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2022 | Book

Proceedings of the 26th International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate

Editors: Hongling Guo, Dongping Fang, Weisheng Lu, Yi Peng

Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore

Book Series : Lecture Notes in Operations Research

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About this book

This book of CRIOCM 2021 (26th International Conference on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate) presents the latest developments in real estate and construction management around the globe. The conference was organized by the Chinese Research Institute of Construction Management (CRIOCM) working in close collaboration with Tsinghua University. Written by international academics and professionals, the book discusses the latest achievements, research findings and advances in frontier disciplines in the field of construction management and real estate. Covering a wide range of topics, including building information modeling, big data, geographic information systems, housing policies, management of infrastructure projects, intelligent construction and smart city, real estate finance and economics and urban planning and sustainability, the discussions provide valuable insights into the implementation of advanced construction project management and real estate market in China and abroad. The book offers an outstanding resource for academics and professionals.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Correction to: BBN-Based Approach for Identifying the Governance Factors of Megaprojects

In the original version of the book, the following correction has been incorporated: In Chapter 60, the affiliation of the authors Fenghao Gu, Yue Yang and Qiushi Bo has been changed from “School of Public Policy and Administration, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China” and “School of Infrastructure Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China” to “School of Infrastructure Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China” and “School of Public Policy and Administration, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China”. The book has been updated with the change.

Lan Luo, Fenghao Gu, Yue Yang, Qiushi Bo
Correction to: Intelligent BIM-Based Monitoring of Construction Tower Cranes
Yufan Zhang, Yu Xie, Fang Yue, Fenhan Liu, Yongqi Mai, Zhenxin Huang

BIM and Emerging Technologies

Frontmatter
Barriers and Risks in BIM-Embedded Design Collaboration: A Two-Mode Social Network Analysis

The construction industry has always been criticized for fragmentation arising from the separated design and construction processes. Although Building Information Modeling (BIM) is considered to be beneficial for effective collaboration through the lifecycle of construction projects, the BIM-embedded design collaboration is still problematic. The aims of this study are a) investigating the relationships between the key risks and barriers in GBA setting from users` perspective, and b) applying the Social Network Analysis (SNA) methods to visualize the barriers and risks in network structure.This paper applies a two-mode social network analysis (SNA) to investigate the key barriers and risks and to understand their relationship in BIM-embedded design collaboration in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) context. Two independent construction projects were investigated, and five face-to-face and online semi-structured interviews were conducted with experienced design management team members. In this study, the barriers are the reasons that cause the risks, and the risks indicate the poor project performance in BIM-embedded collaboration. Based on the collected dataset, six key barriers as actors and ten risks as the events have been considered; the resultant matrix for investigation is a 6 × 10 matrix, representing a two-mode social network.The results suggest that promoting a collaborative culture is vital for project managers to deliver construction projects in the BIM vision in the company-level. On this basis, the evaluation of company internal design coordination should be taken into account when BIM integration. Moreover, the findings of this research highlight the key barriers as lack of trust and share, fragmented work, multiple silos and different understanding of BIM; plus, the risks of the difficulty in model management, miscommunication and increased short-term reworks received more impacts on impeding BIM-embedded design collaborations. Recommendations were given at the end of this paper for breaking the chains of unfavorable causations for high-quality construction project management.

Wei Zhang
‘Engineering Brain’ of the AECO Industry: A Safety Management System for the Life Cycle of Prefabricated Buildings Based on ‘BIM +’

In recent years, as the building information modeling (BIM) technology has moved from pure technical management to project management, enterprise management, and even the entire chain application of the construction party, it has become the latest “engineering brain” in the AECO industry. In this study, through a summary and analysis of relevant documents in the core collection database of Web of Science from 2011 to 2020, it found the problems of discontinuity of information transmission at each stage of the project and the islanding of safety management. In order to improve the safety management level of the prefabricated building life cycle, a prefabricated building safety management system based on “BIM +” is proposed. The system comprehensively considers the possible risks and safety issues of prefabricated construction projects from the three stages of design, construction, and operation and maintenance, extracts the information results from the BIM database, constructs three-dimensional dynamics of building-related structures for safety assessment and simulates building construction. During the entire operation, safety inspections, actual construction safety monitoring, comprehensive monitoring of the structural health status of the building operation and maintenance stage, etc. are carried out, so as to advance early warning and timely treatment of potential risks.

Yu Zhen, Clyde Zhengdao Li, Zhenchao Guo, Shanyang Li, Meiqin Xiong, Limei Zhang
How to Facilitate the Integration Between Building Information Modelling and Life Cycle Assessment Tools in Building Sector

The application of building information modelling (BIM) in the life cycle assessment of a building can improve the assessment efficiency, but there are numerous challenges facing BIM and life cycle assessment integration due to the lack of interoperability between both tools. Therefore, it is imperative to find out solutions for enhancing the interoperability between BIM and life cycle assessment tools. However, the related research in this filed is fragmented. Hence, this research aims to systematically understand the status quo of the integration between BIM and life cycle assessment in order to find out solutions on enhancing the interoperability between BIM and LCA tools. A systematic literature review method is adopted to examine 71 BIM-life cycle assessment integration-related articles since 2004. The results show that the use of visual programming languages (VPL) for life cycle assessment evaluation is the most effective way to integrate BIM and life cycle assessment. Moreover, suggestions on enhancing the interoperability between BIM and life cycle assessment are proposed from the perspective of data input. This research contributes to facilitating the application of BIM in life cycle assessment in building sector.

Yijun Zhou, Vivian W. Y. Tam, Khoa N. Le, Jun Wang, Liyin Shen, Chethana Illankoon
A Generic Framework for BIM Component Naming

The advent of Building Information Model (BIM) has established a new paradigm of project management. BIM contains more and more information generated with the evolution of projects. Most of the information in BIM is organized in an object-oriented way. Thus, the unit of information management is every single component in BIM. The name of every component, one of the metadata, provides an efficient tool to manage a wealth of information. However, there are very few studies and standards focusing on the component names. In practice, the disorder in component names and incompatibility with stakeholders’ requirements can be easily identified. To solve these problems, this study proposed a list of criteria that component names should fulfill and developed a naming framework following these criteria. The major contribution of this study is the generic framework that can help to formulate an appropriate naming convention and facilitate information management at a project level.

Jinfeng Lou, Jinying Xu, Weisheng Lu, Fan Xue
Research on the Influencing Factors of BIM Technology Adoption Based on Theory of Planned Behavior

As an information technology in the construction engineering industry, BIM has gradually highlighted its application value in the whole life cycle of engineering projects, and has gained hot attention and application in China’s construction industry. However, the application of BIM in China is still in the initial stage, and there are many obstacles in the implementation and application of BIM, among which the human factor is considered to be the key factor. Therefore, this paper adopts the theoretical model of planned behavior to analyze the influence mechanism of individual adoption and application of BIM technology in organizations from three aspects of behavioral attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control based on the perspective of individuals. Take effective measures for enterprises to create a positive atmosphere for the use of BIM, so as to motivate employees to actively adopt and use BIM to provide a theoretical basis, and it will also have a positive effect on the promotion and application of BIM technology in my country’s construction industry.

Dan Zhang, Kejun Xiong
An Investigation on the Cost and Benefit of BIM Application Among Suzhou Construction Professionals

Existing studies indicated that Building Information Modelling (BIM) has been widely researched and adopted in developed countries, but BIM application in China is still in the preliminary stage, and the study on the cost/benefit of BIM application is vacant. The cost/benefit of BIM application has become a critical factor for construction enterprises to determine whether BIM can be implemented in construction projects. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the perceptions of the cost and benefit of BIM application among construction professionals in Suzhou, China. A mixed method was employed in this study to achieve the research aim. First, a critical literature review was conducted to identify 10 cost factors and 15 benefit factors that affect BIM application. Second, a questionnaire survey was undertaken to collect perceptions of each factor of BIM application from 42 construction professionals in Suzhou. Relevant Importance Index (RII) was performed to determine the ranking of the most influential factors. Statistical analysis results showed that managerial personnel compensation (0.84), BIM design costs (0.83) and model development time (0.82) are the most important cost factors for BIM application; while reducing project cost (0.86), improving communication efficiency (0.84) and enhancing project quality (0.82) are perceived as top 3 significant benefits for BIM application. Interviews were further conducted to verify the findings. This research enriches the study on cost/benefit of BIM application in the field of construction management, and provides potential recommendations based on empirical results for enhancing BIM application in China.

Jinpeng Wang, Shang Zhang, Lilin Zhao, Liqun Zhou
Tunneling Risk Visualization Using BIM and Dynamic Bayesian Network

Ground tunneling construction increases the uncertainty of project risk, which cannot be proactively managed. Therefore, dynamic risk prediction and management become extremely significant for tunneling projects. This study proposes to combine the probability analysis of Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) with building information modeling (BIM) to manage risk during tunneling. Firstly, the tunnel BIM model is created based on the actual survey data. Secondly, the parameter related to risk factors stored in BIM is extracted into the DBN for risk prediction, including accurate geological information and relevant data of tunnel segments. Then the DBN is used to calculate the risk levels of different factors and to update the risk probability. The calculated risk level can be visualized in the BIM model through Dynamo, and different pipe sections are colored according to their predicted risk levels. An illustrative example is used to illustrate this method. Through the risk prediction analysis of the case, the feasibility of the method proposed in this paper is verified.

Ting Deng, DongDong Tang, Shuaishuai Jin, Yi Tan
An Automatic Classification and Storage Method of Construction Images Based on YOLOv5

Computer vision has a wide range of application prospects in the construction industry, which can improve the management efficiency of the construction site to a large extent. However, the application of machine vision has relatively high requirements for images, and currently there is no good way to obtain images. Most researchers need to build their own databases when conducting research, which hinders the applications of computer vision in construction to a certain extent.A large number of image resources are generated on the construction site every day, but the image information is relatively complicated and messy, and difficult to be used effectively. Therefore, this paper proposes an automatic classification and storage method for construction images, which can effectively automatically classify and format large-scale images. The results show that the classification accuracy for helmets, workers, and excavators is about 70%, which can meet the needs of image classification and storage, and has good application prospects.

Songchun Chen, Hongling Guo
Science Mapping of BIM-Based Automated Compliance Checking Studies: A Bibliometric Approach

The traditional check of architectural design and building codes is based on the two-dimensional CAD drawing, which has the problems of diversified scale, labor-intensive, and low efficiency. Therefore, how to achieve automated compliance checking (ACC) has been a hotspot drawing more attention. However, a comprehensive literature review introducing the status quo of BIM- based ACC has yet to be conducted. To fill this gap, this paper aims to conduct a review based on the 359 related academic papers collected from “Web of science”. Based on science map software i.e. Citespace, insights are provided from the perspectives of co-citation analysis, co-occurrence analysis and cluster analysis. The results show that in the past 20 years, besides an increasing amount of paper published in this field, key research directions such as environmental assessment, construction safety, and data exchange are extremely important for the development of building information modeling (BIM) ACC research. Ontology and natural language processing (NLP) technology are the research hotspots and deserve more future research endeavors. These findings help to summarize the evolution of ACC and provide valuable theoretical and practical references for future research.

Shengqu Xu, Zhikun Ding, Xinping Wen, Zhan Wang, Zhiyu Zhang
Intelligent BIM-Based Monitoring of Construction Tower Cranes

With China’s economy, the construction industry has become an essential industry supporting the national economy. During the process of such industry’s development, the construction safety issues have always been a heated topic for researchers and media due to tremendous safety accidents caused by various factors, including Human errors, mechanical failures, environmental factors. These accidents cause not only tremendous economic loss but also citizens’ properties and lives. According to the survey, the probability of accidents caused by tower cranes was up to 57%. To improve and guarantee the safety of public interests and lives and the efficiency of construction projects. The tower crane group planning arrangement is unreasonable, resulting in the collision; construction personnel lack of appropriate technical certificates, construction experience, resulting in operational errors; tower crane is not scheduled for maintenance, mechanical parts of the ageing and rust, resulting in mechanical fall and tower collapse; due to extreme weather, such as high temperature, wind, snow, etc., resulting in the construction process of the tower crane overturned, etc. are now tower crane construction safety monitoring the urgent need to address the difficulties. In order to adapt to the development of the times and realize the intelligent transformation of the industry, the use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology for the surveillance of construction tower cranes is an extremely important development direction for future construction safety monitoring. Through IOT technology, cloud platform technology, the construction real-time information collected by the tower crane’s sensors is synchronized with the BIM model to realize the visualization of construction safety information. In contrast, through the real-time calculation of the cloud platform, the construction hazards are safely identified, and timely warnings are issued to avoid tower crane safety accidents.

Yufan Zhang, Yu Xie, Fang Yue, Fenhan Liu, Yongqi Mai, Zhenxin Huang
Evolution of Building Information Modelling (BIM) Policy: The Case of Hong Kong

Around the world many governments are increasingly pushing for wide-scale adoption of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. Central to this drive are policy-backed mandates making BIM use compulsory for firms engaged on public sector construction projects. Additional to mandates, policy instruments with varied implications are often deployed to promote widespread use of BIM. Yet, there is scant understanding about existing policy instruments and the varied impacts they have on the realization of BIM use. This paper, based on the case of the Hong Kong AEC industry, examines the BIM policy instruments, their evolution and varied impacts on BIM adoption. Based on an in-depth content analysis, the study offers an overview of the process of BIM policy implementation. The findings reveal the steps taken by public organizations and professional associations in guiding and promoting BIM adoption and implementation, and the impacts derived from the combination use of different policy instruments, including regulatory instruments, economic instruments, cooperative and standard-based instruments, and communicative and informative instruments. This paper contributes to understanding of utilization of multiple BIM policy instruments. The insights could inform approaches adopted by policymakers as they explore policy designs for industry-wide technological transformation.

Sujuan Zhang, Kwadwo Oti-Sarpong, Roine Leiringer
Health Building Information Modeling (HBIM)-Based Facility Management: A Conceptual Framework

The outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic has brought significant challenges to building operation and occupant health. In practice, building operators have begun to use various Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, intelligent sensing devices, and manual registration methods to update occupant information and behaviour in different building areas. Building spaces are classified according to their health, such as the distinction between safe areas and infected areas. Using the health data of occupants and spaces to help buildings operate efficiently and safely is a problem that needs to be solved urgently. This research proposed a conceptual framework for facility management driven by a Health Building Information Model (HBIM). The framework aims to incorporate the emerging data types to enrich the health information of the BIM model and provide decision support for facility operation and maintenance.

Tan Tan, Zigeng Fang, Yuanwei Zheng, Yufeng Yang
Harness-Wearing Detection of Construction Workers Based on Deep Learning

The death and injury rate of the construction industry is higher than the average level of other industries, and falls from heights account for a large share of the accidents. The automatic monitor of the harness-wearing condition of construction workers can alleviate this problem, but the traditional method such as wearing sensor equipment has many disadvantages, and previous research which used the computer vision methods rarely discussed the automatic monitor of harness-wearing under a specific dangerous scene. In this research, we attempted to analyze the effect of the automatic monitor of the harness-wearing condition using the latest computer vision technology and the feasibility of applying it in a specific scene. First, we set a scene in construction that the construction workers working on the mobile lifting platform (mlp) are detected to need to wear a harness, and we created a dataset about the worker, mlp, and harness for this research. Then we used an objects detection algorithm (YOLOv5) as a technical tool for experimental study, which showed that the mAP of the model was greater than 0.97, and the detection speed was between 9 ms/fps and 15 ms/fps, which met the real-time detection needs in a construction site. Besides, we added conditional detection to detect whether the worker needs to wear a harness and whether they are wearing a harness based on the position relation output on the images. The research in this paper presents a method to detect harness-wearing automatically in a specific scene of construction and shows that applying computer vision technology in specific construction activities has been feasible and valuable.

Sensen Fan, Jinshan Liu, Yujie Lu
A Forewarning Method for Falling Hazard from Hole Based on Instance Segmentation and Regional Invasion Detection

Falls from height (FFH) are a substantial type of accident in the construction industry and cause immense fatal injuries and asset losses. Skills training and hazard awareness training cannot effectively solve the root cause of the fall-related hazard. Implementing automation and informatization with technical intervention to prevent construction hazards has been recognized as a focus topic. However, the recent literature appears to lack scientific management research concerning prevention technology of fall accidents caused by workers reach the hazard zone of the hole. This paper proposes a computer vision-based approach to contribute to the topic of fall hazard prediction and forewarning related to holes in construction sites: (1) instance segmentation module based on Yolact for hole detection and virtual fence generation (2) object detection module based on YOLOv5 for worker detection, and (3) regional invasion detection module for behavior detection. The results show an accuracy rate and a recall rate of behavior detection with value of 69% and 74%, respectively. By detecting the occurrence of workers’ hazard behaviors approaching the hole in real-time, the causal chain of accidents is controlled through forewarning to prevent accidents happen and provide effective assistance for the construction safety administrator.

