Proceedings of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering Annual Conference 2024, Volume 3

Table of Contents

1. Frontmatter

2. A MILP Formulation for the Pre-emptive Flexible-Mode Multi-skilled Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem

   Bassel Abdelshahid, Khaled Nassar, Ossama Hosny

   Abstract

   This paper presents a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation with time indexed variables for a generalized form of the resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) with the makespan objective. The form of the RCPSP introduced in this paper is the Pre-emptive Flexible-Mode Multi-Skilled Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem (P-FM-MS-RCPSP). The proposed MILP formulation captures the pre-emptive nature of the scheduling problem, allowing tasks to be interrupted and resumed based on resource availability. Additionally, tasks can be executed in multiple modes, where each mode represents a different method of performing the task, each requiring distinct sets of resources and with corresponding distinct sets of durations, reducing resource idle times and maximizing their utilization via a flexible resource profile. Furthermore, the formulation also considers the use of multi-skilled resources, where a set of categorical skills are required to perform project activities with resources that master more than one skill. The RCPSP is a NP hard problem, and since the P-FM-MS-RCPSP is a generalized form of the RCPSP, the P-FM-MS-RCPSP is also NP hard. The effectiveness of the proposed MILP formulation is verified through computational experiments on empirical benchmark instances of the MS-RCPSP and comparison with existing solution approaches.

3. A Simulation-Based Optimization Study of Dredging Techniques in the TOSHKA Pump Station Intake Canal Project

   Eman Zarif, Khaled Nassar, Yasmeen Essawy

   Abstract

   This paper presents a meticulous study employing Discrete-Event Simulation and optimization techniques to devise the most effective methodology for excavating the Toshka Canal, a significant irrigation project in Egypt. The canal, extending for more than 3 km in length and with average 400 m in width, necessitates dredging to increase its depth from 7 m to more than 50 m, which is crucial for functioning of a connected pump station plant. The dredging process is executed by dredgers of varying capacities and dredging depths. Additionally, split barges which employed to collect the dredged soil, with tugs responsible for towing these split barges to the filling zones. This complex dredging operation demands optimization of the construction process for optimal construction method. This paper leverages the power of AnyLogic simulation software to develop a comprehensive model, integrating critical parameters like the capacity of dredgers, productivity of excavation equipment, strategies for resource allocation. Through multiple simulation runs, a variety of scenarios are evaluated to assess the performance of the construction process. Key metrics, such as rates of equipment utilization and total excavation time, are used to measure the efficiency of each scenario. The simulation results yield to valuable resource utilization and allocation, task sequencing, and potential bottlenecks, facilitating the identification of the most efficient strategies for the Toshka Canal construction and on any similar construction process by exploiting advanced simulation modeling and optimization techniques; this contributes to the evolution of construction processes for such types of projects.

4. Simulation-Driven Optimization of Construction Site Layout and Schedule for Enhanced Productivity and Reduced Costs

   Asmaa Mohamed Farouk, Khaled M. Nassar, Yasmeen A. S. Essawy

   Abstract

   Construction site layout plays a crucial role in the efficient execution of construction projects. A well-planned site layout can minimize material handling, labor movement, and equipment relocation, leading to improved productivity, reduced costs, minimized project time, and enhanced safety. However, traditional site layout planning methods often fail to consider the dynamic nature of construction projects and the interactions between different resources, such as material storage areas, workspaces, and equipment maneuvering as it does not integrate with the project schedule. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a simulation-based framework that integrates and optimizes construction schedule planning with site layout. The framework utilizes a simulation model that captures the interactions between different resources and their impact on construction activities. The simulation model is then used to evaluate different site layout configurations and identify the layout that minimizes construction time and costs. To validate the proposed framework, a case study of a medium-sized residential construction project is presented. The case study demonstrates that the simulation-based optimization approach can significantly reduce construction time and costs compared to traditional site layout planning methods. The findings of this paper have significant implications on the construction industry, as they provide a practical approach to optimizing site layout and improving construction project performance.

