Proceedings of the International Conference on Smart Cities—Volume 1

Japan has a high rate of natural disasters compared to other countries, and a large number of people are affected every year. In this study, we performed an evacuation simulation of a flood in Yahiko Village, Niigata Prefecture, with the aim of being able to respond appropriately in the event of future disasters. Specifically, we simulated the evacuation time for people fleeing their homes on foot and by car to the evacuation site, as well as the occurrence of traffic congestion. For the two target areas of Yahiko Village we investigated, the results showed that congestion occurred in Area 1 when the car usage rate reached 30% and in Area 2 when it reached 70%. More specifically, Aria 1 has narrower roads than Aria 2, and there are no detours. Yahiko Village is also a car-based society and an aging society. Some elderly people have physical disabilities. It may be impossible for them to evacuate on foot. To avoid this, Yahiko Village should consider using village buses to evacuate elderly people who are unable to evacuate on foot. This will help avoid traffic congestions.

This study was conducted to optimize the variables involved in the performance of the pervious concrete using Central Composite Design (CCD) by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Approach. The variables used in this study were water cement (W/C) ratio and sizes of coarse aggregate as the pervious concrete has no fines in it, later the responses permeability and compressive strength of the pervious concrete mixtures were recorded and analyzed using RSM the results shows the optimized values i.e., 0.34 water cement ratio and 10 mm size of aggregate that can be adopted to cast pervious concrete to attain the permeability of 4.41 mm/sec and compressive strength of 8 N/mm2.The optimized values are noted, using these values pervious concrete using bricks as aggregates were casted and tested after the curing period. The responses permeability and compressive strength was compared with the conventional pervious concrete.

Retail stores and shopping centers serve as crucial hubs for fulfilling the community's daily needs. One significant benefit of visiting these centers is the ability for customers to physically interact with products before making purchasing decisions. However, challenges such as long checkout queues often detract from this experience, consuming valuable time and energy. To address these issues, we propose implementing a Sensor Fusion System aimed at enhancing future retail store technology. This system leverages Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), a core component of the Internet of Things (IoT), within shopping centers or retail stores. RFID technology facilitates the tracking of items through radio frequency signals, which are embedded in shopping carts to detect the contents therein. This real-time tracking enables seamless recording of shopping bills based on the items present in the smart store basket. This innovation promises to streamline the shopping experience by minimizing checkout times and enhancing operational efficiency within retail environments.

One of the most important issues facing the construction industry today is meeting energy-demand sustainably, at low whole-cost. Roofing specifications present an opportunity for analyses, such that conventional coverings may be replaced by Building-Integrated-PhotoVoltaic (BIPV) roof cladding systems’, where BIPV solar-tiles perform as a building-envelope micro-generator exploiting renewable solar-energy. This work evaluates the potential of BIPV roof-cladding systems, in lieu of conventional steel-roof-sheeting or concrete-roof-tiles, using Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) systematic modelling. The methodology adopted, embraces a hybrid qualitative and quantitative study approach, that analyses a 50-year, whole-life cycle, case-study of the respective investment benefits of alternative roofing specification options, through life-cycle cost analysis (of BIPV systems versus convention specifications) options’ capital expenditure, maintenance costs, operational and replacement-costs, and residual-values. This analysis determines the impact of key variables on the profitability of photovoltaic investments and system pay-back period(s), determined by life-cycle costs and net present value, with results obtained demonstrating, economic-worth of BIPV systems’ adoption as a sustainable building product, (against traditional options) with a system pay-back period of 5 and 14 years, within a BIPV systems’ expected lifespan of 30 years, alongside benefits to end-users and society in the long term. Whilst BIPV-roofing does require a larger initial investment, apt to hinder up-take, recommendations to address capex/initial-expenditure resistance are combatted by ongoing research into technological development and, encouraging legislative policies’ incentives’ support from state and federal governments, towards stimulating greater uptake of BIPV-roofing in applications across Western Australia.

Joints of circular hollow section (CHS) structures are the most critical portion of such structures. Estimating fatigue life using the structural stress approach requires peak hot-spot stress in a CHS joint in conjunction with the corresponding S–N curve. Available parametric equations for determining stress concentration factors (SCF) in the CHS KT-joints under out-of-plane bending (OPB) moments typically estimate SCF only at the saddle point. However, this assumption neglects potential variations in SCF along the weld toe. For joints under a multiplanar load (combined load), the location of peak hot-spot stress (HSS) varies, depending on the relative magnitude and directions of planar load components. Superposition of stresses is used to determine peak HSS in such situations; however, the equations determining SCF at saddle point only are not sufficient. This study investigates CHS KT-joint subjected to OPB load on all brace members and proposes an empirical model for determining SCF at 24 points along the weld toe. 1858 KT-joints were simulated through ANSYS to generate data for training artificial neural networks. An empirical model was developed for rapid calculation of SCF in KT-joints under OPB. The proposed model was validated with detailed finite element results, and the maximum difference was less than 5%. Experimental validation of the developed model is a future target.