Rui Wang, Yujie Lu, Shuai Huang, Jinshan Liu, Mingkang Wang

Built Environment

Frontmatter
Study on the Relationship Between Built-Up Area and PM2.5 Concentration in Jiangsu Province

Due to the small area and large population, the per capita capacity of eco-environment in Jiangsu Province is relatively small. So, the rapid urbanization in Jiangsu will inevitably make negative effects on the ecological environment, which PM2.5 pollution is one of the important negative effects of them. Based on the impervious surface data and the average annual PM2.5 concentration from 2000 to 2017, the Environmental Kuznets Curve between the proportion of built-up areas and PM2.5 was established to analyze the impact of urbanization on PM2.5 concentration. The results show that there are differences in PM2.5 pollution patterns among different regions in Jiangsu, which are mainly manifested in the shape of the relationship curve, the location of inflection point and the differences in the pollution stage of each region. The relationship curve of Jiangsu Province, South of Jiangsu and Middle of Jiangsu showed N-type, and only North of Jiangsu showed the inverted-U. Most cities are in the middle section of the N-shaped curve and the right half of the inverted U-shaped curve. Only Huai’an, Yancheng and Suqian in North of Jiangsu are in the first half of the inverted U-shaped curve. In the future, we should pay more attention to the pollution of PM2.5 in urban expansion in these cities.

Yuyuan Fu, Sheng Zheng, Yuzhe Wu
Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road in China: A Province-Level and Hierarchical Analysis

Road infrastructure plays a vital role in the transport sector greenhouse gas emissions. Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from road infrastructure in China is a comprehensive reflection of social equity and sustainable development in many provinces. It has a significant impact on the total GHG emissions in China and the change of regional GHG emissions pattern in the future. In this study, the emission characteristics and evolution trends of road infrastructure in China from 2009 to 2019 is discussed base on the life cycle estimation method. The result shows that GHG emissions from road infrastructure construction had a downward trend since 2009, which may be the result of the implementation of low-carbon policies by the Chinese government in 2009. Class-IV road has become the leading factor affecting the amount of GHG emissions from national road infrastructure construction, indicating that class-IV road construction has a great potential for emission reduction, such as improving its construction technology, etc. At the same time, the amount of GHG emitted by all levels of roads continues to rise, which has increased by 2.8 times in 2019 compared to the number in 2009. This could be explained by the increasing road mileage and economy in China. The GHG emissions of expressway operation are the highest and growing fastest in all kinds of roads, revealing that expressways’ operation and maintenance should become the key link of traffic emission reduction. Effective measures should be taken to improve the maintenance frequency. Finally, it is found that the marginal cost of emission reduction is higher in the developed regions, while the cost of emission reduction is lower in the less developed regions. This may be explained that different regions have different potential and difficulty of emission reduction due to the differences of resources, production advantages and economic development between them. Therefore, it is necessary to build a national carbon market. It is proved that this can ensure that regions with weak economic capacity or fragile ecology can obtain additional net benefits through carbon trading. The results of this study provide data and theoretical support for decision makers to formulate emission reduction policies in different regions and ultimately help improve the whole performance of GHG emissions from road infrastructure construction.

Yuyao Liu, Kunhui Ye, Liu Wu, Dingding Chen, Liang Xiao
A Critical Review of Recycling Facility Location and Optimization Methods for Construction and Demolition Waste

In the process of large-scale urban construction, a large number of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) are produced, the rapid economic construction has brought better living conditions for people. However, the recycling rate of the C&DW in China is very low, which has caused great pressure on the resources and environment. Based on Citespace, this paper makes a scientometrics visualization analysis of the research papers in the field of C&DW from 2000 to 2021 in Scopus database. Through the frequency of keywords and clustering analysis, the high-frequency keywords in the research process of this field are “Waste management”, “Recycling”, “Demolition” and “Construction and demolition waste”. After expanding the scope of co-occurrence, it is found that the low-frequency keywords such as “Site selection” “Optimization” “Environmental impact assessment” and “Environment management” are associated with the high-frequency keywords. From the perspective of time zone, it is found that the future research of C&DW will focus on the innovation of recycling facilities and the optimization of recycling plant location. This paper analyzes the optimization method of site selection of C&DW recycling facilities, and puts forward some suggestions to improve the utilization rate of building demolition waste and reduce the burden on the environment.

Kunlun Wu, Zhiqi Gong
Impacts of Urban Form on CO2 Emissions in Cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt: An Analysis Based on the Spatial Econometrics Model

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have caused severe climate warming across the world. It is urgent to take effective measures to reduce this warming effect. Urban form (UF) has attracted increasing attention from scholars, decision makers and urban planners in recent years due to its effective role in achieving CO2 reduction. This paper investigates the impacts of urban form on CO2 emissions in cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) from multiple perspectives based on sustainable development principle, in which environmental, economic and social urban form dimensions are defined and the spatial econometrics model is adopted. The main findings include: (1) Urban complexity, urban sprawling, urban compactness and population density play an essential role in increasing CO2 emissions in the sample cities in YREB. (2) Urban centrality and the proportion of tertiary production can decrease CO2 emissions in the sample cities in YREB. (3) The indirect effect of urban form variables LSI, TA, AI and the proportion of secondary production in increasing CO2 emissions in its neighboring cities should not be ignored in the sample cities in YREB. This paper contributes to literature development in the fields of understanding the impacts of urban form on CO2 emission. The empirical results of this study can provide policy references for reducing CO2 emission in cities in the sample cities in YREB.

Fangchen Shi, Nan Yang, Xia Liao
Evaluation of Health Benefits from China IV Construction Diesel Machinery for Residents of Beijing

Construction diesel machinery, an important part of the non-road diesel mobile machinery, is a significant source of particulate matter (PM) and other harmful air pollutant emissions. To protect the ecological environment and human health, the Non-road Mobile Diesel Engine Emission Standard for stage IV in China will be implemented at the end of 2022 with the purpose of stricter controls on various emissions. This paper measures the health effects of the standards by evaluating the health benefits from four types of China IV construction machinery for residents in Beijing in 2023 due to the PM2.5 emission reduction. The evaluation results show that the implementation of this stringent standard for non-road diesel mobile machinery has a significant positive effect on the residents’ health. To further develop the effectiveness of this upcoming standard and maximize health benefits, more supporting policies should be taken into consideration to prompt more vehicles to meet the standard provide technical support for manufacturers.

Xi Chen
A Study on Spatiotemporal Performances of the Urban Atmospheric Environment Carrying Capacity in 35 Large Chinese Cities from 2015 to 2019

In the past decades, the urbanization of Chinese cities is unsustainable, which needs to consume a lot of resources and cause heavy atmospheric pollution. Being aware of this problem, governments have implemented stringent policies and measures to control atmospheric pollution. To evaluate if these policies and measures are effective, this study introduces the concept of urban atmospheric environment carrying capacity (UAECC) and applies the UAECC threshold method and Spearman rank correlation coefficient method to detect the spatiotemporal performances of the UAECC. 35 large Chinese cities are selected as objectives that are representative and valuable for this study. The results show that the UAECC performances for 35 large cities, especially severely overloaded cities have improved in 2015–2019 due to the implementation of atmospheric pollution control measures. However, they still face overloaded risks of PM2.5, PM10, and O3. The UAECC of PM2.5 and PM10 have a common distribution that cities with the good performances of UAECC concentrate in southeastern coastal and southwestern regions in China.

Zhenchuan Yang
Comparison Research on Construction Environment and Policy in Brazil and China: Case Study on Xingu-Rio UHV Transmission Line Project

As an important foundation of modern economy and society, every country attaches great importance to the construction of power infrastructure. A large number of power generation and transmission construction projects are planned to be built, which attracts outstanding designers and builders from all over the world to participate. As a competitive country in power industry, China actively participates in the construction of power projects in other countries. However, in the process of constructing international construction projects, due to the existence of transnational differences in systems and cultures, Chinese companies have encountered many difficulties. This article uses case study to compare and analyze the differences in UHV project management between China and Brazil. Through the comparison of various tasks in the project construction process, this paper finds that China and Brazil are quite different in environmental protection, permit application, supervision, language and culture, etc., which have significant impact on project management. When similar international projects are carried out in the future, Chinese companies can learn from this article for project management and improve project performance.

Chenhao Jin, Mengxia Jin, Xiaorong Sun, Shinae Jang

Construction Waste Management

Frontmatter
A Review of Research on Supply Chain Resilience in the Construction Industry

With the growing industrialization of construction, issues such as fragmentation and poor interoperability between design, manufacture, logistics, and on-site assembly as well as existence of internal and external risk factors of construction projects pose a challenge to resilience management of the construction supply chain. However, a complete review of supply chain resilience in the construction industry appears to remain unavailable. This study aims to systematically review 112 construction supply chain resilience (CSCR) papers published in peer-reviewed journals from 2002 to 2021 to obtain the status of this research area and identify future research directions. These papers were analyzed using scientometrics to identify influential journal sources and countries in CSCR research. The keywords co-occurrence analysis and burst detection were conducted to uncover the research hotspots and trends in this field. A qualitative analysis was also performed to identify research gaps and future directions for this research area. The findings and recommendations of this study provide valuable information for both researchers and practitioners in further investigation and practice.

Lirong Quan, Chuan Yang, Longhui Liao
Spatial and Temporal Characteristics and Prediction of C&DW in Shenzhen

Recently, with the acceleration of urbanization and the increase of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) production, the research on C&DW management has been paid more attention. To optimize C&DW management, it is essential to accurately obtain information on the quantity, time, location and flow direction of waste generated. In this study, a prediction model of C&DW production was established based on the yield method per unit floor area. With the help of Google Earth software and corresponding database to collect and process data, the waste production of Shenzhen city from 2021 to 2030 is predicted by using GIS and grey prediction method, to complete the prediction of the temporal and spatial distribution of the waste production. Reasonable prediction results of C&DW can provide valuable reference information for waste resource utilization, to realize efficient and sustainable waste management.

Meiqin Xiong, Clyde Zhengdao Li, Bing Xiao, Vivian W. Y. Tam, Shanyang Li, Zhenchao Guo
Research on the Correlation Between Construction Waste Output and GDP: A Case Study of Chongqing

In order to further improve the prediction accuracy of construction waste output, it is of great significance to study the correlation between construction waste output and GDP. This paper first uses the unit area method to estimate the output of construction waste in Chongqing from 2001 to 2020, and then analyzes the growth trend of GDP and construction waste by mathematical method. The results show that there is a linear relationship between GDP and the output of construction waste, and the output of urban construction waste can be calculated by GDP.

Zhiyu Huang, Hongxia Li, Yan Li, Ye Liu
Prefabrication in Hong Kong’s High-Rise Residential Construction: Evolution and Effect on Waste Minimization

Managing construction waste efficiently to minimize its irreversible harm to the surrounding environment has been a long-standing issue plaguing various economies around the globe. Against such backdrop, prefabrication as a green building technology capable of reducing construction waste at source has been increasingly advocated by governments worldwide during the past two decades. By using statistical analyses (e.g. comparison of percentages, independent samples t-test) supplemented by an interview to analyse a valuable secondary dataset on 90 residential projects, this study aims at understanding the trend of prefabrication in Hong Kong, comparing the waste management performance between conventional and prefabrication projects, and uncovering the type(s) of precast component(s) most conducive to waste minimization in residential developments. This study uncovers the reasons behind the decline in popularity of certain precast components in private residential projects, and that incorporating greater levels of precast window and wall components would contribute to reducing waste generation in residential projects. The findings presented in this paper contributes to the understanding of the status quo of prefabrication adoption in residential projects of Hong Kong, which serves as a reference for the government’s formulation of policies promoting precast construction.

Wendy M. W. Lee, Weisheng Lu, Fan Xue
Treatment Paths of Construction and Demolition Waste in Mainland China

Large scale construction and demolition (C&D) activities lead to nearly three-quarters of Chinese cities into the dilemma of “C&D waste siege”. Developing reasonable treatment methods of C&D waste has become one of the key parts of effective waste management. Previous studies mainly focused on management barriers and measures, recycling, and disposal sites planning. However, the research on treatment paths of C&D waste is very rare. This study conducted semi-structured interviews with 11 respondents to investigate treatment paths for C&D waste in Mainland China. The results show that (1) there are 12 treatment paths for C&D waste in the three treatment types; (2) according to the level of economic value, different types of C&D waste choose distinctive treatment paths; and (3) various cities choose different treatment paths for C&D waste with lower economic value. A series of management suggestions have been put forward for managing the waste, including (1) formulating C&D waste treatment strategy in line with local conditions, (2) reducing the knowledge gap of C&D waste treatment among stakeholders, (3) broadening the way of C&D waste recycling, and (4) expanding the market of C&D waste recycled products. This study provides a theoretical basis for future C&D waste treatment research and also puts forward decision-making basis for relevant decision-makers.

Qiaoqiao Yong, Jiayuan Wang, Huanyu Wu, Bo Yu
Reducing Construction Waste Through Modular Construction

Increasing construction waste has been a severe environmental problem globally. Adopting new construction methods such as modular construction is considered as an effective measure to reduce construction waste. However, few studies have examined the potential of modular construction in construction waste reduction. This study aims to measure the typical construction waste performance of modular buildings and identify the potential of construction waste reduction by adopting the modular construction method. The research was conducted through case study with seven modular building projects with the combination of literature review and empirical data. The construction waste from modular construction and other construction approaches was cross compared and analyzed. Results show that modular construction can effectively reduce construction waste generation, evidenced in the overall onsite construction waste generation index of modular buildings varying from 9 to 63.9 kg per m2 construction floor area with an average of 33.7 kg/m2, less than that of panelized and traditional in-situ construction. Compared to traditional in-situ construction, modular buildings can lead to around 80% reduction of onsite overall construction waste on average. From the studied modular building projects, a high reuse and recycling rate was found, in which timber waste and metal waste could reach up to 100%. This paper provides evidence that modular construction can effectively reduce construction waste generation compared with panelized and traditional in-situ construction. The findings should help encourage the uptake of modular construction in the building industry.

Yang Zhang, Wei Pan
Study on the Influencing Factors of the Site Selection of Construction Waste Recycling Enterprises

In recent years, people pay great attention to the treatment of construction waste resources. The study of the influencing factors of construction waste recycling enterprises is conducive to the scientific and reasonable layout of cities around the world. On the basis of summarizing the related factors of construction waste enterprises on the research results, the analysis of various factors and summary, this paper adopts the expert interview method and hierarchical analysis method two methods, this paper for the location of construction waste resource utilization enterprise established factor index system. Finally, the research results suggest the site selection of resource-based enterprises in China, which is expected to provide a reference for the later factory construction.

Zhiyu Huang, Yan Li, Hongxia Li, Qili Li

CSR and Industry Governance

Frontmatter
Effects of Boundary-Spanning Roles and Interface Management Practices on Inter-organizational Communication in Construction Projects: Perspective of the Owner

Interface management (IM) has been viewed as an emerging strategy for improving communication in construction projects. The implementation of IM involves boundary-spanning roles across organizations. However, previous studies shed little light on how boundary spanners and IM practices facilitate inter-organizational communication in construction projects. Built on boundary-spanning theory, this paper aims to empirically investigate the relationships between different IM practices and boundary-spanning roles, and their impacts on inter-organizational communication effectiveness in construction project networks. Using data from eight large-scale construction projects in Ningxia that are managed by the same owner, a social network analysis was performed to examine the structural characteristics of inter-organizational communication networks. Results show that both boundary-spanning roles and IM practices have positive effects on inter-organizational communication effectiveness. These findings provide insights for developing strategies to improve inter-organizational communication.

Lisha Wu, Yujia Weng, Wenxin Shen, Wenzhe Tang
Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Construction Industry: A Comparison Between Hong Kong and Singapore

The COVID-19 pandemic has great impacts on the whole world. Construction industry is no exemption. However, to what extent has the pandemic influenced the construction industry has not been fully investigated. This paper aims to quantitatively analyze such impacts in Hong Kong and Singapore, which are two international cities high dependent on the global logistics and supply chain that is greatly affected due to the pandemic. Macro statistical reports relating to the construction industry performance and institutional arrangement to contain the impacts of the pandemic in general or industry-specific manner were collected and analyzed. Indicators including construction industry GDP, construction site number or contract award number, construction worker engagement, and job vacancy rate in the two cities were compared on a year-on-year change basis. The analyses show that the Hong Kong construction industry shows higher resilience during the pandemic as evidenced by milder changes and quicker recovery while Singapore construction industry, due to the shutdown from April to June 2020, experienced sharp decrease and slower recovery. The paper thus discussed the effects of different pandemic development situation and institutional arrangements on the construction industry performance in the two similar cities and gave some suggestions for the post-pandemic industry development.

Jinying Xu, Zhongze Yang, Weisheng Lu, Fan Xue
A Study on the Impact of Real Estate Firm Characteristics on the Exit Mode of Private Equity Investors Based on Logistics Regression Model

The exit method of private equity investors in the real estate industry is closely related to the basic characteristics of real estate enterprises. This article collects and sorts out china's real estate 588 in 2015–2020 The influence of the characteristics of real estate enterprises on the choice of exit method of private equity investors is analyzed by using univariate detection and binary logistics regression model. The study shows that PE investors are more likely to choose to exit by IPO when the number of private equity investors is larger and the time of establishment at the time of exit is smaller; and the IPO possibility of the property management and real estate transaction industry is greater than that of other industries; and geographical differences also significantly affect the choice of exit method.

Tian Luo
A Study of the Relationship Between Debt Ratio and Profitability of the Real Estate Companies——Evidence from China

In this study, we discuss the relationship between debt ratio and profitability of listed real estate companies in China. We estimate the data of 88 listed real estate companies from 2014 to 2018 by using the simultaneous equation model and GMM method to address the problem of endogeneity. The empirical study showed that the increase in profitability of companies contributes to the reduce in their debt ratio. Interestingly, the debt ratio also has a U-shaped impact on profitability in return. Due to the different nature and scale of real estate companies, the cost of debt financing may vary. Therefore, the impact of debt ratio on profitability for companies in this industry could be non-linear. These results suggest that large and state-owned companies should pay more attention on improving performance and efficiency during transition, and there should be stricter limits on their debt ratios. For small-sized and non-stated owned companies, the assistance from government is needed when dealing with debt financing difficulties.

