Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advances in Concrete, Structural, and Geotechnical Engineering—Volume 2

Table of Contents

1. Impact Strength of Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Exposed to Elevated Temperatures

   B. Vijaya Prasad, N. Anand, Varun Sabu Sam, Diana Andrushia, M. Selvarathi

   Abstract

   Geopolymer (GP) materials have emerged as a necessary product for sustainable construction practices. In comparison to conventional concrete, geopolymer concrete (GC) is more brittle, and when it is subjected to elevated temperatures, the GC becomes more brittle. The inclusion of various fibers can considerably enhance the GC's performance at elevated temperatures. Thus, the main aim of this study is to examine the compressive strength and impact strength of various fiber-reinforced GC exposed to high temperatures using the ISO 834 standard fire curve. To develop M40-grade GC, ground granular blast furnace slag, and low-calcium fly ash are used as binders. A total of six mix propositions are adopted, such as plain GC (without fibers), polypropylene fiber-based GC, basalt fiber-based GC, crimped steel fiber-based GC, hybrid combination of polypropylene fiber and crimped steel fiber-based GC, hybrid combination of polypropylene fiber and basalt fiber-based GC. It was observed that, with the addition of fibers, the residual compressive strength and impact strength of GC has been improved. For 30 min (821 °C) and 60 min (925 °C) of heating, the BF-based GC showed more residual compressive strength and impact strength. At 90 min (986 °C) and 120 min (1029 °C) of heating, the BF and hybrid (BF and SF)-based GC showed more residual compressive strength and impact strength. Whereas PF-based GC exhibited a less residual compressive strength and impact strength.

2. Influence of Infill Walls on the Performance of Buildings with Different Heights

   Manga Jayanth, Yogesh D. Patil, Prakash A. Singh

   Abstract

   The infill wall is a supported wall that encloses the perimeter of a building and serves as partitions within the building. In the design process, infills are often disregarded due to their complex interaction with the frame, making the simulation of failure modes challenging. However, studies have shown that the presence of masonry infills cannot be neglected in structural modelling during design and verification. In the case of RC frames, infill walls can enhance global bearing capacity and also increase stiffness under lateral actions, leading to unexpected seismic performance in past earthquakes especially when they are not seismically designed. This highlights the importance of considering the contribution of infill walls in building performance under seismic forces. The aim of this study is to investigate the variation in the contribution of infill walls as the number of stories increases. Key factors such as the response reduction factor and over-strength factor are used to assess structural performance. In this study static and dynamic analyses were conducted using ETABS and SAP2000 software. The frames considered include G + 3, G + 5, G + 10, and G + 15 bare frames and fully infill frames. A parametric study was performed to evaluate variations in stiffness, response reduction factor, ductility and over-strength factor for different numbers of stories. The findings indicate that the addition of infill walls increases stiffness and base shear while decreasing ductility and maximum displacement. The fully infilled frame exhibits a higher over-strength factor compared to the bare frame, primarily due to the contribution of infills. The response reduction factor for bare frame structures increases with an increase in the number of stories from 3 to 15. Conversely, for fully infilled frames, the response reduction factor decreases as the number of stories increases from 3 to 15.

3. Influence of the Inclination Angle of Dowel on the Structural Response of FRP-Concrete Shear Connections

   A. S. Mehra, S. B. Singh

   Abstract

   An experimental campaign was conducted to investigate the behavior of three types of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)-concrete shear connections in the push-out tests. GFRP dowels were fixed over the flanges of I-shaped GFRP profiles using epoxy saturated glass roving. Two different angles of inclination of the dowels (90° and 45°) were considered for the study, and other than investigating their relative response, a comparison of their performance with the conventionally provided surface bonded connection was also made. The profiles vary in their manufacturing process, constituent materials, and stacking sequence. The performance of the developed connections was evaluated from their respective load-slip relations. The test results showed that the angle of inclination of the dowel significantly influences the failure modes, the shear resistance, the stiffness, and the interfacial slip of the connection system. In contrast to the highly stiff and brittle surface bonded connections, the dowel connections displayed a significant ductile response until failure.

