Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Materials, Modeling, and Analysis for Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure Volume 1

Table of Contents

1. Bridge Design: Assessment of Hydrologic Design Criteria

   Adsul Siddhi Dnyaneshwar, B. Soundharajan, A. R. Vijayanarayanan, M. K. Haridharan

   Abstract

   A river bridge is a vital component of the transportation network, serving as a crucial infrastructural feature. The design of a bridge frequently requires a meticulous examination of its structural elements to ensure their resilience under various adverse conditions. Typically, hydraulic analysis is undertaken to ensure the functionality and security of the bridge under different hydro-climatic conditions. In general, the hydraulic analysis uses peak discharge determined from the return period. However, urbanization and climate change have led to significant changes in land use, particularly in terms of large-scale alterations. These changes have had a notable impact on the volume of runoff and the peak discharge during various return periods in catchment areas. As a result, bridges are facing a serious threat to their safety during monsoon or high flow periods, as they are at risk of overflowing and floating. Conventional bridge design using existing hydrologic data does not take into account factors such as shifts in land use and changes in climate that have occurred in recent decades. Considering the recent fluctuations in hydraulic characteristics is now crucial while designing bridges. The objective of this study is to evaluate the hydraulic design requirements of a current bridge and examine the impact of recent modifications in hydraulic factors on the potential for flooding and infrastructure failure.

2. Resilient Water Solutions for Sustainable Livelihoods: Tackling “Soft” and “Hard” Water Quality Challenges in Rural India

   T. N. Nandagovind, Godeshi Jatin Varma, N. Bhavana, M. Sree Raadhai, A. T. Shree Vignesh Khumar, Anu G. Kumar, P. M. Nithin, U. Neenu Khosh

   Abstract

   Water quality management is a critical concern impacting both “soft” and “hard” water sources in rural India, directly affecting population health, livelihoods, and the environment. This paper offers an extensive analysis of water quality issues in Pullinkunno village, Kerala, where chemical contamination (“hard” water problems) and the necessity for community-driven solutions to secure sustainable access to potable water (“soft” water challenges) present considerable threats to the community’s health. Employing a Human-Centred Design (HCD) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methodology, we collaborated with local stakeholders to assess the social, economic, and environmental ramifications of water contamination. Principal findings reveal that elements such as agricultural runoff, chemical pollution, and inadequate water infrastructure have resulted in significant deterioration in water quality, impacting both domestic and agricultural requirements. The research highlights community empowerment and engagement in tackling “soft” water challenges, suggesting treatments including modular community-based water treatment facilities and rainfall harvesting systems. These solutions are designed to enable local citizens to engage actively in addressing and managing their water issues. The study emphasises the necessity of incorporating technical, social, and economic factors to enhance resilience in rural water management systems. These solutions seek to increase access to clean water, better the community’s overall life, and contribute to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG-6) concerning Clean Water and Sanitation.

3. Sustainable Aquaculture: Overcoming Challenges in Seaweed Farming and Cobia Cultivation in Coastal Tamil Nadu

   S. Keerthana Sankari, T. Karthik Venkat Reddy, S. Saaral, Yalla Satya Sai Veer, T. Ruvathika, R. Saravanan, Sabarigirinath, Renjith Mohan

   Abstract

   This research investigates the economic and environmental sustainability of seaweed farming and Cobia agriculture in Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu. Farmers utilizing bamboo rafts for seaweed cultivation gather 200–260 kg every 45 days, generating annual revenues ranging from INR 50,000 to 100,000 per raft per year. Nonetheless, obstacles such as inadequate bamboo raft design, resulting in fish consuming seaweed, and temperature variations that diminish yields, impede optimal potential. Cobia aquaculture faces challenges, including inadequate cage design and elevated feed expenses resulting from the species’ carnivorous appetite. Insufficient cage designs result in a 100% escape rate of hatchlings, causing financial losses. This emphasizes the necessity of enhancing fish cage designs and investigating economical feed substitutes such as Azolla to diminish reliance on small fish. Not withstanding these limitations, the integration of seaweed farming with cobia growing illustrates the potential to improve community lives, foster sustainable aquaculture, and save coastal habitats adjacent to UNESCO-protected areas.

4. Review of 3d Printing Advancements in Geopolymer Concrete: Current Challenges and Future Directions

   R. Athira, Dhanya Sathyan

   Abstract

   This review examines the application of 3D printing in construction with a focus on geopolymer concrete, detailing its advancements and persistent challenges. While significant progress has been made in material development and structural performance, issues such as anisotropic mechanical behavior, the impact of raw materials on printability, and energy efficiency of printed elements remain unresolved. Materials like rice husk ash show promise in enhancing rheology, but their long-term durability requires further investigation. The study emphasizes the importance of leveraging advanced technologies and additives to address these limitations, paving the way for future innovations in sustainable construction practices.

5. Fostering Resilience and Sustainability in Coastal Villages: A Human-Centered Approach to Waste, Navigation, and Education

   Anirudh K. Warrier, S. Sanraj, Amruth Reddy G, Chaitanya Babu Gannamani, Akshay Satish, S. Sampath Kumar

   Abstract

   This study investigates sustainable development challenges faced by rural fishing communities in South India, with a focus on inadequate nighttime visibility for navigation, poor waste management, and educational infrastructure deficits. Using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and Human-Centered Design (HCD), community of Singivalaikutchi co-designed solutions that address these issues. The issues were exposed through interviews with the fishermen community people of Singivalaikutchi village. The major solution is the installation of high-beam lights to upgrade nighttime visibility for fishermen, teaching of a regular waste management system, and upgrading educational facilities. The solutions were developed through joint workshops, ensuring that the solutions are functional, sustainable, and scalable. By aligning with SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), this study aids to long-term resilience and sustainability in rural coastal areas. In this paper, PRA and HCD methodologies were used to find the challenges faced by the villagers. The solutions proposed are reliable, community driven and sustainable.