Jiahui Liu
Corporate Social Responsibility Activities in CHIna’s Construction Industry: From the Perspective of Sustainability

In the context of current sustainable development, the corporate social responsibility (CSR) agenda of construction enterprises has been further promoted and redefinition. This study aims to discuss the status quo of CSR activities of Chinese construction enterprises from the perspective of sustainable development. The study established a CSR activity system for the sustainable development dimension of the construction industry, and used text mining to analyze 453 CSR reports from Chinese construction enterprises. The results show that most of construction enterprises focus on social CSR activities, and then, economic CSR activities and environmental CSR activities. Specifically, applying recycling systems, alleviating community poverty and organizing disaster prevention or relief activities are the top three CSR activities, while protecting privacy, protecting biodiversity and environmental protection public welfare activities are always ignored. In addition, Chinese listed enterprises, state-owned enterprises and large construction enterprises are more inclined to publish CSR reports. And the CSR activities that companies with different characteristics pay attention to are different. This paper shows the performance of the CSR activities of Chinese construction enterprises in the sustainable development period, and provides researchers and practitioners with an overview of the CSR map of Chinese construction enterprises.

Yuqing Zhang, Meiyue Sang, Fanqi Chen, Kunhui Ye
Investigating the Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention of Real Estate Practitioners: A Case Study in Suzhou

The phenomenon of talent turnover in Chinese real estate sector is serious in recent years, which has produced a negative impact on its sustainable development. Existing research in other fields has indicated that job satisfaction is one of the critical factors leading to turnover of the employees, but study on the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention is limited in the real estate area. This paper aims to explore the current situation of job satisfaction and turnover intention as well as their relationship among real estate practitioners. Based on extensive literature review, a questionnaire survey and interviews to eight professionals were conducted to the real estate practitioners in Suzhou, which produced 63 valid survey samples for statistical analysis. The results indicated that: (1) The real estate practitioners have a higher level of job satisfaction and a medium level of turnover intention; (2) The real estate practitioners with different genders and educational backgrounds have significant differences in their perception of job salary and welfare satisfaction level; The real estate practitioners with different genders, educational backgrounds and marital status have significant differences in their perception of turnover intention level; (3) There is a significant negative correlation between job satisfaction and turnover intention of real estate practitioners. Among them, salary and welfare (–0.811) have the highest value of correlation coefficient with turnover intention, followed by promotion and development (–0.618) and working environment (–0.414) and job nature (–0.499). This study can provide theoretical guidance for real estate enterprises to adopt more effective measures to reduce the turnover intention and improve job satisfaction level of their employees.

Mingsen Dai, Shang Zhang, Min Qiu, Ruiyong Wang
Construction Contractor Selection by Using AHP Combined with Topsis

Construction project risk management plays an important role in both theory and practice. One of the most important tasks in construction risk management is construction contractor selection. This process has a significant impact on the project completed process, especially can avoid risks in the future and bring benefits for investors. However, how to select a capable construction contractor for a project is a necessary issue to be studied. This study combines AHP with TOPSIS in construction contractor selection. The results show that the application of AHP with TOPSIS finds high-quality contractors that satisfy the requirements of investors.

Van Hieu Tran, Hang Yan
Cognitive Modular Building to Enhance User Wellbeing: An Insight from Literature Review on Potential Benefits, Design Considerations and Opportunities

The long-lasting building issues affecting users’ wellbeing have necessitated for the adoption of advanced technologies in the field of architecture, engineering, construction and operation (AECO). Despite the individual contributions of the advanced technologies such as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Digital Twins (DTs), Cognitive Computing (CC) and modular building (MB), which have been the subject of much research, greater benefits would be realized in enhancing user wellbeing if they are integrated. This paper identifies the individual benefits of CPS, DTs, CC, and MB, and then develops a conceptual framework showing their integrated benefits of producing cognitive MB to enhance user wellbeing at the facility management phase. Design considerations and opportunities in facility management were divulged for the successful application of cognitive MB. Cyber-attack was noted to be a potential threat to cognitive MB in the fourth industrial revolution; hence, overcoming it serves as a future research area. This study contributes to the knowledge on optimising MB to improve life and operations at the facility management phase leveraging advanced technologies.

Frank Ato Ghansah, Weisheng Lu, Xu Jinying

Green Building

Frontmatter
Embodied Carbon Footprint Analysis of Prefabricated Buildings Considering Assembly Schemes

The construction industry is one of the fields with the largest energy consumption and carbon footprint, and it is also a key and priority field for reducing carbon footprint. Prefabricated buildings have become an effective solution to industrial problems such as labor shortage, low construction efficiency and emission reduction. However, previous studies mostly focused on the energy saving and emission reduction during the operation phase, but paid less attention to the implied carbon footprint, and did not analyze the impact of the assembly scheme on the carbon footprint in combination with the national prefabricated building standards. In this study, the life cycle assessment method (LCA) was used to establish the evaluation framework of the embedded carbon footprint of prefabricated buildings, and a case was selected to verify the calculation. Furthermore, scenario analysis method was applied to explore the impact of assembly rate on carbon footprint under different assembly schemes under the evaluation standards of Prefabricated Building Evaluation Standards (GB/T51129-2017). The results show that the carbon footprint of the embodied stage of the prefabricated building is 463.03 kgCO2e/m2, and the largest proportion is in the production and transportation stage of building materials (95.91%), among which concrete, steel and brick produce more carbon footprints, and the factory production, component transportation and on-site construction and assembly stage related to the construction characteristics of the prefabricated building account for 1.45%. In addition, the carbon footprint increases with the increase of assembly rate, and the environmental burden of material suppliers is gradually transferred to prefabricated component suppliers and logistics providers. However, as the assembly rate continues to increase, the carbon footprint gradually increases slowly. According to the relationship between the assembly rate and the carbon footprint, it can assist the decision-making of the design scheme and the organization and scheduling, so as to reduce the carbon footprint in the embodied stage and improve the construction environment.

Xulu Lai, Clyde Zhengdao Li, Limei Zhang, Bing Xiao, Vivian W. Y. Tam
The Research Development of Construction Carbon Emissions: A Visual Literature Review by Citespace

In order to achieve the goals of “carbon peak” and “ carbon neutrality”, carbon emissions from the construction industry need to be effectively controlled. In this paper, we conducted a scientometric visualization analysis based on CiteSpace of the literature in the core database of Web of science from 1996 to 2021 in the field of construction carbon emissions research. The results showed: (1) The number of research articles in the field of construction carbon emissions is approaching an exponential growth trend from 2001–2020; (2) the early research topics on construction carbon emissions mainly focused on three respects: life cycle assessment of construction energy, construction energy efficient materials, and construction energy efficiency solutions, while the later research provided more realistic guidance, and more interdisciplinary research was conducted to introduce the concept of “carbon footprint” and “carbon sequestration” (3) Reducing the environmental hazards of construction has always been a frontier issue in this field, and the latest research topics include energy efficiency, economic growth, etc. The most popular research topics are environment impact, building performance, carbon footprint, etc. The most common research method is the life cycle assessment approach. By analyzing the basic framework and development trend of construction carbon emissions research, we aim to better guide the scientific research in this field.

Xinyi Luo, Junjie Qian, Zhiyu Dong, Peng Mao
A Comprehensive Review on Building Energy Saving During the Past Decade

With the shortage of energy and the promotion of environmental protection awareness, building energy saving (BES) has caused great concern in the world, the research related to BES is more and more. It is vital for interested researchers to get the full picture of global research. However, the current research review in the field of BES mainly focuses on the application summary of single BES technology, and there is a lack of summary of other latest research progress in this field, which makes it difficult for new researchers to clarify the development status and future research direction in the field of BES. Based on a review of the literature on BES published from 2010 to 2020, combined with bibliometric analysis and science mapping, this paper discusses the research trend in the field of BES in the past decade, as well as the co-authorship and influence of countries or regions, authors. This paper summarizes the main trend and deficiency of the current research on BES around three themes: energy saving design methods, energy simulation and optimization, energy measures drive and barrier. Future potential research directions are proposed, including: focus on the life cycle assessment of BES measures, the research about accuracy of energy performance evaluation, the intelligent integration of energy simulation software and cost evaluation, the research about influence factors of energy saving measures drive and barrier as well as the quantitative research of interaction relationship.

Limei Zhang, Clyde Zhengdao Li, Xulu Lai, Bing Xiao, Vivian W. Y. Tam
Research on Carbon Emission of 5G Base Station Construction Based on LCA: A Case Study in Shenzhen City

With the new infrastructure construction proposed in China, 5G base stations as the basis for it will make the environmental impact during the construction process. Quantifying the environmental impact of 5G base station construction is a prerequisite for achieving carbon neutrality. This study builds a carbon emission assessment model for the base station construction based on the life cycle assessment method, and takes 5G base station in Shenzhen as an example to quantify its environmental impact in the form of carbon dioxide equivalent and analyze the factors affecting carbon emission. The total carbon emission of 5G station in Shenzhen city is 2.1–2.5 million tons in 2020. Moreover, the study found that the carbon emissions of 5G base station can be offset by the 5-years carbon sequestration of 205.63 km2 trees. In this way, carbon neutrality of 5G base station in Shenzhen will be achieved by 2025. The results can provide the theoretical basis and data reference for government departments to scientifically formulate carbon emission reduction policies for base station construction.

Yangxue Ding, Huabo Duan
Comparing Global Warming Impact of Asphalt Pavement Preservation at Maintenance and Use Stages Using Dynamic Life-Cycle Assessment

There are a large quantity of greenhouse gas emissions at maintenance and use stages of pavement. Related research said that the carbon emissions generated by road traffic account for about 16.6% of the entire planet. Meanwhile, in recent years, preventive maintenance treatments were proposed and widely used to extend service life, reduce the frequency of maintenance and improve the quality of pavements. However, instead of environmental protection, the original intention of this technology is to cut down the construction and operation costs. And it needs further discussion on whether pavement preservation has played a significant role in improving the environment benefits. The study aims to explore the global warming impact (GWI) of asphalt different preservation in use and maintenance phases considering temporal aspect of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. And the life cycle assessment method is used to build an assessment framework. Thus, the maintenance stage is divided into four modules: raw material, production, transportation and in-site construction. The results show that preventive maintenance treatments bring significant environmental benefit in reduction of CO2 emission compared with traditional corrective maintenance treatments, although there are some differences in effect. In use stage, GHG emissions vary significantly depending on the roughness of pavement surface. And it is found NovaChip has advantages over hot in-pace recycling in terms of roughness improvement, resulting in that NovaChip is more conductive to reduce the environmental impact. On the other hand, the results indicate that the environmental impact of asphalt pavement preservation is overestimated if temporal aspect is not considered. What’s more, the framework proposed in this study can also provide certain reference ideas for determining the optimum application timing of pavements from the perspective of environmental protection. And it can also make contributions to the pavement preservation mechanism based on life-cycle cost analysis.

Na Wang, Dan Chong, Xiang Fei
Risk Assessment of Green Retrofit Projects in Old Residential Districts from the Perspective of Whole Life Cycle

The green retrofits of old residential districts is an important way to promote urban renewal and to realize the sustainable development of existing buildings. However, many risks faced during the renovation process hinder the advancement of the retrofit work. In this study, a risk indicator system for green retrofit projects in old residential districts was built from the perspective of the whole life cycle, and the experts’ opinions on the occurrence probability of various risk factors and the impact degree on the project was collected based on a questionnaire survey. SPSS software was applied to conduct the descriptive statistical analysis, and then the probability of risk factors and the impact degree were multiplied to assess the risk factors comprehensively, and the top 10 key risk factors were identified and analyzed. The research results provide a valuable reference for effectively managing the risks of green retrofit of old residential districts and promoting the implementation of green retrofit projects in China.

Hao Xue, Xiaosen Huo, Liudan Jiao
Walking the Talk? Exploring the Relationship Between Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure and Green Building Performance of Chinese Listed Real Estate Companies

Real estate companies disclose information regarding their corporate social responsibility to either show their good citizenship in the social contexts or achieve legitimacy. This disclosure behavior is often viewed as an additional investment or even a greenwash practice- a “talk” practice. Green building practices, on the other hand, could be regarded as one kind of social responsibility practices- “walk” practices, which are largely associated with operations. This study tries to link the two kinds of practices to see whether companies “walk the talk” and figure out the logic underlying this link. Data were collected from the disclosure database, green building database, and corporate social responsibility reports of real estate companies. The green building data, which are project-level, were firstly matched to the corporate level. Panel data analysis was then applied to explore the relationships. The relationship was found to be non-significant, which implies an inconsistency between corporate social responsibility disclosure and green building practices for Chinese real estate companies. This research provides a starting point to incorporate CSR or CSR disclosure into the vain of green building and helps real estate companies better implement green building.

Meng Ye, Bin Chi
Improving Energy Efficiency of Indoor Lighting System Based on Computer Vision

With the increasing number of large-scale buildings in the city, the energy consumption of the lighting system has also increased significantly, which has become one of the main energy consumption parts of existing buildings. At present, the main energy-saving control method of lighting systems is to use sensor control, but this method brings a substantial increase in initial costs, and it cannot be integrated with other digital systems for multi-source data fusion management. This paper attempts to make full use of the real-time video stream data of the existing building surveillance system to replace perception data of the sensor, thereby proposing a new intelligent lighting control system based on computer vision to reduce energy consumption and initial installation costs. First, high-definition infrared cameras are used to obtain real-time images around the lighting equipment and send them back to the pedestrian detection equipment. Then, the environment perception algorithm is used to perceive the brightness of the environment in the images and the YOLOv4 is used to detect pedestrians. Finally, if a pedestrian is detected, the lighting system adaptively adjusts the brightness of the lighting device according to the perceived ambient brightness, which can minimize energy consumption while meeting lighting standard brightness. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by the experiments of surveillance video stream collected for 14 days from a campus building. The results of the experiments mainly include two parts: (1) the accuracy of intelligent decision-making control reaches 95.15%; (2) energy consumption and electricity bills are reduced by about 79%.

Penglu Chen, Ruying Cai, Yi Tan
A Scenario Based Analysis of Incentive Schemes to Promote the Social Acceptance of Smart Energy Home in China

Smart home energy technology (SHET) is an important category of smart home, a crucial component of smart city. Currently, the adoption rate of SHET in China is still at low level and there is also a deficiency of incentive policies for SHET promotion. With the objective to bridge the policy gap, so as to promote the social acceptance of smart home energy technology by urban residents of China, thereby building a smart living environment with energy efficiency, comfort, and convenience, this study has proposed two incentive schemes, including Price Subsidy and Time of Use pricing plan. By way of contingent valuation method and ordinal regression, respondent’s willingness to pay for SHET under each incentive scheme has been estimated and the influential factors of WTP also have been investigated. After the comparison between the scenarios of incentive scheme and business as usual, this study revealed that all the two schemes were effective, and the scheme of price subsidy appeared to be the strongest. The different incentive schemes would be influenced by various factors significantly, including the demographic, property ownership and the behavioral related.

Weiyu Ji, Edwin H. W. Chan
A Multi-view Learning-Based Approach for Handling Missing Values in Building Energy Data

Building energy data typically suffer from missing data problems which may seriously affect the quality of subsequent data analysis. Existing studies mainly focused on proposing customized missing value processing methods for individual buildings. To effectively utilize existing data resources in the building field and improve the versatility of missing value imputation methods for energy consumption data, this study puts forward solutions based on the concept of multi-view learning. The solutions are developed considering four views, i.e., local temporal view, local similarity view, global temporal view and global similarity view. Various machine learning methods have been adopted for each view learning respectively, including moving average, collaborative filtering, long-short term memory network and support vector regression. To effectively capture the global and local data variations and improve the overall accuracy, the ensemble learning method is then applied to incorporate results from multi-view learning. Data experiments have been designed to test the effectiveness in handling random and continuous missing data patterns, based on which the results on multiple school buildings are reported and discussed. The research outcomes are helpful for enhancing the accuracy and generalizability of missing value imputation methods for building energy data analyses.

Yutian Lei, Cheng Fan, Xinghua Wang, Bufu Huang
Sustainability Design and Evaluation of High-Performance Concrete Joint Reticulated Shell Structure Based on LCA

Buildings produce tremendous carbon emissions across the life cycle, profoundly impacting global warming and environmental pollution. Low-carbon buildings have gradually attracted people's attention, and the concept of sustainable development has been deeply rooted. Large-span spatial structure is an innovative and essential structural form that can meet the needs of industrial production and human life, but there lacks an evaluation of its sustainability performance. In order to evaluate the carbon emission reduction of the innovative large-span spatial structure, this paper builds a building-level carbon emission calculation model using the concept of life-cycle assessment. By measuring the carbon emissions of a fair-faced concrete joint reticulated shell structure at different phases, the key factors and their impacts on the structure's environmental performance are discussed. Reasonable suggestions for the development of low-carbon buildings are provided from the perspectives of material and structure. The proposed practical carbon evaluation method for large-span spatial structures fills the research gap and helps promote the sustainable development of the construction industry.

