Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Energy Engineering and Environmental Engineering

Table of Contents

1. Frontmatter

2. Chapter 1. Microplastics Pollution in the Urban Rivers/lakes, Soils and Atmosphere of the Megacity Beijing, China

   Xijin Chen

   Abstract

   Microplastics (MPs) has become ubiquitous pollutants in environment and thus received great attention in recent years. Beijing, the capital city of China, is the largest urbanized megacity with a large population. Although MPs has been detected in different environments in the Beijing city, the informations on MPs pollution status, characteristics and their spatial distributions was scarce. This study conducted a literature review on MPs pollution in the Beijng city from 2019 up to date. The collected MPs pollution data were summarized according to the fields of urban rivers/lakes, soils/pavements, atmosphere and rain runoff, analyzed and assayed by comparing to other cities in China and abroad. Management strategies and perspective researches on MPs pollution in this city were also proposed.

3. Chapter 2. Study on the Influence of Laminar Combustion Characteristics of Hydrogen Ethanol Mixed Fuel

   Lu Haowei, Wang Xiaorong, Jiang Genzhu, Zhu Yuan

   Abstract

   Green hydrogen energy is one of the best alternatives to fossil fuels. Using the advantage of abundant and renewable ethanol resources to produce hydrogen can effectively make up for the current lack of demand for hydrogen energy. Based on constant volume combustor, the flame propagation characteristics of hydrogen-ethanol fuel under different operating conditions were investigated in this study. Including initial temperature 450 K, initial pressure 0.2 MPa, equivalent ratio 0.7–1.4, hydrogen mixing ratio 0%, 40%, 80%. The laminar combustion velocity and Markstein length of mixed gas were calculated, and the influence of tensile ratio on flame propagation velocity was analyzed. The results show that the combustion velocity of the mixed fuel increases with the ratio of hydrogen and equivalent ratio, reaches the maximum value when the equivalent ratio is 1.2, and then begins to decrease. Markstein lengths of all hydrogen-doped ratios decrease with the increase of the equivalent ratio and are positive, indicating that the flame is in a stable state, but the stability of the flame decreases with the increase of the equivalent ratio. By fitting the calculated laminar flow combustion velocity, the empirical formula of laminar flow combustion velocity of ethanol-hydrogen mixed fuel is obtained.

4. Chapter 3. Technical Strategy for Enhancing the Safety of Cooling Water Intake in Coastal Nuclear Power Plants Under Global Climate Change

   Zaohua Zheng, Suifeng Luo, Bilu Xiong

   Abstract

   Nuclear power is well established and developed all around the world, and cooling water is widely taken from the sea as the ultimate heat sink in most coastal nuclear power plants. However, marine organisms and debris blockage events of cooling water intake structures occur frequently at nuclear power facilities worldwide due to the adverse effect and challenges of global climate change, posing severe risks to nuclear safety and cost-effectiveness. In this paper, the effect of climate variability on cooling water systems of nuclear power plants has been discussed and analyzed in detail. Based on the design and engineering experience of some nuclear power plants in operation against marine organisms and debris blockage events, a series of technical strategies and good practices have been proposed towards blockage prevention and hazard elimination for nuclear operators, aimed at improving the safety of cooling water systems, ensuring energy sustainability and meanwhile establishing an environmentally friendly defense system under the context of global climate change.

5. Chapter 4. A Review of Investigations on Combustion Performance of Low Calorific Value Gases in Porous Media Burners

   Kang Tan, Udaya Kahangamage

   Abstract

   The combustion of low calorific value (LCV) gases in porous media burners is crucial for efficient and environmentally friendly energy solutions. LCV gases like biogas and syngas have low energy content and impurities, posing challenges in combustion. Porous media burners, utilizing materials like SiC foam and Al₂O₃ pellets, enhance combustion by recirculating heat to preheat the fuel–air mixture, reducing ignition energy and increasing flame stability. They improve combustion efficiency and lower emissions (NO_x and CO) due to uniform temperature distribution, making them suitable for various LCV gases. Research show that factors such as thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, porosity, burner geometry, and fuel–air flow rates are critical for optimizing combustion performance of LCV gases in porous media burners. Despite advancements, challenges in scaling up and handling of composition variability of LCV gases remain as critical issues. Future research should focus on advanced materials, optimization of burner designs, and catalytic integration to further improve performance. Porous media burners hold promise as an effective element in sustainable energy solutions, but ongoing studies are needed to fully realize their potential.

