Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering

The digital revolution has catalyzed a profound transformation in the manufacturing sector, heralding a new era of Industry 4.0. This research article explores the pervasive influence of digital tools in manufacturing, shedding light on their pivotal role in advancing the industry. We delve into the multifaceted facets of this transformation, analyzing the integration of cutting-edge technologies like IoT, AI, and data analytics. The article underscores the impact of digital tools on enhancing efficiency, reducing operational costs, and boosting productivity across the manufacturing ecosystem. Furthermore, it examines the challenges and opportunities presented by this technological upheaval, emphasizing the importance of adaptability, and upskilling in the workforce. Through a comprehensive analysis of case studies and industry trends, this article highlights the critical role of digital tools in reshaping manufacturing paradigms and facilitating sustainable growth. It serves as a valuable resource for manufacturers, researchers, and policymakers navigating the dynamic landscape of digital transformation within the manufacturing sector.

During transit, the bridge’s or road’s dynamic safety and the vehicle’s own dynamic safety are both greatly impacted by the dynamic loads generated by these modes of transportation. Transport infrastructure can be structurally damaged by loads, leading to significant road and bridge degradation. It also has an impact on driving safety and car component longevity. Tire stiffness is a load-related factor. The author constructs a dynamic model of the vehicle, sets up a system of differential equations, and employs Matlab software to calculate the dynamic load acting on the vehicle when the tire stiffness changes, providing a foundation for analyzing the influence of tire stiffness on dynamic loads acting on three-axle truck. At higher speeds and on roads with lower quality, the evaluation results reveal that the dynamic load increases in direct proportion to the tire stiffness.

The ball screw feed drive system (BFDS) is a popular drive mechanism used in CNC milling machines due to its ability to respond flexibly to operating conditions. This study aims to survey, describe, and classify the different vibration modes of the BFDS using dynamic modeling methods. The two main vibration modes are axial vibration mode and torsional mode, and they are influenced by physical geometry such as the size, length, and screw pitch of the ball screw, as well as stiffness and total equivalent mass. The preload value provided by the manufacturer also affects the axial and torsional vibration of the ball screw. Therefore, this study presents a dynamic modeling method that utilizes BFDS dynamic parameters to predict the natural frequency. Additionally, this paper presents an experimental vibration measurement model for the BFDS that uses Fourier Transform (FT) to analyze the vibration signal. The calculated and measured results of vibration frequency are compared to interpret the vibration modes of the BFDS, particularly the ball screw. Based on the results obtained, some conclusions are drawn to evaluate the effectiveness of the dynamic modeling method for BFDS. From there, a process was established to calculate and predict vibration frequencies for BFDS.

In Egyptian times, Pyrolysis processed tar used for waterproofing of boats and with this process evident protecting agents were made. Now a days pyrolysis procedures are enhanced and broadly used with coke and charcoal production. The increased cost of crude oil, the unpredictability of the international energy market, the nation energy supply security and the adverse ecological influences have been suggestively motivating the use of alternative fuel in engine applications. Researchers revealed that the pyrolysis liquid produce could be increased by using pyrolysis in which biomass feedstock is heated at a rapid rate and the vapours produced are also condensed. Now a days, the quickened percentage of growth of energy consumption in Asia, predominantly in China and India, raises this motivation for all countries. In addition, the burning of fossil fuels has serious environmental consequences due to production of carbon dioxide. In parallel to fossil fuels, the use of biomass for energy offers significant environmental benefits. This Study shows the comparative analysis of the various Pyrolytic fuel in the field of the IC Engine with parameters affecting the environment. Rapid pyrolysis consumes biomass to generate a product that is used both as an energy source and a feedstock for chemical production. Substantial attempts must have been made to transform wood biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals since the oil crisis in mid-1970s. Almost any preparation of biomass can be considered for the process of pyrolysis. Though, closely 100 types of biomasses have been tried, extending from agricultural wastes such as straw, olive pits, and nut shells to energy crops such as miscanthus and sorghum. Forestry wastes such as bark and thinning and other solid wastes, including sewage sludge and leather and plastic wastes, have also been studied. A few biomass feedstocks have been explored to review their prospective for energy production and their effect on the environment. The knowledge of these comparative results on engine performance obtained in this review can help to develop high performance green fuels in a near future.

