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2024 | Book

Proceedings of the 2nd International Seminar on Aeronautics and Energy

ISAE 2022

Editors: Nik Ahmad Ridhwan Nik Mohd., Shabudin Mat

Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore

Book Series : Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

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About this book

This book consists of selected peer-reviewed papers from the 2nd International Seminar on Aeronautics and Energy (ISAE 2022) focusing on the theme to revive the aviation industry post-COVID-19 pandemic. The topics discussed in this book include aircraft design and optimization, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and experimental aerodynamics, aircraft structure and aeroelasticity, guidance control and navigation, aircraft manufacturing and health monitoring avionics and system integration of UAV/drones, SITL AND HITL application on drones, rockets and missile, industrial wind engineering, green fuel and aviation sustainability, and aviation management. This book is a valuable resource for academicians and industry players in the field of aviation and sustainability.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter

CFD and Experimental Aerodynamics

Frontmatter
Experimental Studies of the Effect of Rectangular-Shaped Canard on a Generic Blended Wing Body (BWB)
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of canard on Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Blended Wing Body model (UTM-BWB). A model of generic blended wing body has been designed and fabricated locally in UTM. The experiment was conducted in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Low Speed Wind Tunnel (UTM-LST) with maximum speed of 80 m/s. During the experiment, the model was mounted on the steady balance measurement equipment located underneath the wind tunnel. Two measurement techniques were employed on the wing, the first one was the turf thread to observe the flow separation above the wing while the second experiment was the steady balance measurement to obtain the aerodynamic characteristics of model. The experiment has been performed at the speed of 30 m/s in two phases. The first phase was the experiment without the canard while the second phase was the experiment with the canard. The canard has been designed with interchangeable angles of 0, 10, and −10°. The experiments were conducted at the angle of attack, α varies from −3 to 15° and sideslip angle, β from −8 to 8°. The Aerodynamic data obtained were plotted in order to obtain aerodynamic characteristics of the BWB model with and without canard configurations at certain angle of attack and sideslip angle.
Fareez Sanim, Abiola Imisi-Oluwa, Shabudin Mat, Haris Fadzilah, Khushairi Amri Kasim
Blowing Active Flow Control on FFA-W3-270 Airfoil Model
Abstract
This paper discusses about the installation of active flow control technique on FFA-W3-270 Airfoil model. The main objective is to investigate either this flow control technique can delay or promote the flow separation that occurs on the model. Flow separation is detachment of the airflow from the airfoil surface, which may lead to loss in lift and increase in pressure drag. Active flow control is a technique used to add energy to the flow by expenditure of power from other source which are able to delay the flow separation. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect on flow separation when blowing technique is used as an active flow control method. In this experiment, the air from compressor passed through pressure regulator has been channeled to pressure tubing of FFA-W3-270 in order to create blowing conditions on the model surface. During the experiments, the blowing has been conducted at three different location across the wing. The experiment has been conducted at two Reynolds numbers of Re = 0.8 × 106 and 1.0 × 106, the angle of attack was varied from 0° until 14°. The result has shown that the blowing flow control has significantly delay the flow separation at low angle of attack but it promotes the flow separation at high angle of attack and Reynolds number.