5. Framework for Integrating Immersive Embodied Interaction into Construction Education and Training

   Sharjeel Anjum, Chukwuma Nnaji, Abiola Akanmu, Yewande Abraham

   Abstract

   Immersive technologies have been deployed as viable tools for enhancing learning in complex work environments. However, questions surrounding the ability of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) to promote experiential learning economically and effectively among construction students and workers persist. Researchers have recently argued that for VR/AR to be effective, it is critical to improve realism and embodied interactions using tangible objects close to their real-life representations. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the role of immersive embodiment in facilitating embodied cognition in construction education and training. To achieve this goal, this study (1) reviews and synthesizes existing studies involving Immersive Embodied Interaction (IEI) in construction education and training and (2) develops a conceptual framework for enhancing the successful integration of IEI in construction education and training. Results from the study indicate that extant literature within this promising domain is limited, and additional research is needed to maximize the potential of IEI in construction workforce development. The proposed framework provides researchers with foundational insight that could guide future VR/AR research.

6. A Framework for Infrastructure Projects in Egypt Funded by Multilateral Development Banks

   MennaAllah El-Kadi, Engy Serag, Ahmed Samer Ezeldin

   Abstract

   Over the last decade, Egypt has witnessed an increase in the number of public–private partnership (PPP) projects, specifically in infrastructure, as a result of the growing interest and popularity of various entities participating in such projects. Public infrastructure systems are no longer thought to be exclusively provided by the government; instead, the private sector’s contribution in the provision of such services is increasing. However, not every PPP program has been equally effective or has made the optimum use of planning and decision-making. PPP programs need to ensure that all relevant elements are carefully considered, appropriately structured, and correctly applied. The possibility of a project as a result of poor risk allocation is increased, if the potential dispute causing factors are not taken into account, and correspondingly acted upon. This study aims to develop a legal framework focusing on Infrastructure projects funded by Multilateral Development Banks, aiding all project entities to address their diversified purposes, to optimize each entity’s objectives and resolve conflicts up front, with consideration to financial and legal aspects. This can be accomplished by addressing the three main contractual relationships; Concession agreement, Lending agreement, and EPC agreement, focusing on the most crucial contract provisions that have the potential of causing conflicts between parties, namely Governing Law and Dispute Resolution in each of the three agreements of a public–private partnership project. It can be concluded that having different governing laws in the agreements would not affect the success of the project. However, only the selection of the statutory requirements to be applied. Moreover, in regards to dispute resolution, conflicts cause delays, which lead to higher costs. Therefore, the effectiveness of the dispute settlement process is important in luring Multilateral Development Banks and private investors to collaborate with the government. Thus, it is recommended that the Dispute Resolution Clause in the three agreements follow the same procedural timeline, as well as ensuring unbiases.

7. A Framework to Integrate Universal Design Standards and Generative Design for Designing Age-in-Place Houses at the Conceptual Stage

   Farnaz Jalaei, Vafa Rostamiasl, Ahmad Jrade

   Abstract

   While the global population is aging, the construction industry is increasingly facing challenges in addressing the demand of designing and constructing comfortable and adaptable houses to allow Canadians to stay in their familiar surroundings. This research introduces an innovative approach to develop a model that combines Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Generative Design (GD) principles to address the aforementioned issue and explores the benefit of enhancing BIM tools by integrating Universal Design (UD) standards with GD. The said model utilizes a comprehensive database based on guidelines and standards related to UD, Accessible Design (AD), and barrier-free design (BFD) seamlessly integrated into a BIM environment. This integration is one step toward a full digitalization of the codes and standards that will allow automatic access and incorporation of diverse design standards, ensuring a holistic and inclusive design approach. Furthermore, incorporating GD would add a dynamic dimension to the process, empowering designers to create multiple design options for floor plans tailored to specific standards and individual needs. This paper presents a methodology for this integration, highlighting its potential to transform the early design stages, promoting adaptability, and solutions that prioritize the needs of residents while developing age-in-place houses. The proposed framework offers a compelling alternative to enhance the quality of life for Canadian seniors while contributing to attaining more sustainable and cost-effective options for housing.

8. Vision-Aided Decision Support Pipeline for Construction-Specific Data Collection Chamber Design

   Seyedeh Fatemeh Saffari, Daeho Kim

   Abstract

   DNN-based scene understanding is the dominant approach for accurate 2D–3D pose estimation in the construction industry. This technology improves safety and productivity by providing unparalleled insights into the dynamics of construction equipment, and their interaction on job sites. However, the full potential of these supervised learning methods remains untapped due to a critical shortage of construction equipment-specific training data. In-lab data generation from miniature-scale construction equipment has a great potential in addressing the shortage of image data. However, data quality is greatly influenced by camera-related hyperparameters, including, the number and placement of cameras, and their viewpoint. This paper proposes a pipeline as a vision-aided decision-making support tool used in the design and pre-construction phase of in-lab data generation. The pipeline first optimizes camera configurations to meet in-lab constraints. Subsequently, it simulates the camera setups, the target subject (in this article, we used a miniature-scale excavator as a case study), and the detailed lab environment within Blender, enabling the rendering of images that showcase the cameras’ viewpoints for dataset generation. This pipeline accommodates user-defined constraints, ensuring its adaptability, while offering significant potential for generating high-quality images for DNN training across diverse scenario.