The research is focused on the simulation using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) of the combustion gases of an extra gasoline engine using the Ansys software. As a first step, the input parameters were selected to be able to investigate whether they have any influence on the production of combustion gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2). Once the input and output parameters were selected, the input levels were established to create treatments based on the experimental design (DoE), constructing a 32 factorial design giving a total of 9 treatments without repetition. The next step consisted of using the geometry of the combustion chamber that the software provides, in addition to building the areas of interest using Design modeler, to carry out the meshing, detailed meshes were considered in the areas of interest such as the spray and the ignition point using Meshing Autodine tools. The third step consisted of solving the Navier Stokes equations using the k-ε (RNG) Re-Normalization Group turbulence model in conjunction with the fuel injection chemistry and the injection model for flame turbulence modeling. This procedure was carried out for the 9 treatments proposed by the factorial design, with which we proceeded to analyze and interpret the results obtained during the combustion process that occurs between the piston displacement angles of 720–740 Crank Angle (CA).

Aerodynamic characteristics play a significant role in the design and manufacturing of vehicles, particularly cars. Achieving high-performance, fuel efficiency, and eco-friendly models requires careful optimization of the vehicle body’s design to ensure both pleasing aesthetics and desirable aerodynamic features. This study uses design and calculation software to study the influence of the front and rear bevels of the chassis on its aerodynamic characteristics. The calculation results show that, if only the front and rear bevels are created, the drag coefficient and the lift coefficient of the vehicle have opposite changes, which are not aerodynamically beneficial. However, when creating bevels on both the front and rear chassis, the aerodynamic characteristics change in a more stable and beneficial direction. Specifically, when the front and rear bevels are maintained from 15° or more up to 30°, the coefficient of drag and the coefficient of lift are quite stable and the value of the coefficient of drag is lower than when there is no bevel or bevel less than 15°. This numerical model is made by ANSYS software and has been verified through the test problem. Therefore, the calculated results are highly reliable. This is useful reference information in the research and manufacture of road vehicles optimized for aerodynamic design.

Aiming to address the issue of easily damaged “glass plate” during the demoulding process, especially for the large-sized “glass plate” that requires the cooperation of multiple individuals, the pass rate remains low. Thus, an automatic “glass plate” demoulding equipment has been designed. It is mainly composed of a round tray lifting device, a conveying device, and a demoulding device. The control process is achieved through PLC combined with metal access switch and a Human Machine interaction interface. The most productive “glass plate” of 250-outer diameter model and the most difficult demoulding of 380-outer diameter model, were chosen to carry out the experiments for analyzing the performance of demoulding equipment. The results showed that the pass rate of the 250 model “glass plate” was 95% for clamping the glass plate at a speed of 0.10 m/s and loosing the glass plate at a speed of 0.35 m/s in a three-dimensional horizontal direction. In addition, when the pressure value of the hydraulic forming machine for the 380 model “glass plate” increased by 1.5 times, the pass rate has risen from less than 40–90%. This adjustment essentially meets the requirements for automated demoulding of the “glass plate”.

In gear design, it is essential to use accurate geometry and generate calculations and all dimensions correctly. In helical gears, the geometrical calculation of the tooth root has not been sufficiently presented to facilitate gear tooth root modelling by equations. In the present article, an analytical method is presented to calculate the root geometry of helical gears and also the necessary design parameters are introduced. Method 1, which was presented in an earlier article for calculating the root fillet, is used and tested in the present article and it is shown that incorrect results are generated for helical gears, but however for spur gears, this method works accurately. In the present article, a new alternative method, namely Method 2, is developed and presented for the root fillet geometric calculation for helical gears. The geometry from both Windows LDP software and the developed method are compared. A perfect agreement is shown in the results, and thus, the equations presented in this article can be applied to helical gear geometry.