Wei Wei, Yujie Lu, Peixian Li

Housing Price and Policy

Frontmatter
How Do Landscape Views and Storey Levels Affect Public Housing Prices Within the Community? Evidence from the Home Ownership Scheme Secondary Market in Hong Kong

The impacting factors of housing prices have received much attention over the decades. Most research focuses on the whole housing market by examining the spatial distribution of properties in a specific region. However, research on the property value of public housing within blocks and communities is limited. As Hong Kong has made great efforts to promote public housing development by introducing the Home Ownership Scheme (HOS), this study investigated the impact of landscape views and storey levels on public housing prices in Hong Kong. The hedonic pricing model is adopted to examine the effects of the landscape view factors on housing prices. Different submarkets (i.e., storey levels) of each community are analyzed to figure out the interaction between landscape view factors among different floor levels. Quantile regression is also introduced to examine the influence of the variables on properties under different price ranges. The findings show that the impacts of landscape view factors on housing price differ within various communities, submarkets, and housing price levels. Overall, the results provide empirical evidence about the purchasing preference of public housing purchasers in Hong Kong.

Chenxin He, Lin Deng
Effects of Housing Pathway on the Subjective Well-Being of Migrant Workers in China

Studies on subjective well-being (SWB) and its influencing factors have attracted much attention during the past years. The proportion of migrant workers has reached 20% in China, but their levels of SWB are usually lower than that of local residents. To facilitate the social integration of migrant workers, it is a necessity to improve the SWB of migrant workers. The phenomena of pseudo-urbanization could be soothed accordingly in China. A large body of literature has looked into the housing types and living conditions of migrant workers, and the impacts on their SWB. However, little research has investigated the impacts of housing pathways on the SWB of migrant workers. This study aims to fill the research gap. Ordinal logistic regression was conducted using the data from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Housing pathways were significantly different among migrant workers, although many of them had housing tenure no changed (i.e., keep homeownership), housing size no changed, and no improvements in housing qualities. The improvement of housing size and housing qualities had considerably positive effects on migrant workers’ SWB. It is essential to improve housing conditions of migrant workers to increase their levels of SWB and social integration in China.

Lizhi Guo, Li Tao
Research on Second-Hand Housing Prices in Guangzhou Based on CHAID Algorithm and POI Data

Studying the spatial characteristics that affect housing prices helps to understand the spatial distribution pattern of housing prices. Traditional hedonic price models and geographically weighted regression models lack flexibility in solving nonlinear problems, while artificial neural networks can hardly explain the influence mechanism of different spatial characteristics on housing prices. This paper takes the second-hand ordinary residential districts in Guangzhou with a construction age of 5–10 years as the research object, and aims to identify the most important spatial characteristics that affect their prices. In view of the defects of above traditional methods, firstly, this article uses the Geographic Information System (GIS) technology in Baidu Maps to collect data. Then this study uses the fast and interpretable Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) algorithm to explore the relationship between residential spatial characteristics and housing prices from the perspective of market segmentation. The research results show that the number of subway stations around the community, the distance from the Central Business District (CBD) and the number of surrounding hospitals are the key factors affecting housing prices, while the distance to the nearest subway station and the distance from surrounding hospitals are secondary factors. This research provides necessary references for the government’s real estate market regulation and urban planning. Meanwhile, the innovative application of CHAID algorithm also enriches the methodology of real estate market analysis.

Zikui Yuan, Jiayuan Wang, Zhaoyang Qiu
Research on the Influence of Talent Subsidy Policy on Housing Price: A Case of Hangzhou

In recent years, cities in China have been competing to introduce policies to attract talents to settle down. However, with the rise of urban housing prices caused by the settlement of talents, it is important to explore the internal mechanism. This study examines the impact of talent subsidy policy on housing prices in Hangzhou. Using data from 2016 to 2018, it employs a difference-in-difference method for the empirical research. Overall, the results show that the talent subsidy policy does promote the housing prices in Hangzhou. Beside, housing prices in different districts of Hangzhou have different responses to talent policy. These findings suggest that government need to be more cautious about the intensity of talent subsidy policy, and try to improve the happiness of talents from other aspects.

Yi Luo, Wei Wang
The Way Out of Sustainable Operation Mechanism of Public Rental Houseing in Chongqing: Transforming to Common Property Right House

National policies constantly emphasize deepening the housing supply side reform and accelerating the innovation of urban housing security system to solve the increasingly prominent urban housing difficulties. At present, the public rental houses in Chongqing are faced with many practical operational difficulties, such as loopholes in the access mechanism, difficulties in community operation, weak supervision, and blocking tenants’ rent-withdrawal, which can not be effectively solved, causing many discussions in the academic circle. The innovation of this paper is mainly reflected in the following three aspects: (1) summarize the unique operating difficulties of public rental houses in Chongqing; (2) analyze the development significance of co-ownership housing; (3) To explore the mode of transforming public rental housing into housing with shared property rights in response to the “simultaneous rental and purchase” system and effectively expand the scope of security. In general, this paper provides some suggestions for solving the housing difficulties of more “sandwich layer” people and promoting the sustainable development of housing security.

Qingqing Wang
Research on the Impact of Land Supply Structure on House Prices——Taking the New First-Tier Cities as an Example

Research purpose: Empirically analyze the impact on land supplies structure of housing prices with the new first-tier cities as the research object. Research method: Collect the statistical data onto 15 new first-tier cities from 2009 to 2018 to construct a panel data model, and use stata15 measurement software to perform regression analysis on the impact on land supplied structure of housing prices. Research results: The land supply structure does have an impact on the sales price of commercial housing. The empirical results show that for every 1% increase in the proportion of residential land supplies, house prices will drop by 0.163%; for every 1% increase in the proportion of industrial land supplies, house prices will increase by 0.126%; For every 1% increase in the supplies of land for infrastructure, house prices will rise by 0.03%. Research conclusions: In order to stabilize urban housing prices and achieve healthy and high-quality development of the real estate market, it is necessary to scientifically and reasonably determining the land supply ratio, formulate land supplied plans according to the real estate market conditions in different regions, optimize the land supply structure, adapt measures to local conditions, implement policies in accordance with the city, and realize the rational allocation of land resources. In response to the current imbalance of land supply, without affecting the market operation, increase the proportion of residential land supply, reduce the proportion of infrastructure and industrial land supply, promote the balance of supply and demand, and ensure effective market supply. In addition, housing prices is affected by multiple factors. While adjusting the proportion of land supplied, other factors must also be controlled, working together in many ways, to effectively intervene and regulate the real estate market.

Wen He, Botong Song
Analysis on the Housing Price Spatial Linkage Network of Cities in Sichuan Province Based on Gravity Model

As one of the important factors affecting the development of urban, housing price and its spatial correlation are the attention of the recent academy. Based on the housing prices data, population data, GDP and geographical distance data of twenty one cities and autonomous prefectures in Sichuan Province from January 2020 to December 2020, this paper establishes the modified gravity model and constructs the spatial linkage network of urban housing prices, using the kmeans clustering algorithm to explore the spatial connection of housing prices between different urbans. The results show that: (1) from the overall network structure, the integration of housing price special linkage network in Sichuan Province is still in a low stage, and most cities are at the margin of housing price spatial linkage network; (2) from the perspective of local network structure, Chengdu is at the center of the whole housing price association network. Deyang and Meishan have certain influence on housing price changes of Chengdu in a mutual way. (3) In the result of clustering analysis, the correlation degree of urban housing prices in Sichuan Province shows a clear imbalance, and the strong correlation circle only includes Chengdu, Deyang, and Meishan. In light of the above results, this paper proposes some suggestions for a healthy housing market development according to the housing price spatial linkage network.

Kehao Chen

Innovation of Construction Management Theory and Practice

Frontmatter
Investigating the Relationship Between Critical Success Factors

The scale of investment and construction of megaprojects has been increasing in the past decades, yet targeted research on the success of construction megaprojects is still a lack. In the Chinese context, an in-depth discussion of the causal relationship between critical success factors and megaproject success will help managers to manage megaprojects more systematically and effectively. Therefore, based on the previous research on key performance indicators for evaluating the success of construction megaprojects and the critical success factors, this paper investigated the relationship by testing the hypothesis between key performance indicators and critical success factors using PLS-SEM. The results show that only economic and organizational factors are positively associated with key performance indicators in the hypothesized model. Economic factors and organizational factors emerged as the main critical success factors influencing the success of construction megaprojects. The results of this article can enrich the knowledge system of the construction megaproject success and provide a theoretical basis for decision-makers to enhance related management of construction megaproject success.

Ting Wang, Qinghua He, Zidan Tian, Jin Li, Delei Yang
The Management Mechanism Design of Operational Monitoring and Risk Early Warning for Large-Scale Spoil Yard: Based on Integration of Beidou Navigation Satellite System and Big Data Technologies

In recent years, with the propose of balanced development goal among the eastern, central, and western regions in China, the Chinese government has carried out a series of transportation infrastructure projects in the complex terrain areas, such as the central and western regions. The infrastructure construction in the western mountainous areas would produce a large number of spoil, which is prone to landslides, posing threats to the lives and property safety of local residents, as well as the damage to the local vegetation and water pollution. In order to solve the situation efficiently, this paper would construct a framework of spoil yard operational monitoring and risk early warning system. Combined with national standards and relevant documents, indicators and corresponding standards are designed for the data acquisition system. Then, the author selects the sensors as data collection device for getting first-hand data and a transmission mechanism is built with Beidou satellite navigation and positioning system (BDS). Furthermore, the data processing system has adopted big data technology and hierarchical analysis. Additionally, this paper synthesizes the evaluation results based on weighted average principle and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, with the BP neural network algorithm applied to modify and optimize the prediction model. Based on above, WebGIS and 3D modeling techniques are used to exhibit the security status of the spoil yards. The contributions of this paper are mainly to propose the practical system which could accurately monitor the safety condition in real time and suit for early warning. It is beneficial for decision-makers to conduct post-disaster management, summarize the causes of risk accidents, and improve the management efficiency of subsequent spoil yards.

Ao Ma, Jie Lin, YuLong Li
Intelligent Decision Techniques for Construction Engineering Management Research: A Science Mapping Analysis and Future Trends

In the construction engineering management (CEM) domain, many intricate issues caused by the dynamic environment are time-critical, such as on-site risk perception and countermeasures selection, which greatly leads to difficulties in decision making. However, due to intelligent decision techniques (IDTs), such as artificial intelligence driven knowledge-based systems, the decision making process has been characterized by timeliness and intelligence. To investigate the status quo and emerging trends of the IDTs applied in the CEM research, this study reviews 157 relevant peer-reviewed journal articles published from 1990 to 2020, which were retrieved from the Web of Science database. The bibliometric and scientometric analysis, including trends identification in publications, keyword co-occurrence analysis, keyword burst detection, and keyword cluster analysis were conducted, followed by a further discussion with respect to the techniques adopted and their potential application areas in the CEM domain. The research hotspots, current challenges of applying IDTs in the CEM domain, and future research trends were discussed. The findings and recommendations of this study extend the potential use of the IDTs and offer insights to relevant researchers and practitioners in CEM domain.

Chuan Yang, Lirong Quan, Longhui Liao
Design for Excellence in Architecture, Engineering, and Construction: A Multi-stakeholder Model

To hold a prodigious opportunity of architectural design and prevent various challenges in the downstream processes, many concepts under the umbrella of Design for Excellence (DfX) have been emerged, such as Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA), Design for Logistics (DfL), Design for Construction Waste Minimization (DfCWM), and Design for Deconstruction (DfD). Although they must be scrutinized and included in one design proposal, they are presently proposed in various resources without an integrated strategy. This research therefore aims to amalgamate prevailing notions and generate the DfX model to assist professional practice. By literature review, coding analysis, and aligning with the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Plan of Work, the multi-stakeholder model for DfX with 20 guidelines and detailed explanations is created. To accomplish all desirable attributes, DfX encourages 1) interdisciplinary knowledge expansion and management, 2) adopting design standardization, simplification, modularization, and other techniques, 3) coordination among parties to optimize a design proposal, 4) careful material specifications and detail design, and 5) documentation. The findings indicate a change in stakeholders’ responsibilities and design methodologies, but this should be further empirically investigated. Future research is recommended to fine-tune the proposed model, and study the implementation of DfX in real-world settings.

Vikrom Laovisutthichai, Weisheng Lu, Stephen Siu Yu Lau
Smart Contract: Is it Really Smart in Construction?

A smart contract is a protocol that can self-execute when predefined conditions are met. This new technology is considered destructive and can transfer the construction industry. In Blockchain 2.0, the combined use of blockchain and smart contracts allows users to express business logic to achieve more advanced transactions. This research aims to critically analyze the challenges, progresses, and benefits of smart contracts in construction through a systematic literature review to address whether it is smart. The findings suggested that numerous progress had been made to address the challenges of smart contracts. Besides, the benefits of smart contracts have attracted the construction industry. The research findings can open the avenue for researchers and construction practitioners to understand the impacts of the salient features of smart contracts and determine appropriate application areas.

Liupengfei Wu, Weisheng Lu, Rui Zhao, Fan Xue
BBN-Based Approach for Identifying the Governance Factors of Megaprojects

The governance factors explored in previous studies are static, sticking to fixed scenes and factors. In the context of the increasingly complex environment of contemporary megaprojects, the results of static research show inadaptability, failing to accurately grasp the key factors of governance. This research proposes an approach to identify the factors affecting the governance of megaprojects in China based on the Bayesian belief network (BBN). Firstly, the governance factors of megaprojects are determined based on the literature review including a total of 33 factors. Secondly, the BBN-based model of megaprojects is constructed in line with 235 samples effectively collected. Finally, further analysis is conducted on the basis of the obtained model, including predictive, diagnostic, sensitivity, and influence chain analysis. The results indicate that cultural development and government decisions should be placed with more attention in the practices of megaprojects. The research contributes to (a) the state of knowledge by exploring the dynamic causal relationship of influencing factors and (b) the state of practice by proposing a megaprojects governance model by combining machine learning and expert advice.

Lan Luo, Fenghao Gu, Yue Yang, Qiushi Bo
A Review of Smart Healthcare System Re-construction in the Post-epidemic Era: Conceptual Framework and Challenges

The traditional facilities and practice protocols of healthcare system face significant challenges to meet the needs of an aging population, increased patients with chronic diseases and emergency responses. The outbreak of COVID-19 makes the need for the greater efficiency and responsiveness of healthcare more urgent. It is believed that the transformation toward smart healthcare system changes the healthcare system in an all-round way and provides more efficient, convenient, and personalized service. However, few articles systematically probed into the current status and mechanism of smart healthcare system. This article thus aims to identify the functions and conceptual framework of smart healthcare system, and explore the challenges of reconstructing healthcare system. This article reviewed a total of 2813 articles on smart healthcare system from Web of Science (WOS). Firstly, this article examined the status quo of research development on the smart healthcare system, and established the network of co-occurring keywords using VOSviewer. Secondly, this article established the conceptual framework of smart healthcare system, which includes three major aspects, i.e. smart facility management (FM), organizational management (OM) and medical system (MS). Thirdly, this article identified the five groups of challenges in the smart healthcare system reconstruction. The findings of this article provide a systems framework and reference for the reconstruction of smart healthcare system. It is also believed that the research outcome would help medical institutions better prepared for future emergency events and pandemics.

Xiaojing Zhao, Beibei Ge
System Dynamics-Based Identification of Mechanical Factors for Metro Construction Schedule Management

The scale of rail transit has been increasing recently, which lead to demanding requirements the management level for metro projects. To effectively control the construction schedule of the metro shield project, system dynamics is an effective method of dynamic control, so it was introduced to this article. This paper proposes to study the influence level of various factors on the construction schedule. Firstly, constructing various subsystems includes the shield launching, the shield tunneling and segment assembly subsystems. Secondly, a total system dynamics model can be established based on the relationship between the various subsystems. Finally, the shield machinery influence factors functions are obtained by questionnaire survey and the analytic hierarchy process method (AHP), and the functions are input into the system dynamics model to simulate the construction schedule. The results show that the metro construction model has a high fit with the actual construction operation, which can effectively reflect the actual schedule of metro construction. Through the forecast of the construction schedule, the project manager can obtain decision-making reference and comprehensively understand the project progress.

Can Yin, Yi Tan
Study Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Finance System of the Construction Industrialization

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the construction industrialization supply chain are facing a huge financial gap, limited financing sources, and high costs. Blockchain technology is seen as the solution to the problems faced by SMEs in the construction industrialization supply chain as it reduces financing costs and improves efficiency. To explore the influencing factors on the behavior of each participant in construction industrialization supply chain finance, this study establishes a multi-agent model in accordance with the blockchain-based supply chain finance system of construction industrialization. This study first analyzes four subjects of the construction supply chain finance system: general contractors, financial institutions, logistics companies, and material suppliers, and the factors that influence the decision-making of construction supply chain finance subjects: policy support, competitive pressure, perceived benefits, and perceived costs, and system structure. It also designs decision rules based on prospect theory and simulates the model using Netlogo, and the results provide a basis for promoting the application of blockchain in supply chain finance and solving the financing problem of industrialization of construction.

Yuanxin Zhang, Liujun Xu, Zaijing Gong, Yueren Wang, Zeyu Wang
Knowledge Graph-Based Construction Accidents Detection and Hazard Correction System

The domain essential elements, historical data, and other project information of construction safety are scattered and mixed. A terrific amount of dangerous factors affect the safety of construction site personnel. Recently computer vision technology and knowledge management methods have made significant progress in reducing and preventing construction safety accidents. But there is still a lack of effective correction mechanism between construction site information and safety knowledge. This paper established an intelligent hazard correction system of construction safety knowledge based on a knowledge graph (KG). First, we extracted various information on construction safety and established a KG. Then, we can achieve timely feedback of safety-relevant and civilized operation precautions with real-time monitoring of the construction process. Finally, this research uses a case to illustrate the operability of this system. The intelligent correction system we have established includes (1) Construction safety KG; (2) Information recognition and; (3) Correction system. The smart correction system of construction safety knowledge proposed in this paper improves the construction site safety environment and expands the research in construction safety.