4. Manufacturing of Phenolic Resin-Based Fiber Reinforced Composites using VARTM Method

   Kathir Vadivel Marimuthu, Shamsher Bahadur Singh, Sudhirkumar V. Barai

   Abstract

   This study details the manufacturing technique of phenolic resin-based bidirectional fiber-reinforced composites using the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) method. Plain weave carbon T700, E-Glass, and basalt fabrics were utilized for manufacturing with resole-type phenolic resin. A detailed manufacturing procedure with a technique post-curing at high temperatures was explained. The viscosity of the phenolic resin with different catalyst ratios was studied to provide insight into the selection of resin catalyst ratio for the manufacturing process. Experiments were conducted as per ASTM standards—ASTM D792 and ASTM D3171 to determine the density, fiber volume fraction, and void fraction of the manufactured composite laminates. Results showed that the fiber volume fraction is higher at the resin inlet than at the resin outlet. A void fraction of about 9% was observed in carbon and basalt fabrics, while 4% for S-Glass fabric.

5. Non-linear Finite Element Simulation of Rectangular Hybrid FRP-Concrete-Steel Double-Skin Tubular Columns Under Axial Compression

   P. Praneet Sai Kumar, S. B. Singh, Sudhirkumar V. Barai

   Abstract

   This paper presents a comprehensive non-linear finite element analysis (NLFEA) conducted using ABAQUS software to investigate the compressive behavior of rectangular hybrid FRP-concrete-steel double-skin tubular columns (hybrid DSTCs). The study involves 36 real-scale models with varying parameters, including the outer FRP tube aspect ratio, outer FRP tube thickness, inner steel tube thickness, and concrete filling inside the inner steel tube. The accuracy and reliability of NLFEA models were rigorously validated against experimental results demonstrating a small error of approximately 4%. This validation process ensures the accuracy of the numerical simulations in replicating the observed behaviors in real-world experiments. The findings underscore the significant influence of design parameters on the axial load-bearing capacity while navigating trade-offs between axial stress and strain of confined concrete in rectangular hybrid DSTCs.

6. Numerical Validation and Parametric Study of Masonry Infill Wall Strengthened with Textile Reinforced Mortar

   Jaya Kumar Bhaskar, Dipendu Bhunia

   Abstract

   A numerical validation study was conducted to simulate the capacity of a reinforced concrete (RC) frame with masonry infill wall (MIW) erected with concrete masonry units (CMU) and strengthened with textile reinforced mortar (TRM). To accomplish this, the finite element method (FEM) software ABAQUS was utilized to generate a three-dimensional (3D) FE model of the one-bay one-story TRM retrofitted specimen with 2:3 scale that was subjected to quasi-static in-plane (IP) loads previously at Wellington Institute of Technology. To identify the nonlinear response of the frame, MIW, and the TRM, an accurate numerical model was developed utilizing the appropriate constitutive models. Furthermore, a parametric study was conducted to determine the significance of the full-bond scenario between the RC frame MIW and the TRM considering: (1) opening in the MIW (2) the location of TRM and (3) the number of layers of TRM on the specimen. The numerical model was successful in accurately reproducing the IP capacity of the retrofitted MIW frames in terms of load-carrying capacity, distortion capacity, and cracking patterns. It can be observed that the specimen with two layers of TRM on both sides of the infill wall exhibit the maximum lateral load carrying capacity and maximum deflection resisting characteristics while the other retrofitted specimens controlled the deflection to some extent and significantly enhancing the load carrying capacities of the masonry system.

7. Parametric Investigation on Masonry Arch Bridge

   Vinay Kumar Singh, Suraj Singh, Vishal Singh

   Abstract

   Masonry arch bridges are important infrastructure facilities serving the world from ancient era to present era. There is a huge difference between the actual design capacity and actual applied load on masonry bridges. Quality of bridge material deteriorated with time, due to heavy load applied on it and due to weathering process. Due to deterioration of these bridges, so it is absolutely essential that all such bridges are structurally inspected. And there is no generic technique for this, but various non linear analyses had been achieved. This paper is all about the defects that are generally occurs in masonry bridges. The chosen of nodes in Finite element method is also studied. Those bridges are designed on the idea of traditional strategies, so deep analysis of these bridges may be very necessary. Information related to Parameters of masonry bridges like Failure mechanisms, maximum carrying capacity of masonry arch bridges are studied with the help of modeling. This paper includes the outcomes of numerous parameters in modeling like locations of nodes, the way that the arch barrels fails, assessment technique, finally modeling is done with the help of finite element base Software.