The article introduces a methodology for enhancing the performance of an already existing aircraft bracket through the application of topology optimization techniques. The process of topology optimization is conducted utilizing the Siemens NX software. The existing structure is used to generate a preliminary topology, which is then evaluated from low to high stress regions. Then, a new construction with a 50% weight reduction objective was proposed. The topology method is then reapplied to this new structure, evaluating the weak points and failures based on the stress value. The model was then revised to increase its durability and compared to the original model in order to illustrate the optimal weight, volume. The optimal structure was compared with the original model. Eventually, a finished model is manufactured using 3D printing technology. The proposed structure is highly economical, optimized in terms of materials and time, and still ensures the working performance.

Study of the aerodynamic design of leading edge slat in civil aircraft was carried out. Two types of slat were studied. The takeoff configurations have two types of slat and aerodynamic shape. One was the slat with no gap between fixed wing and slat, another was the slat with gap between fixed wing and slat. Aerodynamic design was carried out. Numerical simulation and wind tunnel test were applied to obtain the aerodynamic characteristics, results show that: the takeoff configuration with sealed slat has better lift-to-drag ratio than the configuration with unsealed slat. The configuration with unsealed slat has higher maximum lift coefficient than the configuration with sealed slat, the takeoff configurations with different slats have the same stalling angle of attack.

Aerodynamic characteristics of traditional noses have been analyzed, and the deficiencies of the aerodynamic shape of the noses are summarized. Streamline nose aerodynamic design for civil aircraft is studied in this paper. Special control elements are defined based on the demands of cockpit space and airworthiness to generate the nose surface with CATIA. Parametric modeling technique is used to shape the nose profile, and CFD analysis is conducted to optimize the aerodynamic characteristics by adjusting the special control element. Aerodynamic characteristics of the noses designed have been evaluated by CFD and wind tunnel test, and the results show that the pressure and flow on the nose is well-distributed, and there is no supersonic zone existing on the nose at cruise condition. The method in this paper is feasible, can be widely used in the future aircraft design.

Electric and autonomous vehicles are currently bringing significant benefits to society, contributing to technological advancement, environmental protection, traffic safety, and energy conservation. The conversion of conventional electric vehicles into autonomous systems has emerged as a recent trend, particularly in small vehicles operating within special areas, such as electric golf carts. One of the key challenges in this conversion process is converting speed or steering control systems to enable autonomous driving. Thus, this paper focuses on researching the conversion of the manual steering system of conventional electric golf carts into a steering-by-wire system. The autonomous golf cart steering system tends to comprise a controlled steering angle motor, a feedback angle sensor, and a mounting component to house the and the angle sensor. According to the operational parameters of the golf carts, the power requirements for the steering motor and angle sensor are calculated and selected to suit the demands of autonomous driving. To ensure the durability and reliability of the design, the mounting component was evaluated using ANSYS simulation software. The results conclusively demonstrate that the chosen mounting component possesses sufficient strength to accommodate the installation of the steering motor and angle sensor onto the golf cart's steering system. Subsequently, a practical conversion system is implemented, comprising the steering motor, angle sensor, and selected mounting components, which are meticulously manufactured and installed onto a conventional golf cart to transform it into an autonomous golf cart. Performance tests have been conducted to evaluate the newly integrated steering system during autonomous operation, and the results affirm that the converted steering system effectively supports various autonomous driving functions. This research significantly contributes to the advancement of autonomous vehicle technology, specifically in the context of electric golf carts, thereby promoting reliable and environmentally friendly transportation solutions.

In recent years, 3D printing technology has developed rapidly. With its flexible design, good economy, fast manufacturing and other characteristics, it will promote the revolutionary change of the entire manufacturing processing mode, and bring modern processing technology to a new height that can use a variety of different materials, process and produce different sizes, and then apply to almost any industrial field. It has some influence on the traditional processing technology. This paper firstly compares the characteristics of traditional manufacturing technology, proposes the application of 3D printing technology, then analyzes the research status at home and abroad, proposes the concept of 3D printing technology, analyzes its advantages and disadvantages, expounds its application in the medical industry, and puts forward the future development trend of 3D printing technology.

Based on the self-built experimental platform, the expander used in R32 refrigeration system is studied experimentally. The operating resistance moment of the expander, the minimum pressure difference required for self-flooding and the range of self-flooding dryness of the expander are obtained through experimental research. The experimental results show that the average resistance moment of the expander is 0.207 Nm, the minimum pressure difference of self-drive is 0.4 MPa, and the inlet refrigerant of the expander is X > 0.04, the expander can realize self-drive.