6. Chapter 5. Performance of Zero-Valent Iron Enhancing Short-Chain Fatty Acids Production During Alkaliphilic Anaerobic Fermentation of OTC-Containing Excess Sludge

   Yunxia Wang, Yongzhi Chen

   Abstract

   The study proposed the extent and possible mechanisms of zero valent iron (ZVI) pretreatment on the generation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in alkaliphilic anaerobic fermentation of OTC-containing excess sludge at first. The results indicated that ZVI increased SCFAs yields. The SCFAs production reached 1523.12 ± 7.8 mg COD/g VSS at 20 g/L of ZVI addition, which increased by 62.70% (Day 6). The extra-cellular polymeric substances (EPS) and interior sludge cells was destructed by the speed of ZVI. The enrichment of hydrolytic acidifying bacteria was more favorable when ZVI was added at 20 g/L, and Bacillus, Hydrotalea and Thauera have become the main dominant species. Meanwhile, Pseudomonas was a potential oxytetracycline-degrading bacterium. In conclusion, the ZVI pre-treatment successfully improved acid production and pollutant removal in the OTC-containing excess sludge, achieving the dual benefits of sludge recycling and pollutant reduction.

7. Chapter 6. Hydrogen-Centered Integrated Multi-Energy System for Future High-Speed Railway Traction Substations: Modeling, System Performance, and Integrated Matching

   Jun-Jie Fu, Yu-Chen Song, Yan-Ji Li, Zhen-Ze Song, Xing-Meng Zhu, Z. Y. Sun

   Abstract

   As the economy and society continue to evolve, the role of energy in driving overall development becomes increasingly evident. Traditional fossil fuels no longer align with sustainable development strategies, especially in the context of dual-carbon initiatives. Consequently, there is a growing global focus on researching new energy systems, particularly those centered around hydrogen energy. The integrated multi-energy system, with hydrogen energy at its core, is poised to become the primary future energy system for traction substations in high-speed railway systems, thanks to its significant role in promoting low-carbon development. This study proposes implementing an integrated multi-energy system with hydrogen as the core element to support the construction of such innovative traction substations. It also recommends establishing a system model encompassing wind power generation, photovoltaic power generation, electrolytic hydrogen generation, hydrogen storage, and other relevant subsystems. Furthermore, the study involves conducting numerical simulations of the operating characteristics of these subsystems and the integrated system using MATLAB/Simulink. The study utilizes the maximum power tracking control method to manage the maximum power output of the wind power and photovoltaic systems. Furthermore, it details the analysis and adjustment of the Monte Carlo stochastic simulation’s internal equipment to accurately reflect the operation of wind turbines and photovoltaic systems, with practical engineering implications. Lastly, the study employs an optimization algorithm to determine this system’s wind and solar volume ratio, aiming to achieve an economically viable configuration scheme.

8. Chapter 7. Study on Standardized Implementation Scheme of Acidification Working Fluid Quality Field Test in Sichuan and Chongqing Area

   Jin Yu Hu, ZhiHong Zhao, Feng Xiong, Shuang Ming, Ding Li

   Abstract

   This article proposes a standardized implementation plan for the quality testing requirements of acidification working fluids in the Sichuan Chongqing region. Firstly, analyze the current status of acid working fluid testing in the Sichuan Chongqing region and clarify the necessity of standardization. Then, establish standardized principles and design detailed standardized testing processes, testing modes, testing equipment, and data recording and analysis. During the implementation process, according to the standardized testing process, a testing mode that combines portable testing boxes, testing vehicles, and mobile experimental cabins was adopted to compensate for the incomplete testing items of portable testing boxes and the low timeliness of sampling for indoor laboratory testing. This ensured the timeliness and accuracy of on-site testing and provided scientific and systematic standardized guidance for the quality testing of acidification working fluids in the Sichuan Chongqing region.