9. Exploring Critical Factors and Algorithm Development for Predicting Performance Condition of Highway Ditches: A Case Study of Washington State

   Kishor Shrestha, Mohammadsoroush Tafazzoli

   Abstract

   Highway ditches are critical elements to vehicle safety and overall highway performance. This paper aims to determine critical factors influencing the performance condition of highway ditches and develop a predictive algorithm based on a data-driven approach. By providing a systematic approach to the development of predictive models, the algorithm makes it possible to predict the performance condition of ditches. A two-round questionnaire survey involving professionals from the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) was used to identify the critical factors affecting roadway ditches. The Relative Importance Index (RII) approach was employed to rank the identified factors in order of significance. To ascertain if the gathered dataset was normally distributed, the SPSS Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk tests were run. Mann–Whitney U tests were run to ascertain group differences. According to the test results, the top 17 factors—also known as critical factors—were scored statistically considerably higher than the 18th factor. Including the critical factors, an algorithm was developed to predict the performance condition of roadway ditches. The study's findings help highway agencies develop prediction tools to improve ditch performance that makes public transportation safer.

10. An Overview of the Safety Performance of Construction Subsectors Across Canada Over the Last Two Decades: Fatalities and Lost Time Claims

    Tinaye L. Muzenyi, Farnaz Sadeghpour

    Abstract

    The construction industry, both globally and in Canada, has long been associated with poor workplace safety records. These ongoing challenges highlight the persistent demand for enhancements in safety measures and policies throughout the industry. A previous investigation within the current study has revealed that safety incident rates vary among different provinces and territories across the country. Building on these insights, we speculate that the type of industry may be a crucial variable contributing to these differences. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to provide a comparative overview of the safety performance of construction subsectors across Canadian provinces and territories in an aim to identify disparities among the different subsectors within the construction industry. The study first provides an overview of the subsectors in the construction industry at the Canadian level before delving into a provincial analysis using statistics from the last two decades. The classification of the subsector divisions is based on the NAICS system. For each subsector, provinces are ranked based on the performance which allows the discovery of nuances in the safety performance of each subsector. As the demand for safety improvements increases, this paper emphasizes the necessity of focusing on specific areas by pinpointing and highlighting the targeted areas in need of attention. Additionally, it serves as a valuable starting point for exploring the factors contributing to superior safety performance in provinces with safer construction and those influencing shortcomings in others.

11. Coquihalla Highway Reinstatement from 2021 Atmospheric River Event Using the Alliance Project Delivery Model

    Sulman Ahmed, Geoff Freer

    Abstract

    The Coquihalla Highway Reinstatement Project was initiated in response to severe damage caused by an atmospheric river event in November 2021. The recovery phase, employing the Alliance project delivery model, involved the Coquihalla Alliance Team (C.A.T.5), a collaboration between the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure and KEA5 Partnership (Peter Kiewit Sons ULC, and Emil Anderson Construction). The Alliance model's flexibility facilitated collaborative decision-making, reducing risks, and enhancing owner and contractor involvement in all aspects of the Project. Key objectives included building climate-resilient infrastructure and restoring six bridges to four open lanes by the one-year anniversary in 2022, with all permanent construction (six new permanent bridge structures) completed by 2023. The paper details the owner’s perspective on the project management framework in an Alliance contract and the strategies used on the project to expedite project delivery, such as concurrent design and construction, integrated owner review and approval, extended work schedules and work during weather restricted periods, overcoming challenges of limited material supply and long lead times. Despite technical hurdles, the collaborative approach and flexibility in decision-making led to the project's completion ahead of schedule, with all permanent bridge structures finished by November 15, 2023. The paper will outline the project management framework, risk/reward and compensation structure as well as lessons learned for future Alliance projects. The paper underscores the importance of collaboration, resilience, and effective project management in overcoming adversity, offering valuable insights into an alternate infrastructure project delivery approach.