Wanyu Shen, Yujie Lu, Na Wang
Intelligent Construction Assessment for Construction Projects: Toward an Evaluation Framework

Intelligent construction plays an important role in the transformation of the construction industry. It has greatly improved the productivity and quality of construction with the application of information technology and artificial intelligence. However, the developing level and evolving path of intelligent construction are unclear without the evaluation method of intelligent construction. Based on a systematic literature review and field research on intelligent construction projects, this paper establishes a hierarchical evaluation framework for intelligent construction projects. This framework evaluates the intelligent construction projects from 4 construction stages by 11 indicators. And the development of intelligent construction in project is divided to 5 levels, including initial level, mechanical level, informationized level, intelligent level, and smart level. The assessment of intelligent construction projects aims to help government grasp the intelligence level of construction from the macro level and promote the development of intelligent construction effectively.

Hui Gao, Yujie Lu, Huicang Wu

Land Use and Transportation

Frontmatter
A Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis for Land Use Change in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

The rise of the megalopolis has become a crucial force in urbanization throughout the world. Its land-use change has become a central factor that will affect the benign development of the megalopolis. This paper conducts a spatial autocorrelation analysis to study the spatial dependence and heterogeneity of the land use/land cover change in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) of China from 1990 to 2018. It also proposes the land spatial development strategy combined with the results of empirical analysis. The findings include: 1) From 1990 to 2018, Moran's I values for agricultural land, forest land, and construction land were all range from 0.078 to 0.32. The spatial autocorrelation of forest land has been decreased since 1990, but the spatial autocorrelation of construction land and agricultural land showed a slight rebound trend in 2010, although it has been gradually decreasing since 1990. 2) Land use in the GBA region shows a High-Low agglomeration phenomenon, of which Shenzhen has been in a High-Low correlation from 1990 to 2010, while the High-Low correlation is no longer shown after 2010. 3) The areas presenting High-Low correlations between construction land and agricultural land or forest land are mainly located in regions with rapid economic development, such as Shenzhen. Low-Low areas are mainly concentrated in economically developed regions such as Macau and Hong Kong.

Xiao Tang, Clyde Zhengdao Li, Lin Jiang, Xulu Lai, Limei Zhang
Elasticity of Substitution Between Capital and Land in Housing Market, the Case of Xi’an, China

The substitution of capital and land affects urban development to a great extent, which plays an important role in shaping urban morphology. The elasticity of substitution between them also reflects the maturity of the real estate market. Studies on this aspect need to be abundant, especially at the city level in China, so that the work is motivated to estimate the elasticity of capital-land substitution with Xi’an, a rapidly urbanized city showing an active housing market. Based on the housing production functions this paper constructs the model of constant elasticity of substitution (CES) and makes an empirical study using the residential land transaction data along with the corresponding data of the housing market of Xi’an in 2018. The result suggests that the elasticity of substitution between capital and land obtained by CES is 0.6611, which implies that the land market is active and the intensive use of land in the Xi’an is also on a relatively high level. In addition, this paper discusses the spatial variation of elasticity of capital-land substitution and finds that this metric in Xi’an is generally high in the city center and low in the surrounding areas. The findings of this paper have practical significance for urban spatial planning and providing reference in formulating housing market policy.

Chengjie Zhang, Sheng Zheng, Yuzhe Wu
Resilience Evaluation of Transportation Infrastructures Based on Simulations: A Case Study of Fozuling Metro Station in China

Due to the low price of living and convenient commuting, a large number of working people choose to live at the end of a metro line. The morning and evening rush hours formed by daily commuting have brought heavy pressure to the initial-terminal stations, which has largely been ignored by previous research on transportation resilience. Using Anylogic simulation software, this study simulates the operation of an initial-terminal station in one of the most important metro lines in Wuhan and evaluates its operation status by proposing a new resilience index. The index was derived by analyzing the relationships between the number of passengers boarding the metro, as well as entering and leaving the station. This paper simulates the dynamic resilience level of the station over a workday under two scenarios, namely the normal operating scenario of equipment as R1, and the optimized scenario of equipment as R2. The results show that during the morning and evening peak, the station has a lower resilience level compared to the resilience level during other time periods, and the passing speed of the security checkpoint is a key factor influencing the overall resilience level through the metro station. This study contributes to the knowledge system of resilience by developing and dispersing an evaluation index of transportation infrastructure resilience which is simple and easy to use.; selecting a case and the passenger flow data in a station is used to test the index; using quantitative simulation instead of the widely used approaches such as questionnaire, interview; performing a dynamic evaluation of resilience from 08:00 to 20:00; and providing calculation and evaluation tools for finding the optimal strategy to improve resilience. This study provides a reference for the planning and design of metro stations, especially the setting of the equipment in a metro station and the design of the initial terminal's operation plan to cope with the peak passenger flows.

Xinya Peng, Ruidong Chang
Research on the Effect of Land Transfer Mode on Land Price in Changsha

In recent years, Chinese land prices have maintained a rising trend, the central government has repeatedly emphasized that we must not forget that “houses are for living in, not for speculation”, and we also stabilize land and housing prices as well as market expectations. Different land transfer modes have been implemented to strengthen the management of land supply plans, such as “limited housing price and competitive land price”, “limited land price, competitive policy housing area”, “limited housing and land price” and so on. In the process of real estate market regulation, experts and scholars have always focused on the relationship between land transfer mode and land price. First of all, this paper systematically discusses and sorts out the land transfer mode and land price-related theory as the theoretical basis for empirical analysis. Then I expound on the evolution of the land transfer modes in recent years. On this basis, taking Changsha as an example, the land transfer modes like “limit housing prices, competitive land prices” and “limit land and housing prices” have a role to play in policy effect. And this paper explores whether Changsha’s land transfer modes can effectively restrain the trend of the land rising price. Through the establishment of a Hedonic model and multi-regression analysis, it was found that Changsha can effectively curb the rising land prices by combining single-limit and double-limit land transfer policies. This shows that the stricter the land transfer mode, the greater the impact on the price of land. And finally, the corresponding proposals and measures were put forward to formulate more reasonable measures for other local governments.

Haihua Wu, Botong Song
Research on Operational Efficiency of Urban Rail Transit in China by Super-SBM Model

An urban rail transit (URT) operational efficiency evaluation index system with undesired output was constructed in this study. The Super-SBM model is used to analyze the URT operational efficiency of 22 cities in China from 2015 to 2019 horizontally and vertically. The results in this study indicated that the overall operational efficiency of China's URT is improving year by year. However, each year only a few cities can achieve DEA efficiency, and the efficiency of URT systems varies greatly. The operational efficiency of Guangzhou, Beijing, Nanjing, and Shanghai has reached DEA effectiveness every year. The URT operational efficiency of 13 cities, including Qingdao, Changchun, Dalian, Suzhou, is less than 1 per year, and DEA is ineffective all the year-round. These cities which the operational efficiency of URT has been DEA effectiveness during these five years. Sort out the pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency calculated by the super-SBM model and construct the “pure technical efficiency-scale efficiency” matrix. It found that scale efficiency is the main reason for lowering the operational efficiency of URT, and most cities are in Group II and Group III. The URT of these cities is either unable to keep up with technological progress or a waste of resources and diseconomies of scale.

Fengyan Wu, Liudan Jiao, Yu Zhang, Ya Wu
Verify the Interactive Coercing Relationship Between Rail Transit and Bus

It is of great significance to promote the coordinated development and collaborative operation of regular bus and rail transit so as to improve the operational efficiency of urban public transport system for the sustainable development of urban traffic. Based on the theory of interaction coercion between urbanization level and eco-environment, this paper constructs the theoretical model of interaction coercion between rail transit and ground bus, and takes 10 cities that have opened operational rail transit in China in 2009 as the study sample, collects 10 cities from 2010 to 2019, including Wuhan, Tianjin, Dalian, Changchun, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Nanjing and Chongqing. Based on the annual passenger flow data of regular bus and rail transit, this paper studies the variation of passenger flow between rail transit and regular bus to verify the possibility of interaction coercion between rail transit and regular bus. The results show that there is an interactive coercive relationship between urban rail transit and regular bus, and the evolution path conforms to the biexponential function. The development of urban rail transit shows a significant coercive effect on regular bus, while the development of regular bus shows a significant constraint on rail transit.

Luo Fenglian, Liudan Jiao, Ya Wu, Yu Zhang
Analysis of the Influencing Factors of Urban Rail Transit Discounts Before Morning Peak Hours from the Perspective of Residents

The time-sharing pricing strategy can effectively alleviate the congestion problem of urban rail transit. There have been many studies on price increases during peak hours and price reductions during off-peak hours. Some scholars have also suggested that adopting preferential fare policies before peak hours can effectively disperse passenger flow. From residents’ perspective, this article explores the influencing factors of urban rail transit discounted fares before the morning peak. Collect Chongqing residents’ characteristics, travel characteristics, and willingness to travel early through questionnaire surveys, perform descriptive statistics on the data collected by the questionnaire, analyze the relationship between influencing factors, and establish logit of whether residents are willing to travel early during the morning peak fare discount period Model to analyze the factors that affect the probability of residents travelling early. The results show that the travel time period is the main factor that affects whether residents are willing to travel in advance. The later the travel time period is, the less willing the residents to travel in advance.

Qiudie Luo, Liudan Jiao, Xiangnan Song, Yu Zhang
Research on Residents’ Choice Behavior of Public Transport Travel Mode During the Post-epidemic Period

COVID-19 has caused substantial negative impacts on transportation. In order to analyze the impact of residents’ choice of public transport mode during the post epidemic period, this paper uses the two binary logit model to calibrate the model parameters with SPSS software to study the impact of residents’ attributes, travel attributes, and risk perception attributes on the residents’ travel behavior. The research results show that: residents analyze public health emergencies according to their education level and make decisions based on their comprehensive family income level, the higher the income level, the more willing to travel by rail transit; With the increase in travel frequency, residents are more inclined to travel by bus, while with the increase of travel time, residents will be more inclined to travel by rail transit; The risk level of the epidemic has no significant impact on residents’ public transport travel, while residents’ understanding of the epidemic and travel susceptibility have a significant impact on public transport travel.

Lian Tang, Liudan Jiao, Xiaosen Huo, Yu Zhang
Efficiency and Optimal Allocation of Industrial Land Use in Urban Agglomerations

Regarding economic construction as the most centralized view is the key to rejuvenate a country, and the anchor point of promoting development should be shifted to focus on improving quality and efficiency. Therefore, studying and solving the extensive and inefficient problems in urban industrial land utilization has important practical significance. From the perspective of promoting the economic high-quality and high-efficiency development of urban agglomerations in urban agglomerations, this article is aimed to build a theoretical model for efficiently measuring and optimizing the use of industrial land in urban agglomerations, conduct diagnoses on its present situation, optimize the allocation, as well as propose further suggestions for optimizing the allocation of urban industrial land.

Fan Yang, Clyde Zhengdao Li, Bing Xiao, Vivian W. Y. Tam
Research on Integrated Management of Urban Rail Transit Project Based on Digital Twin

The use of information technology has become an important direction of the development of China’s construction industry. Among them, in order to solve the problems existing in the traditional urban rail transit construction technology, such as outdated management mode, poor data integration and complex project decision information, etc. This paper uses digital twin technology to design a digital twin system architecture and build a digital twin environment. Taking Shenzhen Metro Line 14 as an example, the digital twin environment of data fusion of BIM, GIS, geographic geology and tilt photography of Shenzhen Metro Line 14 is constructed by using the technologies of model lightweight, coordinate transformation, multi-source heterogeneous data fusion and integration. It realizes the integrated application of spatial analysis, visual construction simulation and engineering construction monitoring, complete the management and control system of this rail transit project, and improves the level of project management. It reduces the safety hidden dangers and disadvantages brought by the traditional construction method and achieves the information, visualization and intelligent management of urban rail transit project construction.

Dongyi Li, Jiayuan Wang, Kunyang Chen
Analysis of Subway Station Setting Based on Passenger Flow Attraction Model

In recent years, many cities in China have vigorously promoted the subway construction, which has eased the city’s traffic pressure and promoted the development of the regional economy. However, after constructing subway in some cities, the intensity of passenger flow has not reached the expected level. The inefficiency of subway operations makes local governments pay more for subway project subsidies. Therefore, on the basis of the distance attenuation theory of passenger flow, this paper used a web crawler to obtain the data of the surrounding houses of the subway line, constructed the subway passenger flow attractiveness (SPFA) model, and reasonably evaluated the passenger flow attractiveness of the subway line. Then, the model was used to compare and evaluate the SPFA of Tianjin, Beijing, and Shanghai and analyze the reasons for the low passenger flow intensity of the Tianjin subway. The results show that the SPFA of Line 1, 2, and 3 in Tianjin is not very different from that of similar subway lines in Beijing and Shanghai, but the daily SPFA of Circle Line 6 is 90% different from that of Beijing and Shanghai; at the same time, the gap of SPFA calculated by the model is also very large, because it avoids dense residential areas in the station setting, and the density of residents close to the station is low. It is recommended that the government should take this issue into account in subsequent subway planning and reduce the phenomenon of setting subway stations in remote areas.

Meng-Nan Li, Xueqing Wang, Ru-Xi Ding, Jin-Tao Cai
Coupling of Operational Risks of Urban Rail Transit Based on N-K Model

In recent years, the construction of urban rail transit plays an important role in alleviating the problem of urban traffic congestion and facilitating the public transportation. However, various factors promote the coupling of operational risk. In this paper, the research on the coupling of operational risks of urban rail transit was conducted. 114 operation accidents of rail transit system at home and abroad were analyzed, and the main risk factors were summarized as human, equipment, nature, and management. Based on the N-K model, the probability and risk value of single factor coupling, two factors coupling, and multi-factor coupling were calculated. The aim of this study is to obtain the influencing degree for the rail transit system operation of various factors and the coupling of operational risks.

Xu Hui, Liao Huiming, Yue Jingchuan, Tan Yongtao
On Optimization of Industrial Land Transfer Procedure: A Case Study of the Standard Land in Deqing of China

At present, the long time for approval of the transfer of industrial land, low allocation efficiency and serious waste of land resources are still very serious, restricting the high-quality development of my country’s economy. This paper adopts a single-case research method, based on the analysis of the specific practices of the optimization and innovative application of industrial land procedures in the Deqing “standard land” reform, summarizes the optimization procedures for industrial land transfer, and finally draws the following conclusions: (1) Improving the market-based allocation of factors is an inevitable trend and effective choice for improving the efficiency of resource allocation; (2) Improving the construction of the system is an effective legal guarantee for the transfer of industrial land; (3) The coordinated work mechanism of various government departments and the formulation of standards and indicators before transfer are Land transfer provides standardized guidance; (4) Optimizing the approval process and shortening the approval time will increase corporate satisfaction and create a good business environment for the company; (5) The whole process supervision and joint reward and punishment mechanism ensure the effective implementation of relevant regulations, which is a reform Provide guarantee for the continuity of the process. It is hoped that the research in this article can provide some useful enlightenment for solving the dilemma of industrial land transfer.

Huiqiong Zhu, Haijun Bao, Yuzhe Wu

New Construction Technology and Application

Frontmatter
Performance of Prefabricated Construction: A Critical Review From 2010 to 2020

Prefabricated construction (PC) is a sustainable method that uses prefabrication manufactured in specialized facilities to be transported and assembled site, reducing manifold ill performance in the conventional construction. Because of its good performance, the PC method has been popularized and used in many countries such as China, United States, Singapore. Scholars over the world have begun to pay attention to prefabricated construction. Although some scholars have reviewed the PC, with the development of the economy and technology, PC is also constantly changing. Therefore, a critical review is needed to analyze PC from the perspective of performance. The performance perspective considered in this paper is discussed in terms of sustainability and performance in project, cost, quality, and schedule. This research objectives are to 1) determine the major countries and institutions in PC domain; 2) exploring the gaps in the performance of PC (PPC); and 3) summarize the previous research, examine the current research situation, and predict future research trends on PPC. Therefore, this study collected research journal papers related to PPC from 2010 to 2020 as literature samples and adopted bibliometrics analysis methods to conduct quantitative and qualitative analysis. In the process of quantitative analysis, VOSviewer is used to make and analyze the scientific map. The qualitative analysis is discussed under two topics (sustainability and quality, schedule, and cost). This study is valuable for scholars to understand of the PPC research and allows them to continue further research in this domain.

Shanyang Li, Clyde Zhengdao Li, Meiqin Xiong, Yu Zhen, Zhenchao Guo
A Review of Application of Sensing Technology in Structural Health Monitoring for Civil Infrastructure

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is the process of detecting structural damage in engineering structures. The aim of SHM is to improve the safety and reliability of civil infrastructure such as buildings, roads, bridges and other transport networks. In recent years, sensing technologies have been widely applied in the field of SHM of civil infrastructure. However, a critical review on the research development of sensing technologies applied in civil infrastructure is limited. As a supplement to this field, this research collected relevant literatures in database from 2011 to 2021. Bibliometric analysis was adopted for identifying the journal sources, institutions and articles that have been fruitful and influential in this research, and keywords analysis was proposed to determine the types of sensing technologies which are widely used in this domain. The sensing technologies involved in this research mainly include wireless sensor networks (WSN), fibre optics sensing (FOS), computer vision (CV). A critical analysis of the identified technologies is conducted in accordance with their characteristics and applications, including current application status and limitations of sensing technology. Finally, this study provides a comprehensive framework combined with current research fields and future potential research trends based on the analytical review.