8. Performance Evaluation of RC Moment Resisting Frame with and Without Infill Wall Based on Fragility Curve Under Repeated Earthquake

   Toshini Narendra Makde, Varsha Ravindra Harne

   Abstract

   Earthquakes are very devastating natural disasters that not only destroy human lives but also hurt entire nations. It is essential to understand how structures react to seismic pressures and their vulnerability in order to reduce the effects of these calamities. Due to the growing number of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in earthquake-prone areas, research into how these structures behave under seismic loads is of great interest. We can create measures to reduce the economic effects of earthquakes and improve the resilience of communities facing this natural hazard by analyzing the vulnerability features of these structures. This study investigated the seismic behavior of two different ten-story moment-resisting concrete frames one bare frame and one infill frame with the same building layouts. The “Diagonal Strut Method” provides infill. This study compares the damage conditions of the infill and bare frames. In both structures, Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) was carried out using three sets of repeated ground motion records. Incremental dynamic analysis was performed using SAP2000. Based on the IDA curve, the primary guidelines for developing fragility curves are Immediate occupancy (IO), Life Safety (LS), and Collapse prevention (CP). The IDA Curves were used to determine the maximum inter-story drift percentage at each storey level and the placement of plastic hinges for both frames. The probability of meeting or exceeding the damage state was calculated from the fragility curves. According to the comparative study, the infill frame performs 60% better than that of the bare frame. Therefore, for all damage states, RC frames with infill walls are seismically stronger than RC frames without infill walls.

9. Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer in RC Structures Under Varied Environment Conditions: A Critical Review

   Raveendra Kumar Saroj, Anant Parghi

   Abstract

   The performance of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) in reinforced concrete (RC) constructions subjected to various environmental conditions is reviewed in detail in this research. The growing use of FRP in RC structures as a retrofit or reinforcing material has highlighted the necessity to comprehend its long-term performance and strength under various stresses from the environment. The literature on the impacts of variables including temperature changes, moisture content, UV rays, chemical exposure, and others on the mechanical characteristics and longevity of FRP in RC systems is rigorously examined in this review. The findings show that whereas fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials often provide improved strength-to-weight ratios and corrosion resistance, their adhesion to the concrete matrix, mechanical characteristics, and overall durability can be negatively impacted by specific environmental factors. In order to maximize the usage of FRP in RC structures in a variety of environmental contexts, the study also identifies areas for future investigation and possible mitigating techniques. The results are intended to help practitioners, researchers, and designers make well-informed choices on the use and constraints of FRP in reinforced concrete structures.

10. Postbuckling Study of the Laminated Composite Eccentric Stiffened Plate Subjected to Uniform In-Plane Load

    V. G. Rakesh Kumar, Shuvendu Narayan Patel, Rajesh Kumar

    Abstract

    The postbuckling behavior of laminated composite eccentric stiffened plates subjected to uniform in-plane loading using finite element method is discussed in this paper. The plate and stiffener are modeled using an eight-noded degenerated shell element and a three-noded degenerated curved beam element with isoparametric formulation and C° continuity (FSDT) of the primary variables. Linear buckling analysis is done by solving the eigen-value equation. The postbuckling analysis is carried out by solving the non-linear equilibrium equation using Crisfield arc-length method. This study considers the effect of symmetric and antisymmetric lamination schemes, aspect ratio, and number of stiffeners on the postbuckling behavior of composite plates, and the results are discussed.

11. Prefabrication Building Construction: A Thematic Analysis Approach

    Shashikant Nishant Sharma, Kavita Dehalwar, Jagdish Singh, Gopal Kumar

    Abstract

    The study uses a comprehensive search strategy to identify relevant studies, including peer-reviewed articles, conference proceedings, and technical reports. A total of 42 studies were selected for inclusion in the review, and their findings are synthesized using a thematic analysis approach. Prefabrication building construction is an emerging trend in the Indian construction industry. This paper aims to provide an overview of prefabrication technology and its use in building construction in India. The benefits and challenges of prefabrication, as well as the factors that influence its adoption in India, are discussed. The paper also provides an overview of the current state of the prefabrication industry in India, and the key players in the market. Finally, the paper highlights successful prefabrication projects in India and concludes that prefabrication technology has the potential to revolutionize the construction industry in India and address some of its key challenges.

12. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) and Ground Response Analysis Considering Uncertainty in Foundation Media for a Few Eastern Locations in Mumbai

    Soubhagya Karmakar, Sangita Saha, Kapilesh Bhargava

    Abstract

    Buildings and structures are designed for various forces including those arising due to dead load, live load, wind load, seismic load, etc. Among these, seismic load is generally defined for structures by the national standard based on the seismic zone in which the facility (buildings and structures) is located. Based on this generic seismic load, seismic forces are calculated depending on the importance factor, response reduction factor, time period of structure, and soil properties. Soil properties (shear wave velocity, damping properties, and stiffness degradation) play an important role in the propagation of seismic waves and vary widely both spatially and along the depth. Specified design peak ground acceleration (PGA) value at the bedrock level gets significantly altered by the influence of the local soil site. Further, the zone factor is also an important part in the evaluation of seismic forces which is specified based on different cities or regions of the country. However, the generic zone factor might not give the true picture for megacities like Mumbai that are near one or more fault lines (e.g., for Mumbai: West Coast, Chiplun, Koyna-Warna, etc.), and would require additional attention. In this context, this study first carries out a PSHA analysis for a few eastward locations in Mumbai based on available data from the literature. This will show the limitations as well as the effects of considering a single PGA for a megacity. Next, ground response analysis has been carried out in DEEPSOIL^® through the equivalent linear method of analysis using synthetic/scaled real-time ground motions at different sites with different soil profiles. Finally, the work has been extended to observe the effect of uncertainty arising due to limitations in modeling shear modulus value by empirical correlation, over the ground amplification factor.

13. Analysis of Thin-Walled Steel Beam for Flexural-Torsion with Different Stiffener Using ANSYS

    Lovely Sabat, Arundaya Sabat

    Abstract

    Steel beams are susceptible to flexural buckling, torsional-flexure buckling due to various types of loading and support conditions. This paper presents an investigation of the effect of stiffeners on the load-carrying capacity and the deflection resistance of thin-walled steel I-beams under various load conditions. The modeling of beams was carried out using Hypermesh tool and then it was analyzed by using the ANSYS software package. The support condition adopted for the study is the cantilever condition along with the loading conditions of concentric point load, torsional moment and eccentric point load. The dimensions of the I-beam as well as the thickness of the stiffener plate were kept constant throughout the study. A total of four patterns have been studied, the patterns are single and double vertical, single and double horizontal stiffener arrangement. The result was compared with respect to the conventional one without any stiffener. The transverse and axial deformation, the equivalent and axial stresses of beams are studied along with the mode of failure and effect of bending and torsion. It is observed that the use of HYPERMESH software and ANSYS software resulted in much easier modeling, faster and cost-effective analysis for the thin-walled steel beam sections without any destructive methods.

14. Seismic Response Evaluation of Precast Concrete Structures

    Anand Surendra Ingle, S. D. Bharti, M. K. Shrimali, T. K. Datta

    Abstract

    The use of precast concrete techniques in building construction has much potential. In mass housing projects, precast concrete use is becoming popular in India. The performance of the precast concrete frame is governed by individual beam-column connection performance. Many experimental and analytical studies to evaluate the performance of precast beam-column connection under seismic loading are reported in the literature, but the studies to evaluate the overall performance of precast concrete frame structures are scanty. Herein, the performance of a ten-story precast concrete frame is evaluated under near-field and far-field ground motions. Normalized moment-rotation curves for non-emulated and corresponding monolithic beam-column connections available in the literature are used in modeling. Joints of precast and monolithic frames are modeled by the link element at the beam-column interface and default plastic hinge located at 0.1L distance from the center of the column. Nonlinear time history analysis is performed for precast and corresponding monolithic frame structures under various ground excitations. The average responses were obtained from an ensemble of seven earthquakes for each type of earthquake. The responses include peak top-story displacement, maximum base shear, maximum inter-story drift ratio (MIDR), and maximum absolute acceleration. The precast and monolithic frame responses are compared to illustrate the seismic behavior of the precast building frames.