Kabiilesh Kathiresan, Abiola Imisi-Oluwa, Shabudin Mat, Abdullahi Yahaya Daura, Seyed-Reza Jafari-Gahraz, Tholudin Mat Lazim, Nur Amalina Musa
Experimental Investigation of a Generic Light Aircraft Model with Dual External Stores
Abstract
The paper discusses the effect of dual external stores attached beneath the wing of a generic subsonic light aircraft model. An experimental investigation is conducted in UTM Low Speed Wind Tunnel to determine the aircraft model's aerodynamic characteristics and flow distribution. The interest in installing external stores on light aircraft has not been discussed in detail to date. Few light aircraft have recently been installed with external stores available in the market. In this experiment, the aircraft model was tested at three configurations: the model with clean wing, the model with single, and finally, the model with dual external stores. These configurations were tested at the same Reynolds number of 0.46 × 106 with angle of attacks ranging from −4 to 15° while the yaw angles ranging from −10 to 10°. Measurement techniques were performed on the model; the first was the external balance measurement, and the final was the surface distribution measurement. The results showed that the installation of dual external stores had reduced the lift coefficient by 13% compared to the clean wing configuration. Similar to the drag, it reduces because the induced drag is increased. The longitudinal static stability is reduced when the external stores are installed. Another observation is that the trim angle of the dual external stores configuration is greater than the clean wing configuration. In contrast, the rolling stability is improved, when the stores is installed. However, the effect of external stores is not significant in directional static stability. For pressure distribution, the external stores have delayed the flow separation to occur at a higher angle of attack.
Soh Khai Yuet, Abiola Imisi-Oluwa, Shabudin Mat
Computational Analysis on Aerodynamics of a Boxfish-Inspired Airship
Abstract
Boxfish’s unusual rigid-like shape is commonly thought as the limitation of its movement within its aquatic surroundings. Despite that, recent studies on its hydrodynamic characteristics has proved its hydrodynamic capability with some claiming that the unique boxfish shape produces less drag and helps maneuverability. These qualities are desirable for hydrodynamic and aerodynamic vehicles. Applying a biomimetic approach, this attempts to adapt the boxfish shape to airship design in order to improve its flight performance. A boxfish-shaped airship hull is designed with an approximation of the carapace shape of a yellow boxfish (Ostracion cubicus Linnaeus 1728). For aerodynamics characterization comparison, a typical ellipsoidal hull shape with a similar fineness ratio is chosen. Both airship’s hulls are analyzed using Ansys Fluent, a solver system for aerodynamic performance analysis with computational fluid dynamics approach. The drag force, lift force, yaw moment, and pitch moment is chosen as these are the qualities that relate to airship maneuverability. The results show that the boxfish-inspired airship’s hull generates better maneuverability in the yaw plane but higher drag association compared to the ellipsoid airship’s hull. Additionally, the boxfish-shaped airship’s hull promotes better stability in the pitch plane. This study demonstrates that the biomimetic airship’s hull has huge potential in the airship’s development. It is hoped that study will provide useful resources for future development of biomimetic application in lighter-than-air vehicle design.
Nur Asyiqin Ahmad Kamal, A. S. M. Harithuddin
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of High Aspect Ratio Wing Application
Abstract