Small punch (SP) test is a relatively new method used to predict the mechanical properties of the materials at cryogenic, room, or even elevated temperatures. Accurate modelling of small punch tests, considering several factors, leads to a better understanding of how the materials behave under these load conditions. This paper discusses the influence of clamping force and friction in the contact surface between puncher and specimen on force–displacement behaviour in Grade 91 steel subjected to a small punch load at room temperature. The small punch test is modelled in Abaqus finite element (FE) software as an axis-symmetric model, and the friction coefficient between puncher and specimen is varied between 0 (frictionless) and 0.7. In the range of 500–5000 N, the effect of clamping force on the force–displacement curve is insignificant. In contrast, it is observed that the friction force affects the maximum punch load up to μ = 0.5. Beyond this value, the maximum load is found to be insignificantly changed. Furthermore, the FE results show that the maximum von-Mises stress occurs at the center of the specimen when the contact between die and specimen is frictionless. As the μ increases, the maximum stress location shifts at the distance offset from the center of the specimen and closer to the puncher edge. In conclusion, the friction between puncher and specimen appears to influence the force–displacement behaviour during the small punch test. Attempts made in the future to model the SP test need to accurately calibrate the friction coefficient value.

Confined solid–liquid friction is a significant phenomenon in micro-electromechanical systems, and its unclear energy dissipation mechanism has attracted numerous researchers. In this work, the frictional responses of a lubricant fluid confined between two plates in an oscillating system were investigated at different shear velocities using molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that the instantaneous frictional forces at different shear velocities exhibit uniform frequency responses, and the average friction force shows a non-monotonous tendency and finally decreases to a tiny value as the shear velocity increases. The presence of resonant friction leads to the multiple friction peaks in the entire friction-velocity curve. By calculating the velocity of the lubricated fluid during shear, it is found that the velocity of the fluid near the substrate shows a decreasing trend at high velocity, leading to the decrease of interfacial viscous resistance and thus the decreased friction force at high shear velocity.

The research aims to search for a method for Turtlebot4, a driving robot, to bypass a dynamical obstacle based on an affordable camera while it drives toward some assigned destination. The method of obstacle dodging implemented in this research consists of obstacle detection based on a stereo camera, path planning, and motion control. Most previous research focused on using state-of-the-art instruments such as event cameras or LiDARs to perform an obstacle-dodging function. If the dynamical obstacles dodging technology proposed in this research could be implemented on Turtlebot4, the cost of implementing the functionality of obstacle dodging would be lowered.

This research describes the contact behavior during the grasping and capturing of space debris using a robotic arm. Space debris refers to defunct artificial satellites orbiting the Earth, and its existence is a cause for concern due to the potential risk of collisions with newly launched satellites. However, many proposed methods for space debris capture have not been practically implemented due to concerns about grasping stability and increased costs. This research analyzes the condition of capturing a target satellite assumed to be space debris using a grasping mechanism attached to the tip of the robotic arms. The main objective of this research is to analyze the contact behavior during rotating debris grasping, considering simultaneous multi-point contacts and friction effects, to achieve system design optimization. Thus, this research models and analyzes the behavior involving contact between a rotating circular object and the grasping mechanism based on a non-smooth dynamic method. This research also derived a contact force calculation method, considering sliding friction for circular objects in non-smooth dynamics, and developed motion equations for creating contact analysis models of the chaser satellite and the target satellite. With the developed analysis models, this research calculates the behavior of the objects during contact and the resulting force impulses generated during the capture process to assess the impact of non-smooth behavior on contact forces and their influence on the chaser satellite during space debris capturing.

Model based system engineering (MBSE), which uses the architecture model to drive system development, has been widely used in aeronautical and aerospace systems development. System context modeling is an essential part of architecture modeling, but there is no clear guidance on how to perform the system context modeling in the system engineering life cycle. This paper proposes a system context analysis and modeling method crossing multi-architecture levels, which gives a straightforward system context modeling approach. The method includes three-level analysis processes: platform-level context modeling, subsystem-level context modeling, and equipment-level context modeling. This modeling approach takes full advantage of the SoS architecture model. It builds a unified SoS engineering and System engineering structure modeling way which will guarantee the different architecture level model consistency and save cost and time in the modeling practice.