9. Chapter 8. Water Scarcity Analysis of the South-To-North Water Diversion Project Receiving Areas Based on Water Exploitation Index Plus

   Jinyu Hu, Jing Huang, Hao Wang, Baoxiang Zhang, Xin Jiang, Changshan Guo

   Abstract

   In order to analyze the impact of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) on the water scarcity situation of water-receiving regions, Water Exploitation Index Plus (WEI+) was introduced to compute the temporal and spatial water scarcity characteristics of the seven water receiving provinces and municipalities from 2013 to 2022. The results showed that the smallest WEI+ was in Anhui Province with a mean value of 1% and the largest in Hebei Province with a mean value of 75%. And also, it was found that the WEI+ of Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces did not fluctuate much during 2013 to 2022, while the WEI+ of the remaining four regions fluctuated more drastically. However, the WEI+ of the whole receiving areas were in a downward trend, which indicated that the water scarcity situation in the receiving areas had been alleviated since the SNWDP began operating in 2014.

10. Chapter 9. Study on the Evaporation Characteristics of Methanol Droplets Mixed with Nanoparticles

    Chenjun Huang, Genzhu Jiang, Jingxing Zhang, Xiaorong Wang, Haoxiang Wei

    Abstract

    Methanol is regarded as one of the significant alternative energy sources for internal combustion engines, with the blending of nanoparticles aiding in the combustion process. This paper investigates the effects of different types of nanoparticles and various nanoparticle blending concentrations on the evaporation characteristics of methanol fuel droplets using a pendant drop evaporation experimental setup. The study divides the entire evaporation process of mixed droplets at an ambient temperature of 973 K into two stages: the fluctuating evaporation stage and the quasi-equilibrium evaporation stage. It was observed that the equilibrium evaporation stage of methanol blended with nano-fuels at 973 K follows the classical d² law. Additionally, by analyzing the micro-explosion intensity and delay time of the droplets, a comparative analysis was conducted on the evaporation process of fuel droplets containing different types of nanoparticles. The results indicate that the addition of both types of nanoparticles promotes evaporation; however, as the mass concentration nanoparticles increases, their effect on the evaporation of fuel droplets first promotes and then inhibits the process. Among the nanoparticles, CNT exhibits a more significant enhancement of the fuel droplet evaporation process compared to Al₂O₃, with the best evaporation performance observed at a CNT concentration of 50–100 ppm.

11. Chapter 10. Study on the Coordinated Strategy of Distributed Photovoltaic Systems and Orderly Charging Systems Within the Park

    Jianfeng Li, Yan Wu

    Abstract

    With the widespread application and popularity of orderly charging systems and photovoltaic power generation systems, the interaction and coordination strategies between the two have become important topics worth exploring in depth. Based on real data from engineering projects, this paper deeply analyzes the existing orderly charging strategies, the actual energy use characteristics of the park, and the characteristics of the photovoltaic power generation system. It focuses on the technical challenges of green electricity consumption generated by the photovoltaic system and the difficulties encountered in the implementation of the orderly charging system. With the help of the genetic algorithm tool, it deeply explores the effective combination of the orderly charging system and the photovoltaic power generation system. Meanwhile, this paper also studies the potential roles that orderly charging systems and photovoltaic power generation systems can play under the current Beijing time-of-use electricity price policy, in order to provide scientific and reasonable suggestions for the future Beijing time-of-use electricity price policy, promoting the efficient and sustainable development of park power distribution system energy utilization.

12. Chapter 11. The Impact of New Energy Storage Technology Application on the Improvement of Electricity Consumption Efficiency: A Quasi-Natural Experiment from China

    Juan Zhan, Yaxuan Liu

    Abstract

    Energy storage technologies are a key force in promoting the transformation of energy structure and low-carbon development, as well as an important means to improve the stability and efficiency of energy systems. Based on the panel data of Chinese industrial listed companies from 2013 to 2022, this study takes the application of new energy storage (NES) as a quasi-natural experiment and employs the staggered difference-in-differences (DID) method to evaluate its influence on the electricity usage efficiency of enterprises. The empirical results show that the NES can significantly improve the electricity consumption efficiency of industrial enterprises, and the promotion effect is more evident in technology and capital-intensive enterprises, as well as enterprises in eastern regions. Additionally, this study explores the potential mechanism from the perspective of power reliability and environmental regulation, showing that higher power reliability levels and environmental regulation intensity are conducive to improving power consumption efficiency by the NES. The results prove the effectiveness of implementing the NES policy from the micro-enterprise level and provide some references for promoting the development of energy storage technologies and industry.