Zhenchao Guo, Clyde Zhengdao Li, Dong Su, Yu Zhen, Meiqin Xiong, Shanyang Li
A Critical Review of Interaction Design Between Smart Home Devices and the Elderly

Smart home technologies are increasingly mature, which can achieve multiple functions such as real-time health monitoring, household device management, and hazardous events detection based on smart home systems. Smart home systems can provide the elderly in the aging society with promising solutions to maintain independence and quality of life. However, a comprehensive review of the interaction design between smart home devices and the elderly appears to be unavailable. This study aims to address this gap by systematically reviewing 107 relevant peer-reviewed journal papers published from 2000 to 2021. These papers were analyzed in terms of contributing journals and institutions, citations, keyword co-occurrence, keyword burst detection, and keyword term cluster using a scientometric approach. Results and discussion of this study uncover potential means of human-machine interaction design between smart home devices and the elderly and identify research trends for academics and practitioners in their future research and practice.

Yifei Liang, Lirong Quan, Chuan Yang, Longhui Liao
Critical Indicators for Evaluating the Sustainability of Recycled Aggregated Concrete Industry: An Analysis from Stakeholders’ Perspective

Construction and demolition (C&D) waste recycling is crucial in dealing with huge and increasing amounts of solid waste. The collected C&D waste can be used to produce recycled aggregated concrete (RAC) and other recycled products, thus promoting sustainable development within the construction industry. Previous researches on recycled aggregated concrete were mainly focused on technical aspects, such as manufacturing techniques, potential amount of C&D waste, and application of recycled aggregated concrete. However, only a few researches have evaluated the influence of the RAC industry and considered the evaluation of the sustainability of the RAC industry from the perspective of stakeholders. On this basis, this study proposes a new strategy for evaluating the sustainability of the recycled aggregated concrete industry based on insights obtained from various stakeholders involved in this industry. The initial indicators from economic, social, and environmental aspects that have influence on the sustainability of the recycled concrete industry are first identified through literature review and interviews with related stakeholders. The social network analysis (SNA) method is adopted to evaluate the sustainability of the recycled concrete industry and the critical indicators are identified while taking into consideration the perceptions of various stakeholders involved in the industry. Overall, this study provides a framework for analyzing and evaluating critical indicators for the sustainability of the recycled aggregated concrete industry from the perspective of stakeholders.

Kelin Li, Clyde Zhengdao Li, Bing Xiao, Vivian W. Y. Tam
An Overview of Existing Application of Recycled Concrete in China

As China is one of the largest producers of construction and demolition (C&D) waste, it is of great importance to recycle this waste. C&D waste has great recycling possibilities and could be reproduced into recycled aggregate which could be used as a substitution of virgin aggregate in concrete. Developing a strong market is an indispensable foundation to increase acceptable level and to the use of recycled materials from C&D waste. However, a large amount of time and efforts needs to be consumed to formulate a continuous and trustworthy market. Therefore, it is of great importance to investigate current application of recycled concrete in China. This study conducts literature review to obtain an overall understanding of existing application of recycled concrete in China, including composition of C&D waste, performance of recycled aggregate and concrete, and relevant policies. It is found that the current laws and policies released at a national level in China are shown to be ambiguous and not detailed enough to efficiently guide the C&D waste management at a regional level. Although the use of recycled aggregate as a substitution of virgin aggregate in concrete has gained increased attention, it is not widely accepted in construction industry, because of inferior performance. The use of recycled aggregate in China has been limited to road construction and production of non-structural concrete. The results are expected to help stimulate the market of recycled concrete and formulate appropriate waste management in China.

Mingxue Ma, Vivian W. Y. Tam, Khoa N. Le, Robert Osei-Kyei
Cost and Carbon Emission Savings of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Made in Australia: A Case Study

Virgin concrete as the most common used construction material, leads to many adverse environmental issues which are urgent to be solved. Altering the virgin aggregate to the recycled ones produced from construction and demolition (C&D) waste is a promising way to mitigate the negative impacts of virgin concrete. Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) benefits to recycle and reuse C&D waste, preserve raw materials, and lower the construction cost, while carbonation technology is introduced to enhance the mechanical performance of RAC. One kind of RAC product implementing carbonated RA into the mix design is named CO2 Concrete, which has been examined to be very comparable with virgin concrete in mechanical properties. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the cost and the carbon emission savings of RAC through a case study of CO2 Concrete, addressing its 28 days compressive strength. It indicates that CO2 Concrete has a great potential to be applied in practice as the mechanical, economic and environmental performances of some could surpass those of virgin concrete for the same mix design. The utilizations of carbonated RA, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and chemical additives all contribute to overall better performance of RAC in terms of compressive strength, cost and carbon emission.

Weiqi Xing, Vivian W. Y. Tam, Khoa N. Le, Jian Li Hao
A Study on Protocols of Cross-Chain Data Synchronization for Permission Blockchain for Construction Management

The construction industry is encountering management issues, such as low efficiency, inadequate regulation and enforcement, absence of good coordination and knowledge sharing, and ineffective billing practices. Blockchain is also gaining momentum as a part of the digital transformation in the construction area and response to various challenges. Since various blockchain implementations have different specifications for distributed ledger functionality (e.g., high throughput, scalability), blockchains currently function as independent knowledge islands that cannot access external data or conduct transactions on their own. Such information silos must be bridged to create more stable blockchain applications. This research investigates data synchronization protocols for cross-chain technologies in construction blockchain. It screens the most suitable blockchain frameworks for use in the construction industry to establish a consistent approach to support their application in construction blockchain. Finally, a cross-chain data interaction protocol for blockchain-based supply chain and IFC chain construction is proposed.

Rui Zhao, Liupengfei Wu, Zhe Chen, Maohong Tang, Weisheng Lu, Fan Xue
A Review of Optimization Algorithms Applied to Prefabricated Building Construction

Prefabricated buildings have the characteristics of high work efficiency, high economic benefits, good safety, low resource consumption, energy saving and environmental protection, and their development has brought great progress to the construction of industrial buildings in my country. However, during the construction process, there are some problems, such as the chaotic production process and the time-consuming transportation process, which need to be better solved. Facing these problems, many scholars have adopted a variety of optimization algorithms to solve them. The purpose of this research is to analyze the application of the current optimization algorithm in the prefabricated building construction stage and summarize its application defects. Based on a detailed analysis of the existing literature, this paper comprehensively reviews the application of optimization algorithms in the production of prefabricated components, the transportation of prefabricated components, and the on-site installation of prefabricated components. On the basis of analysis and review, this article summarizes the inaccurate calculation results of the optimization algorithm in the field of prefabricated building construction, and the calculation time is too long, and provides relevant suggestions for future potential research.

Xiao Gao, Jiayuan Wang
A GIS - Based Location Selection Method for Prefabricated Component Factory

With the promotion of prefabricated buildings in our country, the number of prefabricated buildings and prefabricated component factories has increased year by year, and some areas have appeared the phenomenon of overcapacity or short supply. In order to avoid the huge losses caused by the above situation, based on the general product demand forecast, combined with literature review and research, this study will use GIS technology to conduct spatial analysis from the market, transportation and cost factors, and obtain the best centralized demand point through buffer analysis and weighted overlay analysis, then predict the demand of the demand point. Based on the determination process of prefabricated component demand point in the main urban area of Xining city, the demand area of prefabricated components is centralized to make the demand area more accurate. The results show that the method has high accuracy and good applicability, which can provide help and reference for the location decision of prefabricated plant in this area.

Yang Sun, Zhiqi Gong
A Eulerian Video Magnification Based Structural Damage Identification Method for Scaffold

Scaffolds are temporary structure with many safety hazards in the construction site. Vibration information of scaffold can reflect its health state. Traditional vibration measurement methods are measured by contact sensors, which have the disadvantages of complicated operation, high cost and low efficiency. This paper proposes a structural damage identification method for scaffold based on phased-based Eulerian video magnification algorithm. The digital image of scaffold vibration collected by digital camera is firstly processed by phased-based Eulerian video magnification to acquire motion-magnified image sequence in the particular frequency bands. Then, canny edge detector is used to identify the edges in the image sequence and eliminate the noise resulted from the magnification. The edges in the image sequence are utilized to acquire time-history data of scaffold displacement based on the geometry centroid, from which we can obtain resonant frequencies after Fourier transformation and finally identify the damage states. The applicability of the proposed method is discussed in the context of the frame scaffold experiments with 10 kinds of damage states. By comparing the results between camera measurement and accelerometer measurement, the proposed method has satisfactory performance with average error of 0.95%.

Zhen-yu Liang, Hao-long Chen, Jia-hao Hua, Yi-chuan Deng
Latent Dirichlet Allocation-Based Approach for Automatically Mapping Components to Tasks in Modular Construction

A large portion of cross-knowledge domain tasks have interdependent relationships with varied components in modular construction (MC). The MC components serve as the critical resources to support the task planning and execution for generating excellent MC products and services. Meanwhile, dynamic changes of tasks may adversely affect the design, procurement, and assembly of components. Furthermore, manually mapping components to tasks will be time-consuming and prevent forming effective work packages to achieve collaborative working. Thus, this study aims to develop an approach for automatically connecting components with tasks, which helps workers efficiently know the relationships between tasks and components. To this end, the latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) approach is customized to this task-component mapping scenario. Moreover, compared with other leading unsupervised clustering techniques, e.g., K-means, the customized LDA demonstrated better performance on accuracy and efficiency for task-component mapping, and it can pave the way for effective work package formation in MC.

Xiao Li, Chengke Wu, Weisheng Lu, Fan Xue
Application of Terrestrial Laser Scanning in Inspection of Indoor Wall Surface Flatness

With the advantage of efficiently obtaining high-precision data, Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) has been increasingly applied in indoor wall measurement. However, the current quantity approach still depends on manual manipulation, and the existing use of TLS technology to assist wall flatness measurement also has limitations, which result in its inability to be fully utilized. Therefore, this study proposed a new method of wall flatness measurement that combines the advantages of TLS technology, which allows high-precision data collection, and the point cloud processing, which enables fast and efficient calculations. The proposed method also developed an algorithm that automatically removes noise inside the room and generates a wall distance deviation cloud map that can fully visualize the wall flatness information. To illustrate the proposed method, the flatness of typical building walls is tested and compared with the data manually measured by experienced workers. The comparison shows that the proposed method can efficiently measure the flatness of indoor wall with high accuracy.

Shuaishuai Jin, Ting Deng, Dongdong Tang, Limei Chen, Yi Tan
Analysis of Influencing Factors of Prefabricated Building in Rural Areas Based on SEM

China is now vigorously promoting prefabricated buildings, for farmers, prefabricated building can make people spend less money to live in higher quality housing. The application, promotion and popularization of rural prefabricated housing is of great significance for improving the living life of villagers. It is also an important work content of beautiful rural construction and new urbanization construction. It is the main development direction of rural housing construction. However, due to various obstacle factors, there are difficulties in the promotion process of rural areas. To enhance the promotion of prefabricated building in rural areas, this paper takes the influencing factors in the process of promotion as the research object, and constructs four latent variables and their explicit indicators: market factors, technological development, government policies, and human cognition. A questionnaire is set up to collect data. Then, the SEM model is established to explore the factors influencing the promotion of prefabricated building in rural areas. The results show that the impact of the four major factors is similar, and their importance is ranked as follows: technology development > market factors > government policies > human cognition. This research can be provide a reference for the implementation of decision-making in the promotion of prefabricated buildings in rural areas.

Yingbo Ji, Mengyuan Cheng, Fuyi Yao
Research on Promotion Strategy of Assembly Decoration in China Based on Evolutionary Game Theory

The development of assembly decoration can promote the transformation and upgrading of the decoration industry, and contribute to China’s response to environmental degradation, which is the new direction of the development of the decoration industry. Promoting the development of assembly decoration depends on the collaborative participation of stakeholders. By constructing an evolutionary game model among government, supplier, and consumer, this paper analyzes the evolutionary stability of each participant’s strategy choice, discusses the influence of each factor on the tripartite strategy choice, and further analyzes the stability of the equilibrium point in the tripartite game system. The results show that: 1) the additional utility of assembly decoration is an effective way to enhance consumers’ acceptance of green consumption and promote the government to make incentive strategies. 2) When consumers are willing to pay for the assembly decoration and increase the additional income of suppliers, it will not only promote the transformation of suppliers but also reverse stimulate the government to stimulate the development of the assembly industry. 3) when the government increases the subsidies to consumers, thus reducing the burden of consumers’ green consumption, it can increase consumers’ green consumption willingness, and then promote the development of the whole industry. Finally, MATLAB2019a is used for simulation analysis, and countermeasures and suggestions are put forward to promote the assembly decoration.

Xin Wen, Yingbo Ji, Fuyi Yao
Non-intrusive Indoor Occupancy Detection Methods Based on Machine Learning Techniques

The Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems in public buildings typically operate on fixed schedules without considering changes in actual indoor occupancy. Significant energy savings can be achieved by adaptively adjusting HVAC operating conditions to meet indoor cooling demands. Obtaining indoor occupancy through conventional devices, such as video cameras and personal bracelets, may impose negative impacts on human privacy. To address such challenge, this study proposes a non-intrusive method to accurately predict indoor occupancy using environmental data and machine learning techniques. Two-month experiment has been designed to obtain high-frequency data on environmental conditions and indoor occupancy of a conference room. A variety of environmental data, including temperature, relative humidity, CO2 concentration, light intensity and noise level, have been collected and used as modeling inputs. Four state-of-the-art machine learning techniques, together with over-sampling and under-sampling techniques, have been used for indoor occupancy detection and occupant number prediction. The model performance has been carefully analyzed to investigate the potential of the non-intrusive method proposed. The research results validate the usefulness of environmental data in predicting indoor occupancy. The research outcomes are helpful for devising occupancy-centric measures for building energy conservations.

Weilin He, Yuanyuan Ma, Cheng Fan, Xinghua Wang, Bufu Huang
A Sensor-Based Method to Detect Near-Miss Struck-By on Construction Site

As a precursor of serious accident, near-miss incidents are of great significance to construction safety management. A real-time detection method for near-miss incidents can improve the performance of construction safety management. However, it is difficult to obtain near-miss data due to the low report rate of near-miss incidents. Aimed at a commonly-seen near-miss incident - struck-by event, based on inertial measurement units (IMU), this research develops a detection algorithm, which includes a decision tree model to monitor the occurrence of near-miss incidents in real-time, and a detection device through the design of a high-wearable hardware. Furthermore, an indoor simulation experiment is designed and conducted. The results show that the proposed method achieves a precision of 97.0%, a recall of 87.8%, a false alarm rate of 3%, and an average response time of 0.43 s. This proves that the method is very effective under the existing data and experimental environment, thus having a potential to support construction safety management in the future.

Xiao Lin, Hongling Guo

New-Type Urbanization

Frontmatter
Can China’s Transferable Development Rights Programme (The Link Policy) Increase Farmers’ Income? Evidence from the Land Coupon Programme in Chongqing

Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation have accelerated urban expansion which leads to the great loss of farmland. Aiming to preserve farmland for food security while also alleviating the contradiction of the shortage of land for urban development, the Chinese version of Transferable Development Rights programme termed the Link Policy was proposed. It calls for the land consolidation and rural resettlement in rural areas to create land quotas, which can be traded for urban to urban developers while the total amount of farmland keeps unchanged. The commercialisation of land quotas from rural areas has significantly increased local land revenue and thus the Link Policy has been popularized nationwide. However, as one of the crucial stakeholders, whether farmers can benefit from the policy implementation is urgent needed for investigation. Given that, this study takes the typical practice of the Link Policy in Chongqing as the case study to examine the impacts of the Link Policy on farmers’ income. Synthetic Control Method (SCM) was applied to evaluate the policy impacts with the analysis of panel data of 49 municipal regions in 4 provinces and Chongqing from 2000 to 2017. The result shows that the Land Coupon Programme in Chongqing has significantly increased farmers’ household income at the early stage of the policy implementation while the impact is not significant afterwards. Policy recommendations are provided including refining the Land Coupon Programme by establishing an effective risk assessment system and reclaimed land security system, Moreover, a fair land quota revenue distribution system is also needed to increase farmers’ income in the long run.

Zhengchun Xu, Xinhai Lu, Long Cheng
On Position of Future Community Construction in China

The future community construction in Zhejiang Province focuses on the renovation and renewal of the old community, which is an iterative upgrade of the existing community construction and operation. In 1961, WHO proposed The living environment standard of “Safe, Healthy, Comfortable and Convenient”, Singapore New Town Planning and Design set a experience of community construction. Centered on “The People’s Wish for a Good Life”, integrating the new residential development concept of “Innovative, Coordinated, Green, Open and Shared Development”, the future community will explore to solve the practical difficulties such as population agglomeration, industrial supporting and spatial integration. By building a housing system include that basic-need housing, commercial housing, high-grade housing, and equalizing public services, in order to build inclusive future communities. Relying on digital information and other new technologies to enable the effective transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, so as to better support the development of communities. At the same time, the embedded governance of “government, market and society” should be played to make the future community integrate organically into the surrounding areas and become an organic integrated regional whole. Improve the level of basic services in the region, effectively promote the transformation and upgrading of old residential areas, drive the overall development of the region, so that residents can have a happy home that is “Harmony and Order, Green and Civilization, Innovation and Inclusiveness, Joint Contribution and Shared Benefits”.