Converting strain to wavelength shift in FBG sensor development and determining its sensitivity is generally considered straightforward, especially for static measurements. However, the main challenge lies in accurately converting the strain-induced wavelength shift into acceleration for FBG accelerometers, particularly in dynamic measurement. This paper uses a cantilever-type FBG accelerometer with a tip mass to demonstrate the implementation of a neural network as an identifier to translate wavelength shift to acceleration. The neural network acts as an empirical data-based sensitivity identifier, allowing the conversion of the FBG's wavelength shift measurements to acceleration values even when different tip masses are employed than those used during training. The base acceleration is the input to the neural network with the range of frequency used 5–40 Hz, which is more than one-half of the resonant frequency of the cantilever beam, which is 48.9 Hz. The successful use of neural networks as sensitivity identifiers has paved the way for addressing the frequency-dependent behaviour of FBG sensors, particularly in dynamic measurements.

Test Automation is one of the important aspects of Verification and Validation, in minimizing manual efforts, increasing efficiency, and having better test coverage. Verification and Validation at an early stage in the development life cycle, at software-level is beneficial in early detection of bugs/issues. Virtualization and simulation using Software-in-the-Loop (SiL) method, involving Virtual ECUs (V-ECU), is one such method adopted, for our use-case. Using V-ECU, the software is virtualized and simulated on the development PC. This poses challenges in testing the software using SiL method, to adapt the test-cases and execute it effectively and efficiently. Faster feedback, ensuring high-level of coverage is one of the key aspects to be considered. In this paper, an effective and efficient approach of test automation is incorporated, as part of our use-case and the same is presented. V-ECU, as part of the SiL environment is simulated in Vector CANoe and the tests are executed using the Test Sequences in dSPACE AutomationDesk (AuD). ASAM XiL provides a standard mechanism, by means of API, to integrate the test automation tools and simulation tools. A suitable case-study is presented, highlighting the re-use of test cases from HiL-to-SiL, using ASAM XiL. With minimal costs and reduced efforts, ensuring compatibility between test automation tool and simulation tool is also presented in this paper.

The core of the artificial quartz stone production process is the process of curing stone mold after being vibrated to form and optimize the thermo-mechanical-thermal properties of the product. For this task, heating plates are being used in the curing oven system. Heating plates must be heated to a required temperature and most importantly ensure uniformity on the plate surface. In this study, using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation method, heat exchange in the aluminum plate heating process using circulating hot oil is studied and simulated. The research results are utilized to assess the design parameters of the heat exchange system (flow rate, shape, etc.) to identify an optimal model that ensures the best heat distribution profile on the heating plate, thereby preventing warping in artificial quartz stone products. A comparison of the temperature distribution on the surface of the heating plate with various pump flow rates and layouts of oil conduits is presented in this study.

Bond strength tests are the most widely accepted methods for controlling the quality of the wire bonding operation, and thereby offering added assurance that semiconductor devices will not fail in the field due to weak wire bonds. In this paper, three destructive bond strength tests are investigated in Au/Al and Al/Al bonding interface. Experiments demonstrate that wire bond shear test and wire pull test (single bond) can reflect the bonding state of the Au/Al interface more accurately than wire pull test (double bond). To obtain the most reliable data, combining wire bond shear test and its wedge bond lift offs records would be the best choice for Au/Al interface stability.