The aviation industry is attempting to enhance the aerodynamic performance by increasing the aspect ratio of the wing, which can be associated with the usage of the High Aspect Ratio (HAR) wing. Aerodynamic performance can be analyzed using different approaches and one of the approaches is through the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. However, prior research demonstrates a vague technique for CFD analysis, which makes it challenging for new researchers to learn the precise steps using the CFD approach. Therefore, this study aims to demonstrate the process of CFD analysis in a detailed technique using Ansys software and compare the aerodynamic performance at three options domain sizes. The aspect ratio of AR-16 was used with the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model and the result of the mesh independency study was validated with the lift coefficient. The best mesh was verified with different turbulence models either using k–ω SST or Standard k–ε. The result shows that the best mesh for the HAR wing is the base mesh with a low percentage difference compared to fine mesh. In the domain sizes, the second option with the reduction of 20% domain size produced a higher lift-to-drag ratio than first and third options with a percentage error of less than 6% at the angle of attack, AoA 9°. Moreover, the 20% domain size reduction can reduce approximately 20 min of computational time, as well as contribute to the computational time efficiency in the CFD analysis of the HAR wing.
Ainaa Nabilah Mohd Nazri, Norzaima Nordin, Norazrina Mat Jali, Baizura Bohari, Mohammad Yazdi Harmin
Effect of Surface Roughness Size on the Skin Friction Drag for NACA0012 Airfoil
Abstract
The generated lift and drag forces for any airfoil represent the crucial parameters that measure the airfoil’s performance. The high lifting force to drag force at different angles of attack is the target of design to gain wide application at high performance. In term of the generating lifting force, the speed, and density of air is dominant and the curvature of the airfoil plays a role too. In terms of drag force, the development of the boundary layer can consider the main source of the drag. The boundary layer development depends on many parameters such as air velocity, density, viscosity, and surface roughness. Skin friction is related to surface roughness and the point where the separation can provoke. In this work, a regular roughness has been added to the surface of NACA 0012 to investigate the drag force performance. A wire mesh with different holes per inch is used (120, 200). The velocity gradient, velocity profile, lift, drag, and pressure distribution are measured at different angles of attack. The results show a slight improvement in velocity gradient for the mesh 200 holes per inch compared to a smooth surface and 120 holes per inch. As a consequence of the velocity gradient, a small reduction in drag force is obtained.
Noor H. Dhaher, M. A. H. Al-fahham, Mohammed Hameed Mohammed
Noise Estimation of NACA 0012 Airfoil Using DES Method
Abstract
An airfoil is used in many engineering applications for its ability to create high aerodynamics performances compared to other shapes. However, airfoils also produce annoying noise, and consequently has degraded its usage near the residential area. The study on airfoil noise prediction is very challenging, either experimentally or numerically. Background noise and identifying detailed noise sources are the common problems in experimental works while accurate prediction of small fluctuating pressure requires huge computational resources for numerical noise prediction. This study evaluates the performance of Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) as the turbulent modelling approach in predicting the noise source of a NACA 0012. The noise calculated from DES is compared with RANS and the experimental results. The study showed that the DES turbulence model is able to capture peak frequency at 300 to 600 Hz, similar to the experimental result. Additionally, DES provides better accuracy than RANS turbulence model by eliminating the sudden peak captured by RANS at a higher frequency. However, DES turbulence model still does not capture the good trends in the high-frequency region above 800 Hz because this turbulence model is a hybrid of RANS and still becomes the dominant influence in the DES calculation in the near-wall region.
Jafirdaus Jalasabri, Mohamed Sukri Mat Ali, Fairuz Izzuddin Romli, Nurshafinaz Mohd Maruai

