Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advances in Concrete, Structural, and Geotechnical Engineering—Volume 2

Table of Contents

1. Time History Analysis Unreinforced Masonry Clock Tower of Senate Hall Building

   Ambareesh Kumar, Kumar Pallav

   Abstract

   This paper investigates the dynamic behaviour of a masonry clock tower using macro modelling approach. It is constructed at the main entrance of the Senate Hall building in 1915, the tower demonstrates fully unreinforced brick masonry construction. Visual inspections have shown substantial cracks, deterioration, and damage across masonry walls, roofs, and connections to past seismic events and environmental factors. A comprehensive assessment of material degradation extends to structural elements, containing walls, roofs, and connections, resulting in significant damage to the tower. Using in-situ surveys, photographs, and historical documentation, geometric drawings on AutoCAD, constructing a finite element model on ANSYS at actual scales. A macro modelling approach is used in modelling the structural elements and materials (brick and stone). The tower’s estimated mechanical properties, obtained through non-destructive testing, have been integrated into the FEM model. For seismic simulations in Allahabad city, EXSIM software has been employed, incorporating regional parameters like stress drop, fault length, and slip specific to the Allahabad region. Noteworthy responses on the clock tower were captured maximum at the dome’s top, including acceleration (42.354 mm/s²), deformation (0.685 mm), and velocity (9.656 mm/s). Stress responses peak at 0.024 MPa and 0.045 MPa on the second and ground floors, respectively. The study highlights the response at identified locations of the tower, corroborating on-site survey results. Severe deformities have been identified predominantly, stressing the structural and binding material deterioration. Urgent intervention is required to strengthen the tower, necessitating the incorporation of existing materials to mitigate the prevalent decline in structural and ornamental components.

2. Uni-axial Behaviour of Plain Concrete Cylinders Confined with Hybrid CFRP/SSWM Under Elevated Temperature

   Vipul J. Kalyani, Digesh D. Joshi, Paresh V. Patel

   Abstract

   An experimental investigation is presented in this paper to evaluate the performance of plain concrete cylinders wrap with hybrid carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and stainless steel wire mesh (SSWM) jackets under varying elevated temperatures. 24 cylinders are used for this study having 100 mm in diameter and 200 mm in height. They are divided into three categories: un-strengthened (control) cylinders, double-layered CFRP strengthened cylinders (CC), and hybrid CFRP-SSWM strengthened cylinders (CS). As the specimens are exposed to temperature of 100 °C, 200 °C, and 300 °C for 2 h. Axial compression test is performed on all cylinder specimens, until failure. All CS specimens failed due to the rupture of the CFRP strips. Comparing the ultimate compressive loads at ambient temperature, the compressive strength of the control, CC, and CS specimens at 300 °C is reduced by 36.80%, 26.11%, and 22.58%, respectively. At ambient temperature, CC specimens exhibited a greater compressive strength compared to CS specimens. However, at 300 °C temperature, the compressive strength of CS is little higher compared to CC. Based on the results, it is concluded that the CS strengthening pattern demonstrates superior performance compared to the CC strengthening pattern at 300 °C temperature exposure.

3. A Simplified Complex Frequency Transfer Function Method (TFM) for Generation of Floor Response Spectra for Nuclear Structures

   S. Pranav, Varun Kumar Mishra, Y. M. Parulekar, U. P. Singh, S. M. Ingole

   Abstract

   Seismic analysis using Floor Response Spectra (FRS) plays a critical role in assessing the performance of Structure, Systems and Components (SSCs) located at different floors in nuclear facility structures. Presently, a standard 700 MWe PHWR nuclear reactor design is being adopted in fleet mode at multiple sites in India. Hence the conventional approach of FRS generation will require the entire analysis process to be repeated with different site specific seismic inputs for different NPP sites. The entire process is computationally cumbersome and time consuming. Thus, a computationally efficient frequency domain Transfer Function Method (TFM) based approach has been studied and developed which utilizes complex frequency transfer functions generated from the nodal response of conventional modal time history analysis. The frequency domain transfer functions, generated from the nodal response of conventional modal time history analysis, are then used to generate Floor response Spectra. The generated FRS is required for seismic design and analysis of Structure, Systems and Components located on different floors in nuclear facility structures for the expeditious completion of design and analysis activity. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis to demonstrate the performance of TFM in comparison to the conventional method used for FRS generation for nuclear structures.

4. Analysis and Design of Irregularities in Multi-Storey Buildings

   Vinay Kumar Singh, Sakib Jamal Ansari, Abhishek Kumar Yadav

   Abstract

   A structure can be categorized as irregular if it contains uneven distributions of mass, stiffness and strength or due to irregular geometry. Most structures contain irregularities due to functional and aesthetic reasons. One of the significant reasons for a structure’s collapse from past earthquakes is the irregular configuration of the building, either in plan or elevation, as the performance of a building during a seismic occasion primarily depends on its configuration. Thus, irregular structures situated in highly seismic zones are a matter of concern. The choice of type, location and degree of irregularity is crucial in the design of structures. IS Code 1893:2016 (Part 1) recommends that all efforts should be made to remove irregularities by revising structural configuration and architectural planning. However, in structures, the concept of “perfect regularity” is just an idealization as real structures contain irregularities necessitated due to various needs and demands and also constitute a large portion of modern urban infrastructure. The main aim of the present work is to incorporate irregularities in a structure without compromising its performance. A G+10 storey regular building Reinforced Concrete frame is modified by incorporating single as well as combined irregularities involving re-entrant corners, floor slabs having excessive openings or cut-outs, mass, and vertical geometric irregularities. All the models are subjected to earthquake loading, and the responses are computed using CSI ETABS software. The objective will be accomplished by comparing the responses of the various models by a method of seismic analysis namely Response Spectrum Analysis.