This paper explores the capabilities of Artificial Neural Network and Response Surface Methodology implemented on the topic of dielectric properties of polymer composites subjected to varying loading rates of natural fibres. For this paper, the dielectric properties of pineapple leaf fiber reinforced epoxy-based composites were studied based on its dielectric constant, loss factor and dissipation factor, where the factors were predicted using Artificial Neural Networks and Response Surface Methodology. Artificial Neural Network was carried out using Sckit-Learn and MATLAB 2021b and a comparison between both was carried out. Response Surface Methodology was performed using MINITAB software. The accuracy of Artificial Neural Network and Response Surface Methodology were discussed. Artificial neural network implemented using Sckit-learn machine learning when compared to MATLAB R2021b model was observed to produced results which have higher coefficient of determination ( $${R}^{2}$$ R 2 ) and mean-squared error (MSE) which were lower. The comparison of artificial neural network and response surface concluded with a comparison of results obtained by MATLAB R2021b against MINITAB. The comparison resulted with artificial neural network being superior compared to response surface methodology as supported by the higher coefficient of determination ( $${R}^{2}$$ R 2 ) and lower mean-squared error (MSE). A comparison between the predicted values of artificial neural network against the experimental data and the predicted values of response surface methodology against the experimental data supported the conclusion of this research.

In this study, an experimental study is carried out to define the damping capacity of different natural fibers. The experimental results show that the natural fibers present greatly high damping factors in comparison with synthetic fibers and conventional metals. Thereafter, damping capacity of a composite reinforced natural fibers is analyzed by experimental tests and an analytical viscoelastic homogenization model. The results show a good agreement between the experimental results and the analytical results that the damping factor of the natural fiber reinforced composite is remarkably high and the natural reinforcement fibers contribute strongly to the damping capacity of the composite. With high specific strength, moderate specific modulus and high damping capacity, there is therefore a potential for application of natural fibers for high dynamic loading structural components in many systems.

This study investigates the bending behavior of 2D lattice plates comprising auxetic unit cells having re-entrant hexagonal shapes. Each strut of the unit cells is modeled as an Euler–Bernoulli beam element. Through the homogenization method based on equivalent strain energies, the effective out-of-plane elastic properties of the 2D auxetic lattice plates are derived, including bending moduli, shear moduli, and Poisson’s ratio. To validate the results, the effective elastic properties derived through the homogenization method are compared numerically with those obtained from direct structural analysis. Furthermore, the obtained findings demonstrate how the bending response of the 2D auxetic lattice plates can be adjusted by modifying their unit-cell geometries, particularly the internal cell angle.

With the increase of the construction of transmission lines, the phenomenon of wire breakage occurs in the construction of wire clamping device. It seriously affects the smooth progress of construction and poses a threat to personal safety. To solve this problem, this paper carried out finite element analysis and calculation applicable to 400 mm2 standed wire and grip. By applying 30%RTS and 30%RTS respectively to the standed wire end for dynamic simulation calculation, it was concluded that when the tension of standed wire increased from 30%RTS to 60%RTS, the damage effect on the strand of standed wire increased nonlinearly. It shows that when large load tension is applied to the standed wire and grip, the strand layer of the standed wire will be produced excessive deformation and damaged.

The pillar insulator is an important supporting component of the power equipment. This article uses the experience formula to calculate the wind load value at different wind speeds at different wind speeds. Through simulation analysis, the maximum bending stress state characteristics of the pillar insulator under different fixed constraints are compared. The results show that in the state of different wind loads, the maximum bending stress occurs in the position of contact with the lower part of the flange and the lower part of the porcelain body. As the wind speed increases, the maximum curved stress gradually increases, and the increase gradually becomes larger. The maximum bending stress value of the cement and the base flange is significantly higher than the stress value of the fixed constraints separately when the base flange is separated by fixed constraints. The results of the study can provide reference for the reliability analysis of the pillar insulator and the improvement of material technology.

The excellent thermal rectifier should have a strong thermal rectification effect as well as great heat transfer capability. Interface thermal resistance is proposed here to directionally control thermal flux of the variable-section composite cylinder structure. A simple thermal rectification model has been proposed to theoretically solve the thermomechanical coupling problem, and validated by commercial finite element software. Several key parameters such as interface thermal resistance, geometry and initial interface gap on the thermal rectification ratio are determined according to the parametric influence study, which reveals the mechanism of thermal contact resistance on the thermal regulation effect. Results show that, the key parameters should be optimized to obtain the optimal thermal rectification ratio, while the introduction of the thermal contact resistance and initial interface gap provides an attractive method to regulate the heat flux and optimize the thermal rectification effect.