Chunting Wu, Yuzhe Wu
A Review of 10 years Research on Barriers in the Whole Process of Building Retrofit: Stakeholders’ Perception

Building retrofit is considered to be one of the most effective ways to improve the performance of existing buildings. Many countries have realized the importance of building retrofit and adopted various measures to promote it. However, the rate of building retrofit of existing buildings remains low in most countries. Thus, it is significant to explore the barriers of the building retrofit to promote the development of sustainable building. Some studies have identified the barriers from technical and economic perspectives. Nevertheless, the importance of stakeholders in building retrofit has been ignored. Therefore, this study comprehensively summarized the stakeholders in the whole process of building retrofit and identified the barriers from the perspective of stakeholders. By using the method of systematic literature review, 54 articles published between 2010 and 2020 were collected. The process of building retrofit was divided into four key phases: project setup and pre-retrofit survey, identification of retrofit options, site implementation, and validation and verification. Finally,13 stakeholders and 47 obstacles were identified from the four key phases. This study also divided barriers into five categories and summarized the barriers corresponding to the stakeholders at each phase. The result of this study can serve as a basis for future research on the relationship between stakeholders and barriers in building retrofit, and provide a new perspective for policymakers to propose strategies to address these barriers.

Rui Zhang, Jiayuan Wang
Dilemmas, Directions and Paths of Macrocosm Urbanization in Zhejiang Province: An Analysis Framework Based on Agglomeration Index

As an important carrier to promote macrocosm urbanization, counties carry on the radiate effect of large and medium-sized cities from above and boosts rural revitalization from below. After sorting out the urbanization process of both developed and developing countries, this paper reveals the development dilemmas commonly faced by counties in Zhejiang and other provinces of China and points out that the spatial agglomeration of population and economic activities is the essence of urbanization development. By introducing the analysis framework of agglomeration index, this paper discusses directions of macrocosm urbanization development in county areas and measures the urbanization rates of 52 counties in Zhejiang Province. It is found that the macrocosm urbanization patterns led by the construction of characteristic towns (Tese Xiaozhen), future communities (Weilai Shequ) and beautiful villages (Meili Xiangcun) can not only provide a solid foundation for the high-quality development of the common prosperity demonstration zone in Zhejiang Province, but also provide valuable experience for the new-type urbanization development of China’ coastal provinces and even the developing countries in Africa and Latin America.

Yuhang Ren, Yuzhe Wu
Evaluation of Housing Purchase Restriction Policy Based on Natural Experiment: A Perspective from Beijing’s Online Judicial Auction of Houses

To implement a long-term regulation mechanism for the real estate market that differs from city to city, it is necessary to accurately evaluate the effect of the implementation of housing purchase restriction policies. However, the real estate market is highly interconnected and interacts with several socioeconomic fields, the effect of the purchase restriction policy is difficult to be evaluated quantitatively. In this paper, we apply the principles of natural experiments, focus on the unique phenomenon of online judicial auction houses premium in Beijing, and build an analytical framework for the impact of the purchase restriction policy on the commodity housing market. Using the “3–17” housing purchase restriction policy in Beijing (2017) as an exogenous event, we extract the online judicial auction house data from 2014 to 2020 and adopt the “DID model” to quantitatively investigate the mechanism and implementation effect of the housing purchase restriction policy. The results of the study show that the purchase restriction policy has a significant impact on the housing market. The results of the study show that the purchase restriction policy has a relatively mild and non-negligible effect on the house price increase, and can alleviate the pressure of excessive house price increase with a 3.1% restraining effect. On this basis, this paper puts forward corresponding policy recommendations to improve the legal and institutional framework and establish a long-term mechanism to promote the healthy development of the real estate market.

Anmiao Yu
Review of Local Major Construction Project Management Policy in China’s Urbanization

The divergent results of urbanization at various regions of China can be partially attributable to varied levels of local policy development regarding local major construction projects (MCPs). Nevertheless, local MCP policy development that helps achieve local urbanization performance and economic sustainability has been underestimated in prior studies. To fill this gap, this paper makes a longitudinal review of historical changes in local MCP policies at the provincial level in a perspective of institutional logics. Based on a preliminary analysis of 544 policy documents involving 31 provinces, municipal cities and autonomous regions promulgated between 1990 and 2019, four leading logics, namely, imitative, responsive, autonomy and innovative, are uncovered in the establishing local MCP policy along its three change stages of infancy, development, and transformation. The results not only shed more theoretic insights into the rationality of local MCP policy development in China, but also provide useful reference to governmental officials and practitioners involved for further development in the future.

Yi Hu, Fan Chen
The Coordination Analysis on the Spatiotemporal Evolution Between Population and Economic Concentration: A Case Study of Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration

The Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration is an important population cluster and economic growth pole in southwest China. In the context of new urbanization, studying the coordinated development relationship between the population and economy concentration of Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration is of great significance to the sustainable development of the region. Under the background of the change of regional development pattern, this paper introduces the methods of geographic concentration, inconsistency index and imbalanced index to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution and coordination relationship of population and economy of Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration from 2010 to 2019. According to the evolution trend of spatiotemporal pattern, the coordination degree between population distribution and economic spatial pattern is analyzed. The results conclude that the spatial agglomeration patterns of population and economy in Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration are highly similar. However, at the same time, the economic gap and population gap between different cities are expanding, and the number of cities in economic lagging areas is also gradually increasing. On this basis, it is suggested that policy makers should follow the law of urban agglomeration development and population flow, and continue to cultivate the dual-core pattern of Chengdu and Chongqing. At the same time, the size of individual cities should also be controlled. Finally, Chengdu and Chongqing should use their influence to radiate to the surrounding area and drive the development of the whole region.

Jun Xiao
The Regional Heterogeneity Effect of Urban Village Renovation on Neighborhood Housing Prices in Shenzhen

With the fast development of urban village renovation in China, the big cities that vigorously promote the urban village renovation have almost emerged a same situation of “over-rising housing prices”. This paper therefore aimed to evaluate the impact of urban village renovation on neighbor housing prices in Shenzhen. More specifically, we explored and compared the regional heterogeneity effect of urban village renovation on housing prices by dividing Shenzhen into two areas, namely, SEZ (Special Economic Zones) areas and non-SEZ areas. The empirical analysis was based on difference-in-difference (DID) method using historical transaction data of second-hand housing prices. On the basis of the empirical results: (1) The construction of urban village renovation projects boosted the housing price by an average of 18.28%; (2) The impact of urban village renovation on different spatial areas is heterogeneous, the premium of urban village renovation in non-SEZ areas is 8.95% higher than in SEZ areas. When formulating management strategies and policies, the government departments should put more emphasis on the urban village renovation in non-SEZ areas, and incline relevant policies and resources to these areas.

Yuxin Zhu, Botong Song
A Theoretical Framework About Formation Mechanism of New Generation of Construction Workers’ Unsafe Behavior

Construction industry is one of the most dangerous industries, and construction workers’ unsafe behavior is the main contributor to safety accidents. The new generation of construction workers (NGCWs) have gradually become the majority of construction workers as population of China ages, but generational disparities cause them to engage in increasingly risky conduct. Therefore, it is vital to explore formation mechanism of unsafe behavior of NGCWs as to reduce the occurrence of safety accidents. However, it has not attracted enough scholars’ attention. The majority of studies did not separate construction workers into “new and old generations”, but treated them as a single group to conduct general research. Meanwhile, there is still a lack of studies on formation mechanism of unsafe behavior from the perspective of need and motivation. As a result, the aim of this paper is to establish a theoretical framework about formation mechanism of NGCWs’ unsafe behavior based on behavior motivation theory. This study explored the relationship of need, motivation and behavior through integrating the classical behavior motivation theories. The influencing factors during the externalization process of unsafe behavior motivation were proposed by literature research. Furthermore, Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) model was introduced and expanded to establish the theoretical framework in three stages, including behavioral motivation arousal, behavioral motivation externalization and behavioral outcome generation. In this framework, internal needs and external incentives stimulate the formation of NGCWs’ unsafe behavior motivation. What’s more, the externalization of motivation into unsafe behavior is affected by individual factors, situational factors and behavior result. This study enriches the research system of construction workers’ unsafe behavior and provides more in-depth insights into the formation process of unsafe behavior of NGCWs. The research findings can serve as a basis for government agencies and construction enterprises to ameliorate safety management on the construction site.

Guodong Ni, Lei Lv, Heng Xu, Yaqi Fang, Qi Zhang
Rural China in the Digital Era: Evolution, Opportunities and Challenges

ICT infrastructure development has become a profound influencing factor for rural society in addressing conventional deprivations such as geographical isolation and information asymmetry. Rooted in an entrenched urban-rural system, rural China has been marginalised and shared very little benefits from the urbanisation program in the country, where the ICT technologies are highly expected to trigger innovative development approach towards rural revitalisation. This study first delineates the development trajectories of rural society in China from a retrospective perspective, where four development stages has been identified in terms of the evolving policy and socioeconomic context against which rural society in China has been developing. Following the review of rural China’s development trajectories, this study examines the restructuring of rural society in contemporary China, and argued that rural restructuring in China is filled with volatility and complexity shaped by multi-forces and lies in multi-facets. Afterwards, the recent development of ICT infrastructures is investigated to understand how this emerging technological force is bringing innovative development opportunities to rural communities; meanwhile, the challenges faced by rural China in the digital era are critiqued.

Yitian Ren

Occupational Safety and Health

Frontmatter
Review of Ergonomics Application on HSE Management Research for Construction Workers

The construction industry has become one of the industries with the worst safety record. Ergonomics has been increasingly applied in the health, safety, and environment (HSE) management field for construction workers. However, a thorough review of ergonomics application in HSE management research is unavailable. To examine the state of the art of this research area, this study uses CiteSpace to visually analyze 204 peer-reviewed ergonomics journal papers published from 2000 to 2021. By analyzing contributing journals, the most cited documents, keyword co-occurrence network, and keyword burst detection results, four stages of the literature indicating the research trends were identified and discussed in chronological order: (1) taking safety intervention measures from psychophysical methods; (2) using ergonomics method to consider and address the risk factors leading to safety accidents; (3) preventing musculoskeletal disorders by improved postures of construction workers from the perspective of human factors; and (4) combining mature and advanced technologies in ergonomics with HSE management. This study serves as a reference for the HSE management research of construction workers and recommends potential interdisciplinary areas for future research.

Kuian Liao, Chuan Yang, Lirong Quan, Longhui Liao
Investigating the Voluntary Turnover Intention of Architectural Designers: A Case Study in Suzhou

High turnover rate of employees is an issue currently confronted by the construction industry in China. Architectural designers have critical influences on the successful delivery of construction projects. A reduction of turnover rate in a design company also facilitates to a sustainable development of their business, in addition to achieve the construction project's goals in terms of quality, safety and cost. There, however, are few studies that investigate the turnover intention among architectural designers in China. This research, therefore, focuses on architectural designers working in the construction industry. In detail, the degree of architectural designers’ turnover intention and influencing factors affecting their turnover intention are explored, which are followed by proposing the strategies to reduce this intention. A questionnaire survey among 61 Chinese architectural designers is conducted to measure their turnover intention and identify critical influencing factors affecting their turnover intention and potential strategies to reduce this problem. Statistical methods such as ranking is adopted for verification and further analysis of the questionnaire data. The results indicated that the turnover intention of architectural designers in Suzhou is not very high. The five most crucial factors having effects on architectural designers’ turnover intention are: “job prospect”, “salary”, “job satisfaction”, “work location” and “welfare”. The main strategies that should be undertaken to reduce the turnover intention are “giving more room for development” and “establishing a fair salary policy”. This research is helpful for employers to better understand and evaluate their employees, especially architectural designers in terms of their turnover intention. The effective strategies to reduce this intention are also recognised and provided as a useful reference for employers.

Lilin Zhao, Shang Zhang, Jinpeng Wang, Nan Li
Learning Stress of Construction Management Students and Its Impact on Learning Performance: A Case Study in Suzhou

With the continuous development and transformation of the Chinese construction industry, the demand for construction management professionals is increasing and the ability requirements are higher and higher. An appropriate level of learning stress produces a high level of learning performance for the students, which is critical to improve the quality of construction management graduates for the sustainable development of the construction industry. Employing questionnaire and interview methods, this paper aims to investigate the learning stress and its impact on the learning performance of construction management students at Suzhou University of Science and Technology. In this study, 100 valid questionnaires were collected and 12 construction management students were interviewed. Through descriptive analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis, the main findings are: (1) the learning stress of construction management students is not high (2.60); (2) the learning performance of construction management students is at a medium level (2.96); (3) some significantly negative and positive relationships were found between the dimensions of the learning stress and learning performance. The research outcomes of this study will be helpful for the students in construction management discipline and institutions offering construction management program to effectively manage learning stress and improve the learning performance.

Jiakang Li, Shang Zhang, Huimin Zhang, Ruiyong Wang
Research on Job Stress and Coping Strategies of Construction Professionals: A Case Study in Suzhou

In recent years, the development of the Chinese construction industry is very fast. Due to the high-risk nature of construction work, tight construction schedule and complex working relationship, construction professionals have experienced a high level of job stress, but the research on this topic in China is still very limited. Based on critical review of job stress and stress management, the main job stressor and coping strategies were identified. A questionnaire survey was then administrated to the construction professionals in Suzhou, which produced 69 valid samples. The statistical analysis results indicated that: (1) task stressor (3.210) and organizational stressor (3.190) are perceived as the two most critical stressors by the construction professionals; (2) the job stress level (2.3–3.1) of construction professionals is at the medium level; (3) when facing job stress, from a personal point of view, physical exercise (75.36%), chatting with family and friends (68,12%) and traveling on vacation (44.93%) were most frequently adopted. At the organizational level, the more frequently adopted coping strategies are: Communications between the superiors and subordinates (53.62%) and providing employees with more private space and holidays (31.88%). This study enriches the theoretical research results of job stress of construction professionals in China, and provides valuable theoretical reference for construction professionals to relieve their job stress.

Zihao Wang, Shang Zhang, Tianze Tang, Hao Zhou
Study on the Influence of the Working Environment of Engineering Consultants on Their Mental Health and Countermeasures

With the fast development of the Chinese economy, the engineering consulting sector is in the stage of massive expansion. The poor working environment of the construction industry has produced negative impacts on the mental health of the professionals working in the field. However, there are few studies focusing on examining the working environment and mental health of engineering consultants. This paper aims to investigate the working environment and the mental health of engineering consultants, to identify the main environmental factors affecting their mental health status and to explore relevant countermeasures. Questionnaire survey was administrated to engineering consultants in Suzhou, and 66 valid samples were collected. The results of the statistical analysis indicated that: (1) job stress (3.80) and working difficulty and intensity (3.76) of engineering consultants are relatively high; (2) the psychological problems of engineering consultants are mainly related with sensitivity (3.39), paranoia (3.27) and anxiety (3.12); (3) the main environmental factors affecting the mental health of engineering consultants are work overload (3.79), welfare (3.65) and job stress (3.53); (4) protecting the basic rights and interests of employees (4.09) and strengthening self-emotional management (3.85) are two effective countermeasures to improve the mental health of engineering consultants.

Haoxiang Li, Shang Zhang, Qianqian Xu, Hao Zhou
Research on “Nine Dimensions” Teaching Organization Mode of Integrating Course-Based Ideological and Political Education into Blended Teaching—Taking Engineering Estimation Serial Courses as an Example

This paper focuses on the professional skills cultivation, comprehensive quality cultivation and value-led objectives of Engineering Estimation serial course, addresses the three major problems of difficult to carry out practical teaching, difficult to evaluate students’ learning status and difficult to ensure teacher-student interaction in online courses, reforms and innovates the teaching “trilogy” with process as the main line, and builds a “nine-dimensional” teaching organization mode of pre-class “three-dimensional guidance” mode, in-class “three-dimensional interaction” mode and post-class “three-dimensional feedback” mode to promote students’ active learning.

Binbin Lai, Zhangsheng Liu, Dongxiang Zhang, Guihai Liu
A Study of Construction Workers’ Hazard Recognition Process Based on EEG Experiment

As a labour-intensive industry, the casualties caused by safety accidents in the construction industry have always been at the forefront of all industries. Most safety accidents during the construction process are attributed to workers themselves, so how to effectively reduce the accidents caused by construction workers has become an important issue for the construction safety management. Among them, the process of construction workers’ subjective risk perception is the key to change their behaviour and decision-making. Thus, this article is based on the related concepts of construction engineering hazard identification and neuromanagement. Use EEG to do event-related potential experiments to study the process of construction workers’ hazard identification. Then conduct an objective analysis of the experimental results. It is found that individuals produce more significant P200 and LPP waveform in the process of risk identification, and there are significant differences in the P200 amplitudes produced by different types of dangerous stimuli. At the same time, the experimental results showed that, before the individual was stimulated by the dangerous pictures, the brain will perform two-stage processing, that is, the early perception of emergencies and the subjective risk level judgment. In summary, it showed that the cross-application of neuroscience in the engineering field can open up new fields for research and conduct deeper explorations. At the same time, it further confirms the importance of human factors in the study of construction safety-related issues.