6. Influence of Vetiver and Bamboo Fibers on the Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation Treated Soil

   Radha Palpi Boruah, K. Jayakesh, Berlin Mohanadhas

   Abstract

   Microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly technique that enhances the resistance of soil to shear forces. The study aims to experimentally evaluate the efficiency of employing MICP along with the addition of fibres to enhance the shear strength parameters and permeability of poorly-graded soil. In this process, a slurry was produced by mixing a strain of Bacillus group, B. subtilis, with a cementation solution consisting of urea and calcium chloride. This mixture was used to activate and accelerate the formation of calcite through the reaction between urea and calcium chloride. The experimental study was conducted in three stages: (a) the introduction of a slurry; (b) the introduction of both slurry and vetiver fibre; and (c) the introduction of both slurry and bamboo fibre into the soil. The findings demonstrated that the application of MICP along with the incorporation of fibres led to a significant enhancement in the shear strength of the soil. The treated specimens exhibit more potential for an increase in strength compared to the untreated specimens. Furthermore, the inclusion of slurry along with the fibres resulted in a decrease in the permeability of the soil. Both vetiver and bamboo fibres, when combined with slurry, can be considered suitable for soil improvement.

7. Property Enhancement of Two-Stage Concrete Incorporating Agricultural Wastes

   P. S. Nandana, M. S. Riyana, Vijayan Parvathy, K S Abhijith, K. Muhammad Ameen

   Abstract

   The advancement in concrete automation leads the way to the evolution of innovative construction techniques that enhance structural integrity and sustainability. This study explores the enhancement of two-stage concrete properties through the incorporation of RHA. Ash from rice husks is an agricultural byproduct that is utilized for cementing operations. TSC is known for its unique procedure and placement, which differs from conventional concrete. RHA is rich in silica that is deployed to reinstate a part of the cement in TSC. The main focus is assessing the mechanical, and fresh properties of the modified concrete. This experimentation highlights the potential of using agricultural waste to produce more sustainable and high-performance concrete and also contributes to environmental sustainability and the development of green building technologies.

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8. Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste in Kattumannar Koil, Cuddalore District

   S. Reka, T. Kavimani

   Abstract

   Municipal solid waste management is a critical environmental issue, primarily due to the generation of leachate—a highly polluted liquid that can severely impact nearby ecosystems. This study examines the environmental consequences of leachate from solid waste landfills, particularly its effects on groundwater, soil, and the overall health of ecosystems. A review of existing research indicates that the leachate often contains a mix of hazardous substances, including heavy metals and toxic chemicals, which pose substantial risks to public health and the environment. The study highlights the urgent need for effective treatment methods, such as biological and physicochemical techniques, to reduce the harmful impacts of leachate. The impact of leachate infiltration on groundwater quality was evaluated at the Kattumannar Koil open dumpsite, focusing on water samples from three places around the area. Raw leachate and groundwater samples were collected and analyzed using standard laboratory techniques to determine seasonal variations. The analysis revealed that leachate samples had high levels of both organic and inorganic pollutants, indicating severe contamination. The high pH and low BOD₅/COD ratio suggest the dumpsite is old and currently undergoing methanogenic anaerobic decomposition. Groundwater analysis showed that average pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and major ions were higher during the dry season, whereas total suspended solids (TSS), BOD₅, and COD levels were elevated during the rainy season. Most groundwater quality parameters, except for pH and nitrate, exceeded the limits set by the World Health Organization. Based on the pH, EC, and dominant ions, the groundwater near the dumpsite was found to be slightly alkaline, hazardous for consumption, with chloride as the predominant ion. The study highlights the significant influence of seasonal changes and proximity to the dumpsite on groundwater pollution. It is recommended to implement continuous groundwater monitoring and to establish engineered landfills that comply with environmental standards to prevent leachate from contaminating groundwater.

9. Community-Based Sustainable Water Solutions: Technological Integration for Revitalizing Unused Wells Through Rainwater Harvesting in Rural Tamil Nadu

   Saminathan Kanagaraj

   Abstract

   Sustainable Rural water-resource management continues to be a highly significant challenge in many rural parts of India, especially where severe shortages of water exist. The project is a participatory community based initiative for developing an unused well in Pichanur Panchayat, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, as a productive source of sustainable water supply by integrating some rainwater harvesting methods. It addresses the persistent water deficiencies in the village and mitigates health and safety hazards from the abandoned well. The initiative is intended to replenish groundwater resources by harvesting rainwater from residential properties and converting the well for communal purposes, thereby aiding approximately 500 families, primarily from underprivileged Scheduled Caste (SC) populations. This project exemplifies the potential of affordable and scalable technical interventions to address water scarcity in rural areas, emphasizing the importance of community participation and long-term sustainability. This paper outlines the process of well renovation, the initiation of rainwater harvesting systems, and the governance role of local authorities in managing the infrastructure. The model can be replicated elsewhere in the rural context of water scarcity in order to promote holistic community-managed water systems appropriate for the attainment of SDGs on clean water and sanitation.

10. Backmatter