Design and Optimization

Frontmatter
Numerical Study of Air-Intake Performance of a Scramjet with Various Cowl Lip Length
Abstract
The development of a supersonic flow in the air intake is critical to the operation of a scramjet engine since it determines how well the engine performs. The configuration of the air intake plays a key role in determining whether or not the required pressure recovery of the intake is attained, which in turn affects the efficiency of the combustion chamber. This work presents the prediction of aerodynamics performance of scramjet’s intake at high Mach number flight using computational fluid dynamics. A scramjet intake with mixed compression is being used, and it has two external ramps. The work focused on the aerodynamics characteristics of the intake and the effects of the cowl lip length on the compression ratio inside isolator. CFD simulation was modelled for 2-dimensional, steady, compressible flow using rhoCentralFoam of OpenFOAM. The Mach numbers were ranged from 5 to 6.5, angle of attacks (3°, 0°, and −3°) and flight altitude of 26 km. The results show an improvement in compression ratio (static pressure, and static temperature) up to 20% in addition to increment in mass flow captured by 16.7%.
Zahraa Hamzah Hasan, Nik Ahmad Ridhwan Nik Mohd., Shabudin Mat, Abdul Rahim Abu Talib, Nik Mohd Izual
Design and Numerical Study of High-Speed Water Tunnel with Interchangeable Test Section
Abstract
A numerical study was carried out to predict the aerodynamic performance of the flow field of a high-speed water tunnel with an interchangeable test section, the purpose of the interchangeable test section is to study above-water and underwater vehicles namely ships and torpedoes. The design comes with two sets of contractions, test sections, and diffusers with an inlet velocity of 10 m/s. The results of the numerical calculations show equal distribution of the pressure at each section and no evidence of low-pressure regions indicating no flow separations. The velocity contour shows equal distribution of the flow field and no vortex structure has been developed. The velocity at the test section of 1 m case is 26 and 27 m/s for the case of 0.7 m test section. The turbulence intensity obtained from the simulation calculations is 1.8% for the case of the 1 m test section and 2.8% for the case of the 0.7 m test section.
Ibrahim Madan, Chang-Ren Chen