Zhiyu Zhang, Zhikun Ding, Weilin Chen
Research on Spatial Cognition of Engineering Management Students Based on Virtual Simulation Teaching

As a key and difficult point in engineering management teaching, spatial cognition has been paid more and more attention by domestic and foreign universities, especially higher vocational colleges. Virtual simulation teaching can solve the problems of difficult spatial imagination and difficult to grasp the internal structure of hidden work through a new design perspective and professional knowledge. To prove the positive effect of virtual simulation teaching on students’ spatial cognition, this study takes the course of “Ichnographic Construction Drawings Recognition and Steel Reinforcement Calculation” in vocational colleges as an example, develops the virtual simulation teaching platform based on Ichnographic Construction Drawings independently. In contrast with traditional teaching and virtual simulation teaching, the ability of ichnographic construction drawings recognition and steel reinforcement calculation is tested, and questionnaire survey is carried out at different stages to conduct in-depth interviews. The results show that, under the virtual simulation teaching mode, students can get more accurate understanding of the internal structure of steel bar, and the calculation speed and accuracy are improved, their ability to understand spatial cognition has been significantly improved.

Xia Liu, Zezhou Wu

Urban Regeneration

Frontmatter
Research on the Sustainability Evaluation of “Medical-Nursing Combined Care” Community of Smart Pension

At present, China’s aging situation is severe, because of the small number of children in China, the traditional family pension as the main way of pension can not meet the needs of the elderly in the city, the development of institutional pension is to solve the problem of the elderly in the city of China at this stage of the inevitable choice; In addition, the development of institutions for the aged should not be limited to the improvement of basic life care. The future development direction is to develop institutions for the aged that combine medical and elderly care according to the characteristics of the elderly’s demand for medical services With the popularity of “Internet +” technology and the emergence of a new mode of “pension with medical care”, the application of intelligent products to the elderly community will be conducive to the realization of healthy aging. Taking the “medical-nursing combined care” community of smart pension as the evaluation object, the evaluation indicator system was established through literature analysis, including five first-level indicators and 22 s-level indicators of environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, social sustainability, intelligent medical care construction and institutional sustainability. Using analytic hierarchy process to determine the weight of indicators, this paper establishes a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model for the sustainability evaluation of the “medical-nursing combined care” community of smart pension, and sets five evaluation criteria of excellent, good, general, poor and bad. Taking a “medical-nursing combined care” community of smart pension as an example, the model is used to evaluate its sustainability, and the comprehensive performance grade is “good”. Finally, based on the case project, this paper analyses the existing problems of the current “medical-nursing combined care” community of smart pension, and puts forward the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.

Haize Pan, Zhuoran Zhang, Yufan Yang
Development of a Post-occupancy Evaluation Framework for Modular Student Housing – A Case Study in the Netherlands

Student housing is a niche market in the Netherlands . In the past decade, the lack of student housing supply has triggered an increasing growth of student housing construction, and the quality of student housing has been emphasised by housing associations in the Netherlands. The literature suggests that a systematic study on the building performance of student housing in the Netherlands is missing. Recognising this research gap, this study sheds light on student housing post-occupancy performance and adopts a user perspective in developing a post-occupancy evaluation framework (POEF) for modular student housing. A preliminary three-level hierarchy POEF was developed based on literature review. Expert interviews and a case study with student residents were conducted to validate the framework. The case study involves a walk-through visit and a focus group discussion with student residents in a modular student housing in the Netherlands. The findings reveal a performance gap between reassuring basic need and resident comfort. The POEF was validated to be effective in measuring the post-occupancy performance of student housing, but the performance attribute hierarchy is subject to minor changes to suit large-scale surveys. This study provides empirical evidence from the users’ perspective to develop a POEF for modular student housing.

Huiying Hou, Joseph H. K Lai, Dadi Zhang
Social Benefit Evaluation of Shantytown Reconstruction Based on DEA: A Case Study of xI'an, China

In recent years, with the rapid process of urbanization in China, shantytowns have gradually become the bottleneck of urban sustainable development, reconstruction of which is also the urgent desire of the public, especially the residents of shantytowns. In view of previous studies on shantytowns reconstruction generally focused on economic benefits, this study aimed to promote shantytown reconstruction by presenting policy recommendations based on a diagnosis of AHP-DEA with a focus on the social benefits. As a result, Xi'an was taken as a typical city and index system with 7 effects and 23 indicators of social benefit influencing factors was established, which then used in CCR and BCC models. Conclusions showed that the overall level is good, but the output and investment are not balanced, especially for the inconvenient medical education and poor living environment. In the background of new-type urbanization, government, community and self-governing organizations should strengthen the cooperation to play a greater role, and ultimately enhance the social benefits of shantytowns.

Siqi Hu, Donglang Yang, Junyao Zheng, Xingyi Zheng, Zixin Xu, Zijing Wang
Auditing Australian Construction Industry’s Dependency on China to Improve Construction Supply Chain Resilience

Along with the global economic growth and the prevalence of global trade, uncertain and turbulent markets can lead to construction supply chain vulnerabilities and disruptions. The recent trade tensions have focused attention on Australia’s increased dependency on a wide range of essential products from China ranging from components for its mining and metal producing industries, to medical equipment and pharmaceutical goods. Since China’s accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001, its success at manufacturing has resulted in the decline of manufacturing capacity in many advanced economies including Australia. Over the last decade, Australia has increased its imports of construction materials and products from China especially for aluminum windows, glass, curtain walls, flooring, tiling and joineries. The aim of this audit is to identify all construction materials and products imported into Australia and assess its dependency on China. A measure of dependency is defined based on the proportion of imported products supplied by China, net import of the commodity into Australia, and China’s global market share of these products. The import audit was carried out on the United Nations Comtrade database at the 2-digit and 4-digit Harmonized System of goods and services. The audit indicates that the Australian construction industry is strategically dependent on China for numerous construction materials and products. The main goods that the Australian construction industry exhibits a strategic dependency on China are ceramic products, glass and glassware, and furniture. Adopting the Herfindahl-Hirschman measure of concentration, the import concentration was observed to be significantly higher than the export concentration globally indicating that the Australian construction sector has exhibited a significant preference for products from China over its competitors. The research will improve the resilience of the supply of construction materials into Australia and contribute to supply chain resilience theory.

Jinyun Liu, Toong Khuan Chan, Guilherme Luz Tortorella
An In-Depth Case Study on the Residential Second Renovation Waste in Shenzhen, China

Renovation waste is mainly generated from the first renovation and second renovation. Compared with the first renovation of new houses, the second renovation of old houses generates more waste which is more harmful to the environment. However, there has been little empirical research to focus on the second renovation waste of residential buildings. The primary purpose of this study was to estimate the residential second renovation waste generation rate (WGR) by tracking the whole process of the second renovation activities and conducting on-site waste sorting and weighing. Taking a private residence in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China as an example, the results reveal that the WGR of the residential second renovation waste is 143.19 kg/m2, and the WGRs of different waste materials are significantly different. The three largest waste streams of residential second renovation are: concrete, wood and tiles, which account for 76.10% of the total waste. Among the residential second renovation waste, 71.23% is inert waste and 28.77% is non-inert waste. Although the above research results are drawn from a single sample case and cannot be generalized, they could indeed lay a foundation for future related research, provide benchmark indicators and certain theoretical guidance for relevant professionals to implement renovation waste management strategies.

Zhikun Ding, Xinping Wen, Shengqu Xu, Zhiyu Zhang, Zhan Wang
Analysis of the Themes and Evolution Trends of Urban Renewal Policies in Hangzhou—Based on a Text Mining of the Policy Documents from 2002 to 2021

Urban renewal is an essential means of urban development. It improves the city's physical environment and has a wide range of significance for an economic, social, and cultural revival. The subject analysis of the policy text's content helps clarify the policy subject and its evolution path. This paper takes the policy text of Hangzhou urban renewal from 2002 to 2021 as the research object, uses text analysis to extract key terms as the basis for policy content analysis, identifies the essential elements of Hangzhou's urban organic renewal model, and divides them into three main thematic categories, namely urban renewal strategies, urban renewal mechanism, urban renewal activities, three main thematic categories and five thematic subcategories, namely objectives of urban renewal, principles of urban renewal, types of urban renewal, models of urban renewal, and urban renewal activities. By analyzing the coding structure of policy themes, this paper summarizes the relevant experience of “urban organic renewal” in Hangzhou. It puts forward some suggestions on improving urban renewal policy according to the research conclusions.

Jieyu Su, Kexi Xu, Fan Zhou, Chun Jiang, Hui Gao
Exploring Investment Strategy of Technical Transformation of Power Grid Over-Aged Assets: A Approach of Dynamic Programming

In order to improve the efficiency of fund allocation for power grid asset technical transformation projects and promote the transformation results of power grid over-aged assets into the cost supervision and audit asset system, by establishing the dynamic programming model of partial technical transformation year by year, this paper studies the investment decision-making of differentiated technical transformation of over-aged assets, and determines the financial depreciation life after technical transformation combined with the comprehensive evaluation model of equipment health. The weighted average service life is introduced to improve the accuracy of the model results, and based on the revised weighted average of the remaining service life, selects the optimal financial depreciation life. Through a case study, it is proved that the year-on-year partial technical transformation can effectively extend the financial depreciation life of assets, the model can determine the optimal investment for technical transformation, and effectively guide the year-on-year partial technical transformation of assets of power grid enterprises, so as to achieve the goal of effectively using project investment.

G. E. Yanqin, Yinghua Chen, Yaping Wang, Xuesong Xu, Hanyu Deng, Zhenyu Zhao

Urban Resilience

Frontmatter
The Openness of China's Gated Communities from the Reflective Perspective of Border Vacuums

Modern communities emphasize greenness, openness, and sharing. However, gated communities built in China in recent years have negative impact for both the community and the city. Both the internal operation of the gated communities and the external operation of the city have good facilities and layouts, but the overall operation is inconvenient. The function transformation between the community and the city and the interaction between residents are insufficient. Based on the perspective of the system theory and the criticism of the new urbanism theory, this paper proposes the research aim in the driving factors and mechanisms that affect the open connection between the community and the city.This paper also proposes a theoretical hypothesis that the interaction of residents in space and the transformation of spatial multifunctionality are the driving forces for the open connection between the community and the city. Social inclusiveness and spatial multifunctionality are the key driving factors. Through case studies, the transformation mechanism and path are reversed. China's gated communities need the integration of spatial multifunctionality and social inclusiveness to drive the open connection between the community and the city.

Wenzheng Lu, Yuzhe Wu
Increasing Resilience of Utility Tunnel PPP Projects Through Risk Management: A Case on in Shiyan City

Successful urban infrastructure systems are subjected to the resilience of utility tunnel PPP projects, to which the risk management ability of PPP organizations matters. Hence, it is urgent to achieve a better risk management mechanism for utility tunnels with better resilience. By using multiple methods, 56 risks were comprehensively identified to formulate the risk list (RL) of utility tunnel PPP projects. Applying the principal component analysis, nine initial principal components were determined by analyzing the accumulative rate of variance contribution. Then, the critical risks were further screened out via the final rotated component matrix. Moreover, the Utility Tunnel PPP Project in Shiyan City (UTPSC) was adopted as a case study, where the results showed the significance of variable policy and regulations, governmental supports, SPVC’s ability, and irrational project positioning. Research findings have proved the applicability of these research methods and provide practical strategies to increase resilience of utility tunnel PPP projects.

Lin Yang, Jiaming Lou, Xinran Hu
Comprehensive Evaluation of High Quality Development of Construction Industry Based on Entropy Method Taking Three Provinces and One City in Yangtze River Delta as Example

Taking the new development concept as the connotation of high quality development of construction industry, the high quality evaluation index system of construction industry is constructed from seven dimensions: industrial scale, industrial market composition, industrial technology level, industrial green development, industrial benefit, industrial people’s livelihood well-being and industrial opening degree. The entropy method is used to evaluate the high quality of construction industry in Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. The results show that the high quality development level of construction industry is ranked as Jiangsu Province > Shanghai > Zhejiang > Anhui Province, among which Jiangsu Province is more prominent in the benefits of construction industry, market composition and industrial technology, but lagging behind in the well-being of industry and people’s livelihood. Shanghai has performed well in the green development, well-being and openness of the construction industry, but the overall scale of the industry is small. Through the evaluation and analysis of the high quality development level of the construction industry in three provinces and one city of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, it is found that its advantages and disadvantages exist, which provides inspiration for the high quality development of the integrated construction industry in the Yangtze River Delta.

Xiaoman Peng
Research on Evaluation of Urban Resilience Level Based on Barrel Index

To quantitatively evaluate the ability of cities to cope with shocks and disturbances, an evaluation model based on the barrel theory and resilience theory is established. Through considering the four essential components of urban resilience, including economic resilience, social resilience, ecological environmental resilience and infrastructure resilience, an urban resilience evaluation index system including 15 indicators is established. On the basis of applying the entropy method to determine the index weight, a comprehensive evaluation method based on the barrel theory is introduced to establish a comprehensive evaluation model of urban resilience and calculate its “barrel resilience index”; take the 2019 data of 11 cities in Zhejiang Province as a case study, use this model evaluation and analysis can reflect the proper urban resilience level of each city. The research results show that: urban economic resilience and infrastructure resilience are the main aspects that should be considered in evaluating urban resilience.

Lvwen Wang, Liudan Jiao, Ya Wu, Xiaosen Huo
Analysis on the Coordination Between Tourism Activities and Tourism Supporting Facilities: A Case Study in China

China’s tourism industry is an important part of the country’s economic development. However, an uncoordinated situation has emerged between the intensity of tourism activities and the supply of tourism supporting facilities in China. Therefore, this paper establishes the tourism activity (TA) and tourism supporting facilities (TSF) evaluation index systems by selecting panel data of 31 Chinese provinces from 2008–2017. The entropy weighting method and coupled coordination model were applied to evaluate the integrated indicators of TA and TSF systems and their coordination relationship. The results show that: (1) The coupling coordination degree (CCD) of most provinces in China is on the verge of maladjustment and much effort is needed for improvement. (2) Coordination between TA and TSF are classified into four types, i.e. rising, stable, volatile, and falling. (3) CCD is higher in coastal areas while relatively lower in the northwest, and the CCD gap from 2008 to 2017 was gradually and gently narrowing. (4) The influence factors on CCD are mainly tourist scale and tourist economic activity intensity in the TA system and transportation in the TSF system. Finally, this paper proposes three policy recommendations, including increase the financial investment in tourism infrastructure facilities, strengthen the interconnection of tourism transportation facilities, and innovate a new model of coupling development.

Hongman He, Daoyuan Li, Xiaoxuan Wei
Suitability Evaluation of Healthy Real Estate – A Case Study of Zhuhai City

With the development of China’s economy, consumer groups put forward an urgent demand for high-quality health care services, the development of healthy real estate is facing opportunities and challenges. Based on the entropy weighting method 10 indicators are selected from health environmental factors, socio-economic factors and public service factors to construct the evaluation index system of the suitability of healthy real estate to evaluate the suitability of the development of healthy real estate in Zhuhai. The results show that the suitability level of healthy real estate in Zhuhai City shows an upward trend from 2009 to 2019. Six factors, such as the days of good air quality, the green coverage rate of the built area, the total value of regional GDP, the level of housing prices and the number of community service facilities, have a significant impact on the suitability of healthy real estate development. Based on the research conclusion, this paper puts forward some suggestions, such as cultivating tourism pension industry, promoting tourists social integration, building elderly friendly city, formulating green development plan.

Yu Yan
Analysis of Human Resources Carrying Capacity for Urban Sustainable Development – A Case Study of Chongqing

Human resources are an important component in the regional development system, and play a key role in supporting the sustainable development of the region in the future. The carrying capacity index trend of Chongqing’s human resources to its sustainable development system shows that the carrying capacity of Chongqing’s human resources to the economic and social development is relatively stable, with a slight increase, but the carrying capacity of Chongqing’s human resources to environmental development is poor. If Chongqing wants to continue to achieve high-quality development in the future, human resources may still be its shortboard. It is still necessary for Chongqing to attract high-quality talents.

Yi Yang
Evaluation on the Integrated Development Level of Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle

In the past few decades, the process of urbanization in China has been constantly accelerating, and it has already entered an era driven by urban agglomerations and metropolitan areas. However, the gap between different regions have dramatically hindered the further development of urban agglomerations. Hence, integration has become an urgent demand to promote development. Thus, this article takes the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle as the research object, and constructs an evaluation index system for the urban integrated development capability based on the two dimensions of “balanced development” and “development level”, which provides a comprehensive analysis of the urban integrated development of the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle from 2010 to 2019. The results show that: (1) There is a great gap between the core cities and the other cities in terms of economy and public services. (2) The regional central cities can not play the leading role, and the gap with other cities is not obvious. In the opinion of research, Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle should pay more attention to the construction of road network, so as to lay a foundation for high-quality development. Additionally, Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle should strengthen the connection between core cities and other cities, promote the coordinated development between all of the cities and the optimal allocation of public service resources, in order to improve the supply capacity of public services, so as to enhance the whole development capacity of the Economic Circle.

Yueyan Lai
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Proceedings of the 26th International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate
Editors
Hongling Guo
Dongping Fang
Weisheng Lu
Yi Peng
Copyright Year
2022
Publisher
Springer Nature Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-19-5256-2
Print ISBN
978-981-19-5255-5
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5256-2