13. Chapter 12. Neural Network-Based Prediction of the Average Evaporation Rate of a Single Droplet of Dodecane

    Lei Liu, Genzhu Jiang, X. R. Wang, Juxiang Tao, Rui Chen, Yu Wang, H. D. Dai

    Abstract

    In this study, an evaporation dataset of dodecane fuel was experimentally established and modeled for prediction using neural networks. The data was obtained by doing 27 evaporation rates at 3 volumes and 9 temperatures first. From the evaporation principle analysis 8 parameters were obtained then verified their two by two correlation using Pearson correlation to prove their good input parameters. Finally, BP and SVM algorithms were modeled to improve the accuracy by changing the model parameters, and the error comparison method was used to reflect more intuitively the goodness of the model prediction.

14. Chapter 13. Study on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation of Influencing Factors During CO2 Flooding

    Bing Chen, Honghong Li, Qinglong Zhu, Denglei Zhai, Mingchuan Xiao, Weijie Chen, Wei Wang, Lifei Dong

    Abstract

    Addressing the problem that “CO₂ flooding EOR has a wide application prospect, but there is no comprehensive evaluation system of its influencing factors”, this study initially develops a comprehensive evaluation framework for assessing the CO₂ flooding factors, analyzing the effectiveness and adaptability of relevant evaluation outcomes, and integrating laboratory experiments and numerical simulation research. Subsequently, according to the geological conditions, fluid properties and gas injection development characteristics of Huang 3 block in Jiyuan Oilfield, taking oil recovery as an index, the weight of quantitative influencing factors are determined using the Analytic Hierarchy Process and the main controlling factors are identified and screened. Finally, it is comprehensively evaluated by fuzzy evaluation and the principle of maximum membership degree. The results show that the influencing factors about three aspects, mainly including 14 factors such as oil saturation, heterogeneity, permeability, effective thickness, reservoir temperature, original formation pressure, dip angle, crude oil density, crude oil viscosity, minimum miscible pressure, gas injection rate, injection pressure, bottom hole flowing pressure and well pattern density. The weight of oil saturation is the highest, the heterogeneity is the second, and together with permeability, gas injection rate, injection pressure, bottom hole flowing pressure, crude oil density, crude oil viscosity and minimum miscible pressure constitute the main controlling factors. Moreover, the evaluation results align with actual production outcomes, confirming the method’s accuracy and scientific validity. The findings offer valuable insights for key factors in CO₂ flooding technology, optimizing design schemes, and refining EOR strategies.

15. Chapter 14. Kitchen Waste Digestion and Odor Removal by Biological Method

    Yanmin Zhang, Jiazi Shen, Wei Wei, Xiaolei Zhang

    Abstract

    The common kitchen waste treatment methods include incineration, landfilling, anaerobic digestion, and composting. Anaerobic digestion can generate bioenergy (biogas), and thus has grabbed great interest. However, odor emission is a great concern as it causes public complaints. Biological method for odor control is green and cheap. In this study, related papers have been collected and analysed with VOSviewer. The important research direction has been identified by deeply revealing the study focus and the research results. It has been found that the bioenergy production rate is highly associated with kitchen waste composition and anaerobic digestion conditions. Moreover, it can be seen that the addition of an agent in the digestion could prevent odor generation. For external odor emission control, bio-tricling is more suitable compared to others. This paper has reviewed the anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste for bioenergy production and its odor emission, as well as the currently used biological methods for odor gas emission control.

16. Chapter 15. Determination of 15 Rare Earth Elements in Agricultural Crop Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry—Taking Saffron as an Example

    Chen Guojuan, Gao Huili

    Abstract

    This study presents a method for the determination of 15 rare earth elements (REEs) in agricultural crops using microwave digestion coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), with saffron as an example. The detection limit of this method ranged from 0.001 to 0.069 µg g⁻¹, the spiked recovery rate ranged from 91.1 to 106.0%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 6) ranged from 0.44 to 4.97%, meeting the requirements for trace element analysis. This research provides a rapid and accurate method for analyzing REE content in saffron, offering significant support for studying REE levels in agricultural crops.