5. Analysis and Optimization of Castellated Web Beams with Varied Web Opening Shapes Using Abaqus Software

   J. S. Siddesh, K. N. Shivaprasad

   Abstract

   The present study is dedicated to the comprehensive analysis and optimization of castellated web beams featuring diverse shapes of web openings, such as circles, hexagons, and squares. The investigation involves systematically varying the dimensions of the web openings and the distances between them to discern their effects on the structural behaviour of the beams. To conduct this analysis, the study employs the renowned ABAQUS software, known for its advanced simulation capabilities in structural engineering. Castellated web beams, characterized by regularly spaced web openings, offer a structural advantage by achieving reduced weight while maintaining integrity. However, the specific shape and dimensions of these web openings significantly impact the overall performance of the beams. The primary objective of this study is to ascertain the optimal design parameters for castellated web beams, with a focus on enhancing their structural efficiency. The methodology involves utilizing ABAQUS software for finite element analysis, enabling precise modelling and simulation of critical aspects, including stress distribution, deformation behaviour, and the overall structural response of the castellated beams. Through this approach, the study aims to gain insights into the nuanced relationships between various design parameters and structural performance. The hypothesis put forth in the study suggests that by reducing the dimensions of the web opening and decreasing the distance between them, the load-carrying capacity of the beam can be enhanced. The research systematically manipulates these parameters with the ultimate goal of identifying optimal design configurations that maximize the structural performance of castellated web beams.

6. Bamboo as Sustainable Reinforcement Material: A Comprehensive Review

   Amit Sain, Arun Gaur, Jeetendra Singh Khichad, Ghanshyam Balotiya

   Abstract

   Bamboo has emerged as a promising material for strengthening rigid pavements and beam column slabs in building projects because to its abundance, renewability, and exceptional mechanical qualities. This comprehensive review study studies the use of bamboo as a sustainable reinforcement material and its advantages in terms of environmental conservation, ecological preservation, and structural performance. Furthermore, the study recognises India's varied range of bamboo species, adding to the country’s great potential for bamboo production. Furthermore, the study investigates the environmental benefits of bamboo reinforcement. As a renewable resource, bamboo provides a sustainable alternative to standard reinforcement materials, reducing reliance on non-renewable resources and lowering carbon emissions. The environmental benefits of bamboo farming are also emphasised, since it encourages biodiversity, soil protection, and carbon sequestration. The structural performance of bamboo-reinforced rigid pavements and beam column slabs is examined using case studies, taking into account parameters such as strength, durability, and resilience to harsh climatic conditions. The research demonstrates the successful use of bamboo reinforcement in a variety of building projects, as well as its potential to improve the performance and longevity of road infrastructure.

7. Experimental Study on Creep Behaviour of Glass Fibre-Reinforced Concrete

   Geetanjali K. Lohar, Nishant Roy, Ankesh Kumar

   Abstract

   Creep is a critical phenomenon in tunnel construction as excessive time-dependent deformation can compromise the integrity of concrete lining. In order to resist such deformations and improve the tensile strength of concrete, fibres are added to it. In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the creep characteristics of glass fibre-reinforced concrete (GFRC). Initially, a concrete mix of M25 grade was prepared as per IS code guidelines. The concrete specimens were prepared with an addition of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% of fibre. Mechanical tests such as Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) Test and Split-tensile test were conducted on the specimens to evaluate the optimum percentage of fibre. Experimental results indicated that addition of 0.5% and 1% glass fibre enhanced the compressive and tensile strength of the concrete specimen, whereas higher fibre content (1.5% and 2.0%) reduced its strength compared to the conventional concrete. Moreover, in order to study the creep behaviour of Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete (GFRC), the mix design associated with maximum strength gain (1% glass fibre) was chosen to conduct the cantilever-type creep test. The investigation focused on the comparison of creep deformation characteristics between ordinary cement concrete and glass fibre reinforced concrete (GFRC) with 1% fibre content. It was found that the glass fibre effectively reduces the creep deformations in concrete.