To further improve the surface characteristics of 45 Mn steel, a composite coating of FeCoCrNiCu with high bulk entropy was applied by EDM deposition. The high entropy alloy electrode FeCoCrNiCu with a diameter of about 3 mm was cast by vacuum casting. Then the high entropy alloy deposition layer prepared on 45 Mn 2 steel matrix by EDM is introduced. A three-electrode system was used to study the corrosion of electrochemosensors in NaCl solution containing 3.5% by polarization curves and EIS tests. The experimental results show that the FeCoCrNiCu coating is continuous and smooth. And has an easy-to-use FCC design. The surface of the layer should be convex and uneven. Its appearance shows a typical “sputtering” pattern shape, and the mean cube root deviation Rq of surface roughness is controlled at about 4 μm. The high entropy metal alloy matrix at various WC levels comprises the simplest face-centered cubic structure (FCC) and body-centered cubic structure (BCC). With the increase of WC concentration, the FCC phase concentration of the matrix continued to decrease, while the BCC phase concentration continued to increase. However, WC particles are rapidly hydrolyzed and fully dissolved in FCC and BCC phases in the laser cladding reaction, which does not lead to more complex and changeable carbide phases. The high entropy alloy coating of FeCoCrNiCu can effectively improve the corrosion resistance of the substrate.

The research work of this article mainly focuses on heat-resistant aluminum alloys. By analyzing their failure modes and locations during service, the weak links of alloy crack initiation and propagation are sought. And from the perspective of micro interface stress calculation, stress concentration, crack initiation and propagation, and persistent creep processes of primary Si phases at different scales were calculated and analyzed. Analyze and evaluate the influence and mechanism of the initial Si scale on room temperature loading and high-temperature creep by combining the relationship between microstructure energy changes and the equivalent stress distribution cloud map. At the same time, this article systematically calculates and analyzes the phase selection and microstructure optimization of eutectic piston alloys, studies the influence of alloy composition on the precipitation process and content of coexisting phases in the alloy, and improves the high-temperature microstructure stability and high-temperature fatigue performance of the alloy. To provide material foundation and technical support for the construction of a new type of Al-Si-Cu cast aluminum alloy with multiple multi-scale microstructures and new material design.

The Solar energy has acquired substantial popularity and demand owing to its ample availability and cost-effectiveness. To further enhance the performance of solar cookers, this study focuses on utilizing a concentric cylinder type solar cooking pot, with the inner cylinder designated for cooking loads and the outer cylinder used for energy storage. A dish-type solar concentrator suitable for household needs was used to analyze the thermal performance of the developed solar cooker, particularly during non-sunshine hours. Two different cases were experimented during this study. In case 1, sunflower oil served as both the cooking load and the energy storage medium. In contrast, case 2 utilized erythritol as the energy storage medium. The charging phase involved concentrating solar radiations on the bottom surface of the cooking pot. Following the charging process, temperature profiles and temperature differences were carefully analyzed to assess the heat retention capabilities of the cooker. The highest temperatures achieved during case 1 and case 2 were 213 and 217 °C, respectively, demonstrating their capability to cook various types of food. The presence of latent heat in erythritol resulted in a reduced temperature difference between the cooking load and the energy storage medium during the discharging period. Although case 1 showed higher thermal efficiency compared to case 2, both scenarios demonstrated the cooker's potential to retain and utilize stored heat during non-sunshine hours. This study successfully enhances the performance of solar cookers by incorporating a concentric cylinder design and an efficient energy storage mechanism.

A differential interference contrast microscope (DICM) is proposed for retrieving images with contour variation information in this research. It is the same as a phase-shifting polarizing microscope except two liquid-crystal Savart prisms inserted in between the objective and sample and it possesses an advantage over conventional DICM of without mechanical movements when switching shear directions. This paper is to introduce the configuration, examination theory, and experimental setup of the DICM; it also exhibits and discusses the experimental results from the uses of the setup; the results confirm the function and capability of the proposed DICM.