17. Chapter 16. Study on Green Logistics Efficiency Under New Quality Productivity in Nine Provinces and Regions Along the Yellow River—Based on Three-Stage SBM-DEA Model

    Ningning Chen, Shoukang Lin, Jie An

    Abstract

    This research uses panel data from the nine provinces and areas along the Yellow River from 2019 to 2021 to calculate and assess the efficiency of green logistics under the effect of environmental variables and random noise by building a three-stage SBM-DEA model. The findings demonstrate that environmental factors that significantly impact the effectiveness of green logistics include the degree of urbanization, the amount of regional economic growth, the significance placed by the government on environmental protection, and random noise. The nine provinces and areas along the Yellow River exhibit markedly different levels of green logistics efficiency, with the efficiency of green logistics progressively rising from the upstream to the downstream province. The nine provinces and areas along the Yellow River still have potential for development in terms of pure technological efficiency, and each one has to increase its investment in cutting-edge technologies to produce new quality productivity.

18. Chapter 17. CiteSpace-Based Knowledge Mapping Analysis of Green Logistics Research in China

    Ningning Chen, Shiyuan Song, Yu Xie, Shuo Zhang

    Abstract

    In this study, 557 journal articles on the topic of green logistics included in the CNKI database between 2001 and 2023 were subjected to visualization and analysis using CiteSpace software. By analyzing the number of articles published in recent years, the source of literature, the co-occurrence of keywords, and the clustering, a knowledge map of this field of research in China was constructed. The findings of the study indicate that the collaboration between authors and institutions in this research domain in China is not yet characterized by a high level of proximity, exhibiting a tendency towards extensive dispersion and limited concentration. The research focus has gradually shifted from the theoretical to the practical level of exploration over time. A summary and analysis of the emergent words reveals that the dominant research directions in this field are the circular economy and the green economy. Additionally, the aggregation of the logistics industry represents a novel research topic.

19. Chapter 18. Application of Digital Twin in Large-Scale Energy Equipment Based on Numerical Analysis Technology

    Yunfei Zhao, Caifu Qian, Zhiwei Wu

    Abstract

    Due to the complex structure, complicated operation process and extreme working environment, how to ensure the safe and efficient operation of the large-scale special equipment is always a big problem to be concerned. In this study, taking the large LNG storage tank as a research object, the methods and problems of the current risk analysis models of large-scale special equipment were investigated based on the proven numerical analysis technology combining with the big data model technology, Internet of things (IoT) and data sensing system. The method of creating the digital twin of a large LNG storage tank with process optimization, real-time monitoring and forecasting functions was analyzed. The framework of the digital twin was established according to its working process, and the key technologies were analyzed. It can provide references for the direction and method of establishing a relative perfect digital twin system of efficient optimization and risk analysis model for large special equipment.

20. Chapter 19. Analysis of the Power Sector’s Industrial Chain and Its Role in Achieving the Dual Carbon Goals

    Jing Liu, Tiantian Chen, Linxuan Zhao

    Abstract

    This study focuses on the dual carbon goals, providing a detailed analysis of the power sector’s industrial chain and emphasizing the necessity of transitioning traditional power systems to new energy systems dominated by renewable sources. By dissecting the roles and impacts of various components of the supply chain, the research identifies key areas requiring intervention and proposes strategic solutions that align with the objectives of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. The findings offer valuable insights into the transformational processes required for the electric power industry to significantly reduce its carbon footprint and lead the way toward a greener, more sustainable future.

21. Chapter 20. Synthesis and Evaluation of Low Molecular Organic Amine Fungicides

    Qin Zhang, Qingchen Wang, Yanbing Zhang, Bo Hou, Yansong Pan

    Abstract

    Cationic quaternary ammonium salt fungicides are commonly used in oil fields. In polymer drilling fluids, quaternary ammonium salt fungicides often react with polymers and lose their bactericidal effect. Therefore, it is necessary to develop fungicides that are not easy to react with polymers used in drilling fluids. In this study, benzyl chloride and diethylenetriamine were used as raw materials to synthesize low molecular weight organic amine fungicides. The optimal process scheme of synthetic fungicides was determined through single factor experiment and orthogonal design experiment. When the solute mass fraction was 50% and the reaction medium was 1, When the reaction temperature of 4-dioxane is 53 ℃, the reaction time is 2 h, and the stirring speed is 130 r/min, the reactant conversion rate can reach 94%. The bactericide was added to the polymer-containing wastewater for evaluation. When the dosage was 60 mg/L, the bactericide rate could reach 99.2%.