In the oil and gas industry, ensuring the safety of personnel working in electrical environments is a top priority. Arc flash incidents pose significant risks to workers, potentially resulting in severe injuries or fatalities. This paper presents a comprehensive case study of an arc flash risk assessment for a substation in Plant X, Malaysia that includes 11 kV and 415 V switchgear. Utilizing industry-standard guidelines such as IEEE 1584 and NFPA 70E, alongside advanced simulation software, ETAP, the study aims to evaluate and mitigate arc flash hazards efficiently by determining hazard levels, incident energy, and arc flash boundaries. To ensure compliance with safety standards, the appropriate level of personal protective equipment (PPE) is recommended. By enhancing understanding and awareness of arc flash hazards and mitigation strategies, this research contributes to the ongoing efforts to improve safety standards in the oil and gas industry.

The use of extended reality (XR) tools for automation of tasks in construction and visualisation has gained popularity in recent years. The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate potential advantages of using extended reality (XR) technologies like virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) in the construction industry. The PRISMA framework is employed for this comprehensive literature search on the Scopus database. Out of 86 publications relevant publications were screened, and a quality assessment was performed, utilizing bibliometric analysis techniques of selected 22 articles. The findings reveal XR technologies have been applied in training, on-site visualization, design planning, and safety, offering benefits like improved skill acquisition, situational awareness, optimized planning, and increased safety compliance. However, challenges such as user acceptance, data integration, and tracking accuracy must be addressed. Enabling technologies like motion tracking, realistic rendering, and cloud collaboration are crucial. Future research should focus on industry-specific applications, AI/ML integration, and user experience studies.

Concrete is a fundamental construction material, but its production contributes significantly to carbon emissions. To mitigate this impact, alternative materials like seaweed ash have been explored as partial cement replacements. There are, however, gaps in the literature to understand the exact influence of the ash of seaweed at its various cement replacement levels. This study tends to find out the effect of seaweed ash in concrete strength at a selected level of replacement (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%). The impact was evaluated against compressive strength (CS), split tensile strength (STS), and flexural strength (FS). It was found that 15% replacement of OPC with seaweeds exhibits the maximum mechanical strength in contrast to other replacement levels. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to model each strength parameter, giving the predictive equation of the impact of seaweed ash in the concrete. These results reveal a gradual improvement in CS, STS, FS with respect to the addition of seaweed ash. The same leads toward revealing deeper insights related to the prospective contribution of seaweed ash as a sustainable material toward concrete practice.

Wave energy presents a promising avenue for renewable energy generation due to its high energy density per unit area, surpassing other sources. With the decommissioning of offshore platforms posing significant costs, repurposing these structures for wave energy development emerges as an economically viable solution. Oscillating Water Columns (OWCs) stand out as effective wave energy converters, harnessing pneumatic energy from wave motion to generate electricity via turbine rotation. However, Malaysia’s mild wave climate presents a unique challenge compared to previous OWC deployments in more energetic environments. This research endeavors to address this challenge by developing an Off-shore OWC configuration equipped with a bottom barrier, tailored for mild wave climates. Key factors influencing OWC performance, including bottom barrier shapes, submergence depth, and support system type, are thoroughly examined. Physical experiments probe the impact of the OWC column’s cylindrical geometry on the optimal bottom barrier configuration. The findings not only offer insights into enhancing Offshore OWC efficiency but also lay the groundwork for adapting OWC technology to low wave energy climates. Ultimately, this research aims to breathe new life into decommissioned offshore platforms, transforming them into sustainable wave energy devices and contributing to the global shift towards cleaner energy sources.

T This study seeks to explore the most common ethical issues in Gulf Cooperation countries (GCC) construction industry. Prior to this study, no research has been done in the entire region to identify the prevalent ethical issues in the region’s construction sector. A survey was conducted among construction professionals in the region. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with Monte Carlo PCA for parallel analysis revealed that fraud, delayed payments, tax avoidance, poor quality work, conflicts of interests, and intimidation were the most prevalent ethical issues within the GCC construction sector. It was also found that significant differences exists between the Middle East and North African (MENA) respondents and Non-Middle East (Non-MENA) expatriates in the region. The results show that unethical practices are prevalent within the region despite the efforts of Professional Engineering Institutions (PEIs) to educate their members. The differences between MENA and Non-MENA respondents seem to indicate the influence of culture on perceptions of ethical issues. Consequently, the findings should be interpreted within the context of the region. PEIs may need to improve on the trainings offered to members. Though exploratory in nature, the results represent the views of qualified professionals working in the region.