Avionics and System Integration on UAV/Drone

Frontmatter
Development of an Autonomous RC Catamaran for Surveillance and Pollution Monitoring
Abstract
As a leading resource in the world, water has been useful in many aspects of our daily life, like drinking, farming resources, and some technological developments also need water. However, the growth of industrial activities and the human population has made water quality becoming a critical problem, especially in Malaysia. Thus, it is essential to monitor the water quality regularly so it can be safely used. This study proposes the development of autonomous radio control (RC) catamaran to be used for surveillance and water pollution monitoring. The solution is based on creating a self-autonomous boat with a multi-hull catamaran that contains several sensors to record the water quality around the Lake Tropica in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru Campus. The catamaran comprises a water quality monitoring system, an autonomous ground controller, and an autopilot navigation system. The data for water quality monitoring, including pH and temperature, was recorded in the mobile storage in real-time. Finally, results from the water quality analysis revealed that it was within the range of being clean and safe for everyday use when compared to the Department of Environment standard.
Faisal Baki, Nazri Nasir
Development of Autonomous Battery Charging Station for Campus Surveillance UAV
Abstract
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) plays an essential role in various industries. It has been used in surveillance, photography, reconnaissance, environmental data collection, agriculture, and many other purposes. However, the main problem of UAVs is that, it is time-consuming to manually recharge the battery and natural phenomena like sunray and rain while operating in an open area. Thus, an autonomous battery charging station can solve the problem as it does not require human interaction and can protect the drone from natural phenomena. In this work, an autonomous charging station for UAV is designed, fabricated, and developed. The main focus of the charging station is the door mechanism, platform mechanism, and positioning mechanism. The Hilux bed size is the primary concern for sizing the charging station as it will be used for transporting, and the dimensions for the charging station is as follows length, width, and height (1450 mm × 1400 mm × 1200 mm). The parallel positioning mechanism has been used to control the UAV on the charging station platform. However, a linear actuator has been used to control the door mechanism of the charging station. After fabrication of the charging station, it can be seen that it can operate in any weather while protecting the UAV from rain and sunray and the operating time of the charging station is less than 90 s.
Ahsan Habib Rifat, Mohammed Raihan, Nazri Nasir
Preliminary Development and Performance Testing of an Autonomous Battery Charging System for a Two Legs Multicopter
Abstract
Although the demand for autonomous drones is rising, drone charging systems are still executed manually. This study aims to design and fabricate an autonomous charging system for a two-legged multicopter UTM JagaDrone, including identifying the charging box size. Its propulsion system uses a six-cell Lithium polymer battery with 12,000 mAh, and the charging box should be transportable by using a Toyota Hilux 4-wheeler vehicle. After an extensive literature review, we designed a mechanical aligner to centre the multicopter on the charging pad. Afterwards, a Battery Management System (BMS) is used to monitor the charging of the battery. The system was designed to charge the drone battery within 90 s, which previously required about 15 min using manual execution. Since the 12A fast charging mode reduces the life cycle of the battery, a balance charge with 1A current is used. Using balance charge mode, we achieved about 1.1 V within just 1.6 h. Overall, the designed autonomous charging system reduces the charging procedure by almost 81.81%.
Mohammed Raihan, Nazri Nasir
Assessing Drone-Based Last-Mile Logistics—A Hybrid Solution
Abstract
Last mile delivery (LMD) refers to the transfer of goods from the final dispatch point to a transportation centre. This is the most difficult and expensive component of the logistics chain for many logistics disciplines. New technologies enable new methods of information collection, distribution, and provision of logistical services. For instance, the enhanced drone technology of the present day, with its now-acceptable payload, autonomy, and collision avoidance capabilities, can facilitate logistical solutions. This strategy has the potential to reduce last-mile logistics costs and contribute to environmental objectives. The demand for LMD services can be divided into two categories: planned demand and unexpected demand. The purpose of this study is to develop a hybrid solution for LMD. The solution consists of ground vehicles for planned demand and unmanned aerial vehicles for unplanned demand. The ultimate objective of this study is to estimate the generated UAV traffic in urban areas by employing a worldwide continuous technique for sizing both fleets. The ground LMD routing and scheduling activities are globally analysed using an empirical formula that relates the lowest cost route operation in a congested metropolitan region to the mean length required to service a customer, while the UAV LMD activity is globally analysed using a stochastic model. As a consequence of this LMD solution, this study generates estimates of traffic intensity, enabling the computation of performance indices related to service quality and environmental impact.
Bruno Lamiscarre, Innocent Davidson, Georges Mykoniatis, Luis Gustavo Zelaya Cruz, Felix Mora-Camino