22. Chapter 21. Development of Fracturing and Oil Displacement Integrated Working Fluid

    Yang Lingzhi, An Mingsheng, Ji Zhenning, Xuefan Gu, Wanjun Chang

    Abstract

    The technology of fracking has become ubiquitous in the exploitation of unconventional oil and gas reserves. It improves the permeability of reservoirs by significantly enhancing the fracture network within them. Consequently, it effectively exploits previously untapped resources. However, there are still some problems with traditional fracking techniques, such as high cost, low production capacity, and high environmental impact. Therefore, the integration of fracturing and oil repulsion has become one of the hotspots of current research. In this study, the effects of different dosages on the performance of clean fracturing fluids were investigated using an indoor one-way method with three substances, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAMC), salicylic acid (SA) and potassium chloride (KCl). The results showed that when the dosage of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTMAC) reached 1.2%, the apparent viscosity of the fluid showed a stable trend. The apparent viscosity of the fluid reached the maximum value when the contents of salicylic acid and potassium chloride were 0.3% and 0.2%, respectively. The fluid is injected into the rock cracks to ensure that the fluid can effectively extend the cracks and maintain the stability of the cracks. Salt tolerance experiments showed that the gel system did not perform well in formations containing Ca²⁺. salt tolerance optimization showed that HT could increase the apparent viscosity of the gel and improve salt tolerance. The research in this thesis provides valuable insights and references for the continued development of integrated fracturing and oil drive technology.

23. Chapter 22. Preparation of Small Molecule Gel and Evaluation of Enhanced Oil Recovery

    Tianjiang Wu, Teng Wang, Xiaoke Wang, Pengchen Zhou, Xuefan Gu

    Abstract

    Enhancing oilfield development and production efficiency necessitates a synergistic approach that integrates fracturing and oil displacement techniques. Our research delves into the optimization of surfactants for this purpose, focusing on their interfacial tension reduction, emulsification properties, and salt tolerance. After rigorous screening, we identified 0.3% XPQ-5, a domestically produced surfactant, as the optimal choice due to its exceptional ability to withstand high mineralization levels while achieving an interfacial tension as low as 10⁻³ mN/m. Moreover, we evaluated the adsorption performance of quaternary ammonium salts, revealing that the utilization of DAA-64, another domestically developed product, significantly reduces their adsorption rate to just 2.5%. This reduction underscores DAA-64's potential to mitigate quaternary ammonium salt accumulation in reservoir strata. Building upon these findings, we formulated a novel fracturing-oil displacement integrated working fluid. This fluid is designed to bolster the stability and extension of rock fractures during fracturing operations, thereby enhancing the permeability and seepage capacity of oil and gas. Furthermore, the oil displacement component incorporated into the fluid promotes the mobilization and agglomeration of crude oil within the formation, ultimately augmenting production output. Our study underscores the significant benefits of employing this integrated working fluid. Not only does it elevate oilfield development efficiency, but it also contributes to cost savings in production processes. These advantages hold immense potential for boosting oilfield production and enhancing overall profitability.

24. Chapter 23. Performance Research of Oil-Based Gel Based on the Phosphates and Trivalent Iron

    Yang Wen, Zuo Zhiheng, Li Seng, Xuefan Gu, Liang Jingying

    Abstract

    In view of the shortcomings of phosphate ester/Al³⁺ crosslinked oil-based gel, such as slow crosslinking speed, slow solubility of crosslinking agent, poor stability and high price, the phosphate ester/Fe³⁺crosslinked oil-based gel system was studied for the first time. By optimizing the iron crosslinker system, a new crosslinker system of phosphate/Fe³⁺crosslinker was screened, and the performance of phosphate/Fe³⁺oil-based gel was evaluated. The results show that the new crosslinking agent system prepared by 30% Fe₂ (SO₄)₃+ 15% diethanolamine + 55% water can be directly mixed with phosphate to form oil-based gel, and its performance is not affected by the storage time. The crosslinking speed is fast and the gel forming performance is good, The maximum viscosity can be reached in 10 min; The gel has high temperature resistance and shear resistance. Compared with the conventional aluminum cross-linking agent system, the speed of gel formation has increased by 20 times, the temperature resistance of gel has increased from 100 ℃ to 135 ℃, and the gel breaking and filtration properties of gel can meet the construction requirements.