8. Exploring the Relationship Between Laminate Orientation and Bending Behavior of Delaminated Composite Conoidal Shell Roofs

   Kamalika Das, Kumar Shubham, Suman Pandey, Akhileshwar Kumar Singh, Brajkishor Prasad

   Abstract

   This study aims at a finite element method-based investigation of delaminated composite conoidal shells using static analysis. The effects of boundary conditions, stacking sequences, number of laminates, and areas of delamination have been compared in terms of deflection in this study. For this purpose, an eight-noded isoparametric curved quadratic shell with a square plan has been used for analyzing conoidal thin-shell roofs of graphite-epoxy material. An increasing trend was observed in the maximum deflection with the increasing area of delamination. However, the results also show a reduction in maximum deflection for certain laminations with clamped support having stacking sequence of (−30°/30°) and (0°/90°) with an area of delamination (c/a) 0.25 and 0.75, respectively. Similar trends have been noticed in laminations under the simply supported conditions at (−45°/45°) and (0°/90°), with c/a = 0.5. This study can help researchers and practitioners gain a deeper understanding of the effects caused by delamination by providing them with valuable insights. This knowledge can be applied to actual site conditions to guide the development of better materials, manufacturing processes, and installation methods to prevent delamination issues in practical applications.

9. Numerical Analysis of Steel Reinforced ECC Coupling Beam

   K. Hamsavathi, Madappa V. R. Sivasubramanian

   Abstract

   The modern era of construction demands various aspects of engineered cementitious composite (ECC) that turns today’s construction to be marvelous. This research study investigates the shear capacity of steel-reinforced ECC coupling beam. A steel-reinforced ECC coupling beam are chosen, and shear load versus translation angle simulation is performed to realize the response of the beam through a finite element platform. The numerical analysis is carried out and the results are validated with the experimental data, which is found to be in agreement.

10. Comparative Study Between Fixed Based and Pinned Based PEB Structure for Different Wind Zone and Different Height

    Nikhil Gupta, C. L. Aruna Kumar, Ambavarapu Rafi, N. S. Kiran, Ranjan Kumar, Kapilesh Bhargava, Ankur Agrawal, D. Dhavamani

    Abstract

    Pre-Engineered building is technological advancement in structural engineering. PEB concept provide optimum design which results in less consumption of material, good aesthetic view, faster construction and reduction in erection time. Steel structure is not only for its high-quality design and fabrication but also use for its flexibility. In this study, comparison of structural performance has been made between fixed base and pinned base PEB structure, in different wind zones and for different height of the structure. Analysis and design have been carried out using STAAD pro software. The structural performance has been assessed through member forces in columns and support reactions at the base of the column.

11. AI Based Unified Particle Swarm Optimization for Cost Optimal Structural Design of High-Rise RC Framed Structures

    Payel Chaudhuri, Swarup K. Barman, Damodar Maity, D. K. Maiti

    Abstract

    Present paper deals with the cost effective design of reinforced concrete building frame employing unified particle swarm optimization (UPSO). A building frame with G + 8 stories have been adopted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the present algorithm. Effect of seismic loads and wind load have been considered as per Indian Standard (IS) 1893 (Part-I) and IS 875 (Part-III) respectively. Analysis of the frames has been carried out in STAAD Pro software. The design loads for all the beams and columns obtained from STAAD Pro have been given as input of the optimization algorithm. Next, cost optimization of all beams and columns have been carried out in MATLAB environment using UPSO, considering the safety and serviceability criteria mentioned in IS 456. Cost of formwork, concrete and reinforcement have been considered to calculate the total cost. Reinforcement of beams and columns has been calculated with consideration for curtailment and feasibility of laying the reinforcement bars during actual construction. The numerical analysis ensures the accuracy of the developed algorithm in providing the cost optimized design of RC building frames considering safety, serviceability and constructional feasibilities. Thus, the present algorithm is capable of giving a cost effective design of RC building frame, which can be adopted directly in construction site without making any changes.

12. Seismic Performance-Based Evaluation of R-factor for Indian Code-Compliant RC Frames with URM Infill Walls

    Rushali Madhwani, Kaushik Gondaliya, Harshingar Patel, Jignesh Amin

    Abstract

    Seismic vulnerability and its assessment are an imperative study and to this end, the present paper investigates the seismic effects of Unreinforced Masonry (URM) infill walls on RC frame buildings, highlighted by the 2001 Bhuj earthquake’s findings regarding their ability to withstand lateral forces. Despite their common use for partitioning due to enhanced functionality, accessibility, and affordability, URM infill walls are often designed as non-structural elements, with their potential to augment lateral strength and stiffness frequently overlooked in the design phase. In the present study, 4-Storey, 8-Storey, and 12-Storey RC frame buildings were designed as per the latest Indian seismic provisions. Nonlinear static pushover analysis is implemented on the selected bare, open ground Storey and fully masonry infill walls configuration. A nonlinear Single-strut model is adopted for the masonry infill walls. Evaluation of the Response reduction factor and its primary parameters are estimated as per the ATC-19. URM Infill walls significantly affect the ductility and strength of the structures, with variations observed across the different building heights. The results highlight the substantial impact of masonry infill walls on the seismic performance of RC frames. URM Infill walls resulted in a significant decrease in ductility, reaching up to 53 per cent. On the other hand, strength ratios experienced modest increases, reaching up to 10 per cent. This study provides valuable insights into the seismic behavior of RC frame buildings with URM infill walls, highlighting the importance of rethinking design considerations to maximize the benefits of infill walls in improving structural performance during earthquakes, in accordance with Indian seismic standards.