Rocket and Missile

Frontmatter
Flight Performance and Trajectory Prediction of a 2.75-Inch Solid Propellant Rocket
Abstract
The flight performance and flight trajectory of any unguided rocket should be determined because its capability and flight trajectory are uncountable in flights. The purpose in this study was to develop a performance and trajectory prediction program for an unguided 2.75-inch solid propellant rocket and to perform a parametric analysis. The program uses the Runge–Kutta Fehlberg (or RKF45) method, and it was developed using Python. It requires multiple geometric designs and motor parameters as the program input. The program was then verified and validated with previous experimental flight data obtained from literature papers. Then, a parametric analysis (also called as sensitivity analysis) was done to analyze how significant these parameters affect the flight of a rocket, compared with the results based on the baseline rocket. Based on the prediction results, the baseline rocket flies with a range of 3040 m, reaches up to 3307 m in altitude and has a peak velocity of 747.554 m/s. In parametric analysis, the parameter that gave the most significant difference was motor grain configuration, followed by launch angle and nozzle expansion ratio.
Nur Syahirah Shafek Hamlan, Ezanee Gires, Kamarul Ariffin Ahmad, Faizal Mustapha, Norkhairunnisa Mazlan, Noorfaizal Yidris, Adi Azriff Basri

Control and Navigation

Frontmatter
A Study on Aircraft Pitch Control in Rejecting Disturbances
Abstract
An introductory study on simplified aircraft pitch control considering the different variants of the well-known proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is presented in this paper. Different control methods have been applied in the aircraft systems control. The linear control methods are not suitable due to highly nonlinear nature of the plant. The intelligent methods lack comprehensive models hampering more rigor research. The nonlinear require higher computing time making their real implementation impossible. The model of the aircraft is a simplified analytical model derived using one of Boeing aircraft models. Investigated are the performances of the PID, PI, and PD controllers. A pulse disturbance was considered to mimic wind, gust, or sudden torque change. Sensor error was considered in the evaluation. The work was achieved by simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Results showed that PID and PD controllers have similar results while the PI controller has oscillations. Further results show that both the PID and PD are able to suppress the disturbance whose value can result in deviation equals to the reference pitch angle that is; 11° to about 22°. The two controllers however show very poor performance in rejecting sensor errors that is; from 2.2° to just 2°. The PD controller can serve same purpose as the PID controller in aircraft pitch control. Consequently, the study would help to serve as basis for research in aircraft pitch control for beginning as well as new comers and naïve in the area of flight control.
Salihu Abdulmumini Jalo, Mohammed Ahmed, Abdulqadiri Bello Abdulqadiri, Muhammad Usman Ilyasu, Isa Mohammed Inuwa, Garba Elhassan
Experimental Analysis on Pitching Moment for Embedment Cylinder to Flat Plate High Altitude Platform Station
Abstract
Due to the evolution of advanced technologies and their broad range of applications in numerous domains such as military, industrial, and scientific purposes, worldwide interest in High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) continue to rise. Researchers and experts worldwide have taken the initiative and conducted studies to create and build high-efficiency and safe HAPS. However, far too little attention has been paid to designing HAPS by embedding cylinders into a flat plate. The primary concern of the design is whether the approach of injecting the Magnus effect would be able to improve the aerodynamics and stability of the flat plate. To date, a new Cylinder to Flat Plate to Cylinder (CyFlaP) HAPS has been designed that incorporates the Magnus effect on a bluff body with the goal of increasing its aerodynamic performance. This project intends to analyze the pitching moment coefficient due to the rotational direction and rotational speed of the rotating cylinders. The tests were conducted for different Reynolds numbers (Re) ranging from Re = 2.55 × 105 to 9.10 × 105 which implicitly implied different free stream velocities varying from 2.80 to 10.05 m/s for different angles of attack ranging from α = −20° to α = 20°. Data for this study were collected using experimental analysis of the model in the closed-loop wind tunnel. Among the documented data, only the ones that had a higher rotational speed with clockwise rotating cylinders displayed a negative slope of moment coefficient over the specified range of angle of attack, with the highest negative moment coefficient recorded to be \({C}_{M}\) = −0.04 at the angle of attack, α = 10°. The analysis shows that the CyFlaP is able to fly in a longitudinal static stable state at 10.05 m/s (Re = 9.10 × 105) when the rotating cylinders are rotated in the clockwise-clockwise direction at a speed of 2322 RPM. This highlights the capability of the CyFlaP to fly steadily.
Ummi Zuhairah Zaimi, Hidayatullah Mohammad Ali, Azmin Shakrine Mohd Rafie
Reaching Law Controller for Backlash Compensation in Parabolic Antenna Systems
Abstract
Presented is a study on the application of the reaching law controller for suppressing the effect of backlash disturbance in parabolic antenna systems. The parabolic antennas are reflector antennas specifically designed to work at line-of-sight, otherwise there might be interruption or stoppage of communication. Backlash is one of the interferences that may affect the operation of such systems, and researches deduce that it could be reduced using suitable control systems. This will result in a reduced down time, maintenance costs, handling system complexities and enhanced life span. Many control methods have been tested on such systems ranging from linear methods to non-linear approaches. The antenna model in this study is adopted from a previous work. This study targets the performances of the controller in the presence of backlash disturbance which was then compared with that of the PID controller. The simulation work was done using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Results portrayed that the Constant Rate Reaching Law Controller (CRC) was able to completely compensate for the disturbance created by the presence of backlash in the system. The PID compensation was not up to that of the CRC. Therefore, the CRC showed better performance in terms of robustness. Furthermore, it indicated the suitability of the scheme for this class of plants; that is parabolic antenna systems. Further studies may aid in achieving simple as well as robust control system for such systems.
Salihu Abdulmumini Jalo, Mohammed Ahmed, Abdulqadiri Bello Abdulqadiri, Muhammad Usman Ilyasu, Isa Mohammed Inuwa, Garba Elhassan