12. Assessing the Impact of Innovation in Construction: A Literature Review

    Seyed Mohammad Ehsan Tabatabaee, Ivanka Iordanova, Erik Poirier

    Abstract

    The construction industry encounters significant challenges in embracing innovation, primarily due to underfunding, existing barriers like the fragmented nature of the construction industry, unwillingness to change, and a lack of long-term perspective. Recognizing the essential role of innovation as a catalyst for progress, it is crucial to introduce novel ideas that challenge the status quo and drive industrial development forward. While there have been extensive discussions and advancements in implementing innovative practices within the construction industry, accurately determining the true impact of these innovations remains a complex task. This paper, through a comprehensive literature review, identifies various definitions and classifications of innovation within the construction industry and explores the concept of impact. The findings indicate that understanding innovation, along with its classification and impact assessment, is context-dependent, reflecting the multifaceted nature of the construction industry. Moreover, it is observed that most existing practices and frameworks, although adapted from other contexts, are not adequately tailored to meet the specific needs of the construction industry.

13. Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) Supported Material Passport for Sustainable Urban Heritage Conservation: Case Study of Massawa, Eritrea

    Yishak Tsehay Sewasew, Qian Chen, Solomon Tesfamariam

    Abstract

    Decarbonizing the built environment through circular economy concepts requires increasing attention in rehabilitating heritage buildings to accommodate ever-changing human needs for a sustainable future. Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) is a fitting approach for rehabilitating heritage buildings, allowing precise reconstruction of building models and comprehensive tracking of material information. However, at the building system level, digital material passports have yet to be developed for heritage buildings. This paper demonstrates the advantages of incorporating a building-level material passport within the HBIM model. This integration facilitates systematic management of heritage buildings, aids rehabilitation planning, and advances the digitization of material information for heritage structures. We proposed a model to develop an HBIM-supported material passport for the historic port city of Massawa, Eritrea. Results show that despite data acquisition and processing challenges, the HBIM-supported material passport facilitates sustainable urban heritage conservation through effective and holistic documentation. Moreover, it enables proactive decision-making, retrofit/ refurbishment/renovation planning, demolition planning, defect detection, and disaster management. Integrating material passports within HBIM will additionally furnish structured qualitative and quantitative data (e.g., embedded values, aesthetics, cultural identity) on heritage buildings. This will substantially improve the quality of heritage conservation in information-deprived contexts, such as in developing countries, as currently available information on heritage building material is fragmented, incomplete, and inconsistent.

14. BIM-Based Configuration System for an Early Design Stage of Modular Residential Projects

    Bruno Llave Ponce de Leon, Ivanka Iordanova

    Abstract

    In recent years, modular construction projects have become increasingly popular. However, architects and engineers often lack knowledge about the manufacturing, supply, and assembly stages, which has hindered the implementation of such modular prefabricated systems. To assist in addressing this challenge, this study proposes the use of a configuration platform (also called configurator) to guide users in customizing final products based on design requirements and available manufacturing options. Such platforms provide construction consultants with the necessary tools and information to design a construction product (a building) that aligns with the characteristics of a specific building industrialized system. Configuration systems are an application of artificial intelligence and have exciting potential to streamline design choices, evaluate them, and ensure compliance with regulatory standards. Modular construction is perceived as an alternative solution to the housing crisis due to its benefits of cost, production time, environmental impact, and high quality. This article aims to test the hypothesis that BIM-based configuration platforms can help fill the knowledge gap that limits the adoption of off-site construction methodologies. The study elaborates on the method used, the architecture, and the criteria that served as guidelines for the proposal of a configuration system workflow used into a general study case. The findings and limitations of BIM-based configuration platforms are discussed, and proposals for future research are suggested.

15. BIM-AI-VR Integration for Real-Time Model Update and Visualization

    David Fernandes, Matthew Nikkel, Gursans Guven

    Abstract

    The architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry is significantly advancing with the inclusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in engineering practices, especially in design. Traditional methods often fall short in real-time collaboration and adaptability, causing inefficiencies. To address these issues, this paper presents a novel system combining Building Information Modeling (BIM), Virtual Reality (VR), and AI. The proposed system is crafted using Python and the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) model, connected to Autodesk Revit via a custom. NET dynamic link library (DLL). Central to this innovation is an AI-powered chatbot, which can process vocal commands to instantly modify BIM models, including changing element visibility, deleting elements, and altering types. This allows for rapid adaptation to design changes and enhances real-time collaboration. Integrating this with VR through real-time 3D visualization software provides an immersive experience, letting users view and interact with model modifications immediately. A use case presented in the paper demonstrates the system’s ability to streamline feedback and decision-making processes, overcoming traditional design constraints. The AI chatbot interface makes advanced BIM functionalities more accessible to a wider range of professionals, simplifying the learning process. This BIM-VR-AI integration marks a significant step forward for the AEC industry, promoting increased efficiency and collaboration. It exemplifies the potential of AI to enable dynamic, real-time interactions within BIM and VR, revolutionizing the design phase of construction projects.