15. Seismic Stability Analysis of a Bamboo Grid Reinforced Slope Based on Non-linear Time History Analysis

    Rasmiranjan Samal, Smrutirekha Sahoo

    Abstract

    The current work investigated the Seismic behavior of a bamboo grid reinforced slope, which utilized 2D numerical analyses using the finite element program MIDAS GTS NX (340) 2023 v1.1. For this investigation, two individual ground motion and one combined ground motions are considered in the nonlinear time history analysis of the slope. The comparison was made to analyze the lateral displacement and settlement for different slope parts. The top five bamboo grids are more affected due to the development of horizontal and vertical membrane forces and effective pressure. The reinforced slope under combined ground motion is more stable as compared to GM1 and GM2. The failure pattern observed at the face portion suggests that the slope is more prone to sliding and instability in this area. The introduction of combined GM results in a substantial reduction in horizontal displacement. Specifically, the percentage reduction of horizontal displacement for combined GM is 57.75% compared to GM1, and an even more impressive 71.13% reduction compared to GM2. The presence of GM1 significantly affects the horizontal displacement of both the face and body portions of the slope.

16. Shear Strength Prediction of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Truss Analogy Approach

    Sherine Stanly, Madappa V. R. Sivasubramanian, Shamsher Bahadur Singh

    Abstract

    Extensive studies have been conducted to understand the catastrophic shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams, which is a complex phenomenon that depends on many parameters. To facilitate the analysis of RC beams, this paper presents a novel analysis method for predicting the shear strength of beams of normal proportions. In this analysis, for getting levels of yielding and ultimate loads, a parallel determinate truss was modeled. To evaluate the proposed truss model’s validity and applicability, the analysis procedure is examined against three different RC beams, and the results are compared with experimental data available from the literature. It finds that all experimental observations from the literature accord with the predicted shear strength values. This study shows that the shear strength of reinforced concrete elements subjected to shear can be determined by applying the truss analogy approach appropriately.

17. Stress Assessment in Post-tensioned Concrete Anchorage Using a 3-Strand Anchorage Plate

    Monika Jain, Rajendra Khapre

    Abstract

    The paper deals with the anchorage zone stress evaluation with a 3-strand anchorage plate. The end block of a post-tensioned concrete specimen is modelled using ANSYS software. The bursting force equation published in IS 1343 for post-tensioned concrete members does not incorporate the output of a 3-strand anchorage plate. A 3D Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was carried out to ascertain the relative contributions of anchorage ratio (k), pre-stressing force, and duct opening in the modeling of the plate on bursting tensile stress and bursting force. The outcomes show that the bursting force is understated by the equation suggested by IS 1343 and other standard codes. In order to address this, the results presented in this article can be directly used in the unavailability of experimental results.

18. Study of Different Shear Kinematic Assumptions on Coupled Axial-Flexure-Shear Sectional Analysis in Shear Deformable Beam Element

    Saroj Kumar Sahu, Arbind Kumar Singh

    Abstract

    Shear deformable fibre beam elements have been proposed in the recent years to account shear deformation in reinforced concrete members. These elements usually adopt a coupled axial-flexure-shear sectional model. This study aims to investigate the effect of different shear kinematic assumptions on the response of the coupled section model. Specifically, three common kinematic assumptions are compared: (1) uniform shear strain distribution, (2) parabolic shear strain distribution and (3) an inner fibre equilibrium method. In the first two cases, a fixed-pattern shear strain distribution is considred over the cross-section irrespective of the load state, while in the third case, the shear strain distribution is estimated by satisfying the inner fibre equilibrium at each load stage. A critical column section is analysed using a coupled sectional model with each of these kinematic assumptions. The concrete fibre properties is modelled using rotating smeared-crack model, and steel fibre properties is modelled using uniaxial stress–strain relation. The results from the three assumptions are compared in terms of the section shear force-shear strain response and the distribution of shear stress over the section. It is observed that the parabolic shear stain assumption closely aligns with the results of the inner fibre equilibrium method.