Aircraft Structure and Aero-elasticity

Frontmatter
Numerical Investigation of Stresses on the Composite Aircraft Fuselage
Abstract
Improvement of an aircraft’s efficiency and performance can be achieved by decreasing the aircraft weight through considerable usage of composite materials in the aircraft fuselage. Composite materials are relatively new and there is still very few research on the stress distributions of composite fuselage. This study focuses on the effects of pressure and thermal loadings on the hoop stress of a carbon fiber fuselage skin at a cruising altitude of 11,000 m through finite element simulation. Model used in this analysis consists of a quarter of the cylindrical fuselage with two window cut-outs. Analysis shows that the addition of frame onto the fuselage was able to significantly reduce the maximum stress levels by approximately 23.5% and the addition of stringers further reduced the stress levels by another 29.2%. Further analysis shows that the frame and stringers mostly reduce the hoop stresses on the fuselage that were caused by pressure loadings, whereas minimal reduction was observed for the stresses from the thermal loadings. Finally, a comparison demonstrated that an aluminum alloy fuselage would experience an approximately 221.0% increase in maximum stress at cruising altitude and a 43.0% increase in mass for the same fuselage if compared to the carbon fiber material. Nevertheless, if compared to the relative yield strength of each material, the aluminum alloy achieved a 43.0% larger safety factor than the carbon fiber material.
Muhammad Irfan Naufal, Faruq Muhammad Foong
Aeroelastic Optimization Using Laminate Fiber Orientation on a Composite Wing Structure
Abstract
Composite materials use increases significantly in aerospace structures, especially wing structures, primarily due to their attractive strength-weight ratios. Nevertheless, the increasing use of light and slender wings in modern unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) leads to structural configurations featuring low natural frequencies and high flexibility, which can easily experience aeroelastic phenomena that might cause potentially catastrophic failure. This paper aims to present an investigation to achieve an optimal fiber orientation of laminates layup for the UAVs’ wing skin to meet aeroelastic design requirements. The wing ribs and spars are made from aluminum alloy, while the wing skin is a composite plate made of woven carbon laminates. The flutter speeds for each configuration layup were analyzed numerically using MSC Nastran. The doublet-lattice method is adopted to predict three-dimensional unsteady aerodynamic forces acting on the oscillating wing. According to the numerical analysis, it is evident that the fiber orientations of the wing skin influence the critical flutter onsets. Since the fiber orientation change can significantly affect the wing's stiffness, particularly in the torsion modes. Thus, the aeroelastic performance can be improved without increasing the mass by modifying the fiber orientation on the wing skin laminates. The angle of 45° can improve the critical flutter speed by more than 400 m/s and static-divergence up to 330 m/s or 50% higher in static-divergence speed and more than 260% in flutter speed compared to angles of 0 and 90°.
Angga Dwi Saputra, Ilham Akbar A. Satriya, R. Wibawa Purabaya, Syariefatunnisa, Zuhdhy Masfuri, Dimas Sangaji, Farhan Muzzammil Ali