16. Workspaces Management: Key Metrics and Their Impact on Project Management

    Diana Salhab, Elyar Pourrahimian, Simaan Abourizk, Farook Hamzeh

    Abstract

    The strategic use of physical space is essential to improving project delivery efficiency in the fast-paced world of modern project management. However, current practice shows a need for predictive measures addressing the causes of workspace inefficiencies and temporal utilization. Hence, this paper proposes a novel set of metrics central to controlling and managing construction workspaces. Additionally, the paper proposes a high-level framework to enhance project management through a cyclical process of data-driven analysis, strategic implementation, and continuous iterative improvement. The suggested metrics cover aspects such as the Space Utilization Rate, Labor Density, Space Flexibility Index, Space Satisfaction Score, Workspace Occupancy Rate, Foot Traffic Analysis, Storage Efficiency Ratio, and Pre-Construction Space Audit Score. Such metrics reveal the extent to which available space is being effectively employed, offer insights into the adaptability and efficient distribution of workspace, evaluate how well the spatial arrangement meets the needs and supports environmental sustainability, and provide deeper insights into the dynamics of space usage within project environments. By synthesizing quantitative and qualitative data, the paper highlights the importance of these metrics in facilitating more informed and strategic decision-making in space planning and management. This study proposes an approach to project space management, asserting that optimal space utilization is not merely a logistical consideration but a key driver of project success.

17. Toward Temporal Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment Using Dynamic Bayesian Network Analysis

    Soheil Bakhtiari, Mohammad Reza Najafi, Katsuichiro Goda, Hassan Peerhossaini

    Abstract

    This study addresses the critical need for dynamic multi-hazard risk assessment in interconnected infrastructure systems through the integration of the Bayesian Network and Strongest Path Method (BN-SPM). By incorporating Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs), this study enhances the temporal dimension of risk assessment, enabling an in-depth analysis of real-time disruptions and restorations, thus advancing beyond the static capabilities of BN-SPM. Using a case study of Saint Lucia, a region susceptible to diverse hazards, such as flooding, the research investigates critical infrastructure networks including the Hewannora International Airport (HIA), and tourism-related component. This integration also allows for the comprehensive modeling of probabilistic conditions and functional dynamics of disruptions and restoration, capturing the cascading effects and temporal behavior of multi-hazard scenarios. By focusing on various failure scenarios within interconnected infrastructure systems, including the airport and tourism sectors, we provide detailed insights into the dynamic vulnerabilities. This study represents a paradigm shift in risk assessment methodologies, bridging the gap between static evaluations and the dynamic nature of contemporary challenges. This research makes a significant contribution to the field by providing a robust framework for addressing the complexities of interconnected infrastructure systems in the face of dynamic impacts from multi-hazard scenarios. The findings offer guidance for the development of more effective multi-hazard risk mitigation strategies. The enhanced understanding gained from this study empowers stakeholders to proactively navigate the evolving landscape of risks, paving the way for resilient infrastructure development and sustainable risk management practices in the modern era.

18. Dos and Don’ts of Data Analytics in Infrastructure Management

    S. Madeh Piryonesi

    Abstract

    Data analytics has become popular in infrastructure and construction management. Since the culture open data and model and data governance is still not well developed in the construction industry, best practices in this field are usually derived from other domains. This paper presents best practices in the application of data analytics to infrastructure management with emphasis on road asset management. The paper investigates four main areas: data retrieval and preparation, data quality, algorithm, and implementation. The paper relies on the pavement performance data retrieved from the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) with specific focus on two pavement performance indicators: Pavement Condition Index (PCI) and International Roughness Index (IRI). More than 5000 records of PCI and 40,000 IRI records were used to demonstrate the best practices. Using this data, the paper investigated the barriers to implementing data analytic solutions with emphasis on data quality issues (e.g., data representativeness, scarcity, and sanity) and model training (e.g., accuracy and overfitting). Identification of population shift and limitations of algorithms when applied to certain types of data were investigated. The recommendations presented in this paper can be used in different sectors of infrastructure management.