25. Chapter 24. Field Application Research on On-Line Inspection Technology for LNG Pipelines LNG Pipeline On-Line Inspection Technology Pilot Study and Field Validation

    Gang Hao, Hangjian Hu, Xin Liu, Zhixiang Duan

    Abstract

    For the on-line inspection of LNG pipelines, this paper adopts infrared thermography, pulsed eddy current, digital radiography (DR), electromagnetic ultrasonic thickening and other inspection technologies to carry out on-site validation tests on LNG pipelines and analyzes the main problems existing in the on-site inspection of each technology and puts forward relevant suggestions. Problems in the current regulations and standards for on-line inspection of LNG pipelines are discussed, and suggestions are made to formulate and improve regulations and standards related to on-line inspection of LNG pipelines. For the applicability of on-line inspection technology for LNG pipelines, tests on inspection technologies such as pulsed eddy current and digital radiography were carried out by simulating on-line working conditions. Infrared thermal imaging, pulsed eddy current, digital radiography (DR), electromagnetic ultrasonic thickness measurement and other inspection technologies are used to verify the nondestructive testing technology on-site for LNG pipelines in operation, and the results show the feasibility of on-line inspection of LNG pipelines. The current inspection standards for LNG pipelines are also analyzed, and several proposals are put forward to modify and improve the regulations and standards for on-line inspection of LNG pipelines.

26. Chapter 25. Research on Evaporation Rate During LNG Tank Pressurization Process

    Guoyi Wang, Jingjing Xu

    Abstract

    Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is widely used as an efficient and clean energy source. It is common to use type B tanks to store and transport large quantities of LNG. Taking a 13000 m³ volume type B liquid storage tank as an example, under static boundary conditions, based on the conservation of mass and energy, a steady-state thermal analysis of the filling state of the type B liquid storage tank was carried out. A steady-state evaporation rate and saturated vapor pressure model was established, and a simplified calculation method using the equivalent model was proposed. The variation trend of Lng evaporation rate during the process from the initial pressure in the tank to the working pressure after LNG filling is studied. When the filling rate of the tank decreases, the higher the pressure in the tank, the lower the evaporation rate. This study has guiding value for the design and analysis of type B LNG storage tank.

27. Chapter 26. Automotive Fuel Cell Long-Term Prognostics Based on Data-Driven of Ageing Features

    Teng Teng, Xin Zhang, Meiling Yue

    Abstract

    Effective extraction and analysis of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) ageing characteristics is a prerequisite for long-term prediction of PEMFC ageing. To address the problem that it is difficult to comprehensively and effectively extract the reversible and irreversible ageing features data of PEMFC under dynamic operating conditions. In this paper, the equivalent inductor module is introduced on the basis of the classical equivalent circuit model to realize the accurate simulation of PEMFC dynamic behaviors. By further summarizing the activation polarization and ohmic polarization ageing laws, a PEMFC ageing behavior dynamic model is established, and the effective extraction of PEMFC reversible and irreversible ageing voltage component data under dynamic operating conditions is realized. Single-input recurrent convolutional neural networks cause the problem of prediction error accumulation due to the single dimension of training data. By building a multi-input recurrent convolutional neural network algorithm, the error accumulation of the prediction algorithm is reduced and the long-term ageing prediction accuracy of PEMFC is improved.

28. Chapter 27. Hierarchical Organization of the Geographical Spaces (Framework Ecological Concept)

    Erland G. Kolomyts

    Abstract

    A strategy for quantitative analysis of mono- and polysystemic organization of multi-level geospaces is described, with the construction of a series of empirical models of inter-component and inter-complex connections. The “micro-” and “macrosubstrate” approaches to the structural and functional analysis of the state of the natural environment are combined. As a methodological basis, a provision on the structural levels of natural-territorial organization is proposed, based on the conceptual cybernetic model of the natural complex as a hierarchical control system. A cybernetic model of the natural complex has been created as a hierarchical control system; the model has enriched modern ideas about the mechanisms and structural levels of the spatial organization of the natural environment. Model has enriched modern ideas about the mechanisms and structural levels of the spatial organization of the natural environment. An experiment was performed in order to analysis the state of geographical spaces by three blocks of cybernetic model: landscape frame, processor, and landscape pattern. Based on this model, a system of conjugation of different-level characteristics of natural components with the taxonomic rank of geographic spaces (from the geographical sector and natural zone to landscape facies and biogeocoenosis) was constructed. Using the Volga River basin as an example, a comparative assessment of environmental factors in their landscape-forming influence was carried out.