated by substituting cement with additional cementitious material. This study aims to enhance properties of concrete mixes by the use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as calcined clay (CC) and silica fume in the range 5–10% each, and fly ash (FA) in the range 15–20%. In this research, in order to achieve an appropriate degree of workability, superplasticizers were added in different ratios. The proposed mixture is expected to have medium to high-strength quaternary binder matrix with the help of special quadratic mixture designs, and exposed to elevated temperatures of the range 100, 200, 300, and 400 °C. The examination of the microstructure using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of the blended mortar provided insights into changes in shape, distribution of particles, formation of hydration products of cement, and complexities in the structure. A regression model has been created and validated through the ANOVA statistical approach. From the results of statistical analysis, the expression related to compressive strength and the composition of the SCMs have been deduced. The study's results provide an inclusive understanding of the strength properties of ordinary Portland cement and quaternary mixed paste at high-temperature conditions. The matrix developed has significant compressive strength, making it suitable for use in commercial building activities, as shown by the findings. The new matrix adheres to sustainability norms by conserving the cement quantity, hence reducing carbon impact.

    Graphical Abstract

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14. Analysis of Morphometric Parameters Using Remote Sensing and GIS for Arkavathi Watershed Region, Karnataka

    Dimple Bahri, A. K. Dasarathy

    Abstract

    The Arkavathi watershed is one of the major watersheds of the State having a geographical area of about 4025 square kilometers. An important hydrological region in Karnataka, it extends to the districts of Ramanagara, Bangalore urban, and rural. Arkavathi is one of the tributaries of the Cauvery River and is known to affect the hydrology of the surrounding area. This study aims to carry out detailed morphometric studies using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques and seeks to establish the physiographic features of the landforms and the water flow patterns within the watershed. The purpose is to use this information in the development and management of effective management measures for the basin. To create the DEM of the watershed, the study employs the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) dataset which has a 30-m resolution. Strahler’s stream ordering is the method used in ranking stream networks, whilst other stream attributes like drainage density and bifurcation ratio are calculated to assess the form of the watershed. The study suggests that the Arkavathi watershed has more stream segments of the first order, suggesting that there are more small streams in the area. Analyzing the morphometry of the watershed using bifurcation ratio and drainage density the impact of the structure seems to be moderate. This level of influence offers similar effects on the chances of sediment transport and the occurrence of flood hazards. Hence, the use of morphometric analysis helps in achieving a useful understanding of the hydrological and geomorphological factors that are present in the Arkavathi watershed and influence watershed management.

15. The Synergistic Effect of Fly Ash and Crystalline Admixture on GO Cement Paste Using Taguchi Method

    Anjali Sasikumar, E. Lalith Prakash, Dinesh Mahalingam

    Abstract

    This paper investigates the influence of flyash (FA) and crystalline admixtures (CA) on the rheological properties of graphene oxide (GO) infused cement paste. GO, which is a nano-sized particle when incorporated into concrete improves its mechanical, and durability properties, making it more a sustainable choice. GO, being hydrophilic in nature, reduces the workability and fluidity of concrete significantly. Past studies show that the use of FA and CA improves the viscosity and fluidity of the concrete mix, with a better strength and durability performances. This study aims to determine the optimal combination of these materials to achieve desired rheological characteristics. Various dosage combinations were studied: GO at 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06%; FA at 5, 10, and 15%; and CA at 0.5, 1, and 1.5% by weight of cement. Results revealed that the combination of 10/15% FA and 0.02% GO yielded optimal rheological properties, enhancing the fluidity, and reducing the plastic viscosity. GO initially reduces the fluidity however concentration beyond 0.4% dosage improves the fluidity. 0.4% GO dosage shows poor fluidity and flow ability in all the mix combinations. The findings highlight the potential of FA and CA to mitigate the negative impacts of GO on cement paste rheology, offering valuable insights for designing high-performance concrete with improved workability and durability.

16. Modelling of Long Term Performance of Eco Epo-Seal, an Ancillary Construction Material

    Chikkam Ramakrishna Balaji, Mangesh Madurwar

    Abstract

    Ancillary construction materials are new age research focused construction materials. The study is aimed to develop and analyze Eco Epo-seal, ancillary construction material. Raw materials of Eco Epo-seal are discarded mine waste (DMW), porous fine aggregate like (PFAL) from thermal power plants, and iron and steel waste (ISW) for addressing environmental concerns associated with waste disposal. Epoxy resin is used as a binder to enhance the mechanical and durability properties of the material. A 36 different compositions of Eco Epo-seal are obtained by varying epoxy (10–30%), DMW (7–27%), PFAL (37–81%) and ISW (0–12%). Water absorption and compressive strength of Eco Epo-seal are analyzed for long term condition ranging from 0.23–46.66% and 2.36–30.2 MPa respectively. The research employs modelling using multiple linear regression and principal component analysis to establish quantitative relationships between the material composition and its performance characteristics. The findings indicate that higher epoxy content significantly improves the material's resistance to water absorption and compressive strength, making it suitable for high-load applications and extreme conditions. The study concludes that Eco Epo-seal, sustainable composition and enhanced performance, can contribute to the development of eco-friendly construction practices and support the transition towards a more sustainable built environment.

17. Experimental and Theoretical Investigation on Tensile Properties of Fused Deposition Modeling Prototypes of ABS-M30 using RSM and GA

    K. Anand, S. Pratheesh Kumar, V. J. Subiramanian, V. Jayasenthilnathan

    Abstract

    This study examines the impact of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) tool path strategy on the mechanical performance of ABS-M30 printed parts. It focuses on the assessment of tensile properties of FDM prototypes using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). As the relationship between tensile property and FDM path generation parameters is critical to determine, an effort has been made to use RSM to derive an empirical model between the path generation parameters and tensile property. The path generation parameters are optimized through the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to improve of ABS-M30 prototypes. In this work, internal raster width, internal raster air gap, and outline counters of the FDM process are taken as path generation variables, and FDM specimen’s tensile strength is considered as a response parameter. The results show that large raster air gaps are undesirable because they produce long rasters, which raise stress accumulation along the deposition direction, leading to greater deformations and, ultimately, weak bonding. High temperatures caused by thick rasters close to the bonding surfaces may enhance diffusion and lead to the establishment of strong bonds. Also, increase in the number of outline counters increases the tensile strength even if the air gap increases because the number of outline counters is the most influential parameter. These results provide valuable insights for improving the mechanical performance of FDM-manufactured parts, enabling manufacturers to achieve stronger, more reliable components for applications in aerospace, automotive, and medical devices, where high tensile strength and structural integrity are critical.

18. Green Building as a Catalyst to Climate Resilience: A Comparative Analysis

    Drisya Murali, M. Suresh

    Abstract

    Climate change poses a significant challenge to the environment, but green building practices can catalyze climate resilience by reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the built environment, which currently account for 37% of global emissions. By thoroughly reviewing existing literature and drawing on insights from field experts, this study seeks to both identify and comprehensively analyze the key factors that influence the process of repurposing concrete within this particular waste category. The study, GINA, to uncover and measure the intricate relationships among the identified factors offers a clear identification of how these factors relationship and influence one another to catalyze climate resilience through green building. The main objectives are to identify the most influential factors and assess their significance in promoting green building practices that enhance climate resilience. Utilizing GINA allows the study to accurately determine the key factor driving the system and assess the extent of its influence. The adoption of energy-efficient designs, resilient materials, and adaptive infrastructure promotes sustainability and resilience in the built environment.