The proliferation of autonomous vehicles opens new frontiers in urban mobility. The optimization of the travel process of public transport such as buses becomes easier with autonomous buses, contributing to improving the user experience and improving the efficiency of the public transport system. An optimizing the management of autonomous buses method in an urban area is proposed, utilizing the Max-Min Fairness optimization algorithm. The study focuses on optimizing the average waiting time of users and speed of these autonomous buses in SUMO, a well-established platform for traffic simulations. The simulation results illustrate that applying the Max-Min Fairness algorithm can effectively decrease the Departure Delay and Duration time in the traffic system, contributing to more efficient and sustainable urban transportation. These findings show that our proposed optimization method is particularly beneficial for urban planners, transportation engineers, and policymakers who are involved in managing and optimizing autonomous public transit systems.

This scientific paper presents a novel approach to enhance the accuracy of high-definition (HD) maps for autonomous vehicles, focusing on a realistic case study conducted in the Hanoi area. The study explores the significant impact of HD maps on autonomous vehicle operations, particularly on vehicle localization when constructing maps without proper data cleaning. The main objective of the research is to address the challenges arising from uncleaned data during HD map creation by utilizing advanced algorithms, such as Octree and Voxel, for data preprocessing before integrating it into the HD map building process. The study verifies the accuracy of the constructed HD maps through simulations and real-world scenarios, considering the complexities of urban environments like Hanoi. Additionally, the paper tests the constructed HD maps on actual autonomous vehicles and employs a matching index to compare localization accuracy with ground truth data. The comprehensive analysis reveals valuable insights into the importance of accurate HD maps for ensuring reliable and safe autonomous vehicle operation in dynamic urban settings. By employing state-of-the-art algorithms for data processing and conducting rigorous testing on real vehicles, this research contributes to the advancement of HD mapping technologies and their effective integration into autonomous vehicles’ navigation systems. The findings have practical implications for the successful deployment of autonomous vehicles in challenging urban environments, ultimately fostering the advancement of autonomous driving technology for future smart mobility solutions.

Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) play an important role in Industry 4.0, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. AMR systems provide an efficient means of material transportation within assembly lines, leading to a reduction in reliance on human labor, heightened production efficiency, and an enhanced safety environment for employees. Consequently, ensuring the safety of AMRs during their operations becomes paramount, and this is attainable through the incorporation of the obstacle avoidance and detection systems on these vehicles. This study evaluates three distinct methods for obstacle recognition: utilizing LIDAR sensors, 3D cameras, and a combination of both LIDAR and 3D cameras. The aim is to enhance both the cost-effectiveness and performance metrics of the safety system employed in AMRs. The experiments were conducted using the AMR system developed by Phenikaa-X Company, affirming the effectiveness of the newly integrated safety system in obstacle detection and collision prevention. The experimental results demonstrate that the combination of LIDAR and a 3D camera is the most promising option, compared to using only LIDAR or 3D camera. This approach achieves 94% precision rate in object detection even while the AMR is in motion. The AMR requipped with both LIDAR and a 3D camera exhibits the ability to promptly detect obstacles and come to a stop at a considerable distance from them. This substantial improvement significantly enhances the overall safety of the AMR system.

3D object recognition and planning are two essential and closely related components in autonomous vehicles. Accurate 3D object detection and classification contribute to improved trajectory estimation and prediction of moving objects, enhancing the effectiveness of the planning module. However, the object classification capability of Lidar has its limitations, making it beneficial to integrate visual information from cameras for more precise object classification. Additionally, classifying the states of vehicles, such as braking, turning left, or turning right, further refines the operation of the planning module in autonomous vehicles. In this paper, we propose a two-stage model to combine information from Lidar and cameras for 3D object recognition and vehicle state classification. The proposed model consists of the detection stage and the recognition stage. In the detection stage, we employ a deep learning model to process point cloud data from Lidar to determine 3D bounding boxes of objects. In the recognition stage, we project the 3D bounding boxes onto images captured by cameras to generate 2D bounding boxes, which are then fed into a deep learning classifier for object and state identification if applicable. To train the model, we use the publicly available KITTI dataset and introduce an additional set of 20 classes to account for vehicle states such as ‘break,’ ‘turn left,’ ‘turn right,’ and ‘off’ for Car, Van, Truck, Tram, and Misc. Experimental results demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of our proposed 3D object recognition method for both detection and classification tasks.