Sustainability

Frontmatter
Numerical Modeling of Flow-Induced Instabilities in a Cage-Type Steam Turbine Control Valve
Abstract
Flow-induced vibration is a low-frequency failure phenomenon caused by the interaction between fluid flow and physical structure. This work aims to investigate the potential of flow-induced instability within a cage-type steam turbine control valve in which the throttle valve stem failed due to flow-induced vibration. In this work, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis was carried out based on a 3-dimensional, unsteady, finite volume method that solves Reynold-Averaging Navier Stokes at the cell-centred and Realizable k-ε as the turbulent modelling. In the present work, the double-seated throttle valve was utilized to regulate steam flow with a capacity of 10 kg/s, a rated pressure of 44 bar, and a temperature of 410 °C entering the control valve system from a vertical inlet to the horizontal outlet into the turbine. Based on the CFD analysis performed, it was found that the CFD predicted the existence of significant vortex-shedding activities due to strong aerodynamic interaction between the cage and the throttle valve component. The dominant broadband frequency determined by the unsteady calculation closely matches the frequency measured through the field measurement.
Mohd Rais Ramli, Nik Ahmad Ridhwan Nik Mohd, Shabudin Mat, Mohd Nazri Mohd Nasir
Effect of Scruton Number on Energy Harvesting Utilizing Flow-Induced Vibration
Abstract
The consumption of renewable energy has shown a positive impact on society and industries. Renewable energy is used widely in electronic devices such as sensors. The aim of this study is to help increase the amount of consumption of wind energy but on a smaller scale for small electronic devices. The study focus on the effect of Scruton number on energy harvesting. Reynolds number of 6.277 × 103 were used in this study corresponding to reduced velocity of 10 m/s. Numerical simulation using OpenFOAM was conducted for this study and flow visualization is generated to understand the flow physics. A strong correlation was found between Scruton numbers with energy being harvested. The highest harvested energy was 1.6 mW corresponding to the highest Scruton number. Detailed analysis showed that the increases in harvested energy was not mainly due to change in amplitude vibration, but it was due to increase in the vibration frequency. Flow visualization showed that the increases of frequency vibration was due to the increase Karman vortex strength in the wake.
Azalia Sharmine Saiful, Mohamed Sukri Mat Ali, Nursyafinaz Maruai, Salehuddin Muhammad
Study the Implementation of Hybrid PV/Wind System in Hot Region, Low Wind Speed; Challenges, Obstacles, and Prospects; Case of Samawah, Iraq
Abstract
This work is conducted to analyze the economic feasibility and profitability of a hybrid energy system (consisting of PV panels, wind turbines, hydrogen fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, and converter) to provide clean electrical power and store the excess electricity for later uses. To achieve the purpose of this research, the HOMER optimizations and simulations software was used. The major results of this study revealed the levelized cost of energy. LCOE and economic feasibility of a hybrid system consisting of wind turbine, lithium-ion batteries, hydrogen fuel cells, and converter reached a value of 0.05172 USD/kWh, indicating higher profitability and improved feasibility. Also, the LCOE and economic feasibility of case 1 consisting of a hybrid system consisting of solar PV panels, wind turbine, lithium-ion batteries, hydrogen fuel cells, and converter reached a value of 0.05229 USD/kWh, indicating less profitability and improved feasibility than case 1. Furthermore, findings confirmed that using a wind turbine, solar PV panels, hydrogen fuel cells, and lithium-ion batteries provides higher economic feasibility, which is mirrored by a low value of the LCOE. In addition, the study affirmed that there is no greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulted from using solar PV system and wind turbines throughout the year, as no diesel generator is used. Finally, results indicated that using energy storage technology such as hydrogen fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries would achieve higher system profitability due to the storage of clean electrical power for later use.
Fazila Mohd Zawawi, Mustafa Abdulkareem Hussein
A Methodology for Evaluating Aviation Sustainability Perspectives
Abstract
This study addresses the sustainability of aviation in the coming decades. In order to establish a modelling approach for the global air transport sector, the prospective contribution of air transport to fuel consumption and environmental impacts over several decades is considered. To achieve ambitious sustainability goals, it is believed that new aeronautical technologies must be developed and air transport operations must be continuously optimised. This should necessitate substantial investments in research and development (R&D) and equipment by aeronautical manufacturers and air transport operators (airline fleets and airport infrastructures), and queries such as what, how much, and when must be answered. The proposed framework permits levels of detail (air transport services, aircraft classes, and technologies) compatible with strategic decision-making aimed at meeting the demand for air transport services while meeting sustainability goals. Once informed, this framework will enable simulation testing of possible coherent solution scenarios or formulation of global optimisation decision-making problems pertaining to R&D investment in civil aeronautics, fleet renewal by air transport operators, and airport modernization.
H. Karam, E. Anwama, I. E. A. Davidson, H. Alfazari, F. Krykhtine, F. Mora-Camino
Metadata
Title
Proceedings of the 2nd International Seminar on Aeronautics and Energy
Editors
Nik Ahmad Ridhwan Nik Mohd.
Shabudin Mat
Copyright Year
2024
Publisher
Springer Nature Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-9968-74-9
Print ISBN
978-981-9968-76-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6874-9