The construction industry and its projects are increasing in complexity, and there are growing challenges with the lack of development and utilization of innovative technologies which can affect efficiency, accuracy, and effective communication. Hence to address these challenges and develop an effective response to this industry’s demands ConstructXR, a groundbreaking 3D Digital Twin application, integrates Extended Reality (XR) technologies into core project management processes. ConstructXR's ability to integrate Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality to create Digital Twins is extensive by creating a Digital Twin providing effective control of the project by offering a wide range of features. With the development of ConstructXR, industry stakeholders can harness innovative technology to enhance project performance while adhering to sustainable construction practices.

The construction industry undergoes many problems due to insufficient planning during the execution leading to problems like disputes among the stakeholders and the failure of the project. To streamline things in a more manageable way Advanced Work Packaging (AWP) was introduced. This study reviews the barriers and challenges towards the AWP by taking the help of case studies from 2022 to 2024 using Malaysia’s construction industry as a baseline. Technology, people, and process are the three main challenges that were the hurdles in the way of the implementation of AWP. Joint industry collaboration and alignment between business and operating units are the solutions to overcome the challenges and hurdles in the way of AWP implementation. In short, the analysis of the challenges towards AWP implementation, and the strategies to overcome the hurdles will result in the correct adoption of AWP in the construction industry.

This paper aims to investigate the awareness, implementation, and strategies of green demolition practices in Indonesia, as well as to identify potential solutions to enhance the adoption of these practices. Although awareness of sustainability is relatively high among the Indonesian construction community, the implementation of green demolition remains limited. This study involved collecting data through questionnaires distributed to government staff, project managers, contractors, and technical consultants who have experience in building demolition in three major Indonesian cities: Medan, Jakarta, and Surabaya. Respondents were asked to provide their perspectives on green demolition practices, the obstacles encountered, and potential solutions to address these issues. The results indicate that large contractors have begun implementing green demolition as part of their strategy to meet market demands that prioritize sustainability. However, small contractors often face financial limitations and lack access to technology. Governments and educational institutions play a key role in providing supportive policies, incentives, and capacity building to enhance awareness and competence related to green demolition. Technical consultants and the private sector must also actively participate in innovating and developing efficient and economical solutions. The study also suggests that with closer cooperation among all stakeholders, the implementation of green demolition in Indonesia could be more significantly improved.

The ability of buildings to sustain seismic loading depends on many factors. The dominant factor is the structural elements’ ductility level, which enables the structures to develop a large deformation capacity before collapsing. This can be achieved by forming plastic hinges in beams and columns. The column-side-sway failure mechanism is more dangerous and requires higher ductility requirements for columns rather than beams. Therefore, the plastic hinge length at the columns must be measured. The empirical formula to predict the column plastic hinge length has been proposed in this study by accommodating the column aspect ratio, material properties, and the axial load ratio. A database of experimental test results was used to refine the model, and a good agreement was reached between the model and the experimental test data.

Malang City, East Java Province is one of the cities in Indonesia that has developed quickly over the last 2 decades. By 2025, the population living in this city will reach 1 million. The danger of fire is a serious threat, especially in densely populated areas, densely packed buildings and centers of economic activity. Limited firefighting infrastructure and adequate road networks make it difficult to respond quickly to fire incidents. This research was carried out to determine the fire station, so that it takes less than 15 min to reach the fire location. The analysis methods used in this research are Analytical Hirarcy Process, and Buffering, Network Analysis, and Overlay which are carried out on Geographic Information System software. The analysis results show that Malang City has three zones including a high risk zone, a medium risk zone and a low risk zone. The high risk zone is in Lowokwaru District and Blimbing District where fire infrastructure still does not reach this area. Therefore, a mitigation strategy is needed in the form of adding 4 stasiun ts with each stasiun t having 2 fire mobile trock with a capacity of 4000 L.

The construction industry has a wealth of information and knowledge that grows naturally through construction projects. The construction firm is required to be able to manage knowledge in order to achieve company goals and sustainability. The success of a construction company can be represented by its ability to maintain the quality of construction products, achieved through an effective quality management process. The culture prevailing among company employees is an important factor that contributes to the implementation of quality management practices. The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of knowledge management and organizational culture on quality management in construction firms. The scope of this research encompasses large-size construction firms located in East Java, totaling 26 firms with a sample size of 69 respondents. Analysis of the conceptual model uses the Structural Equation Modeling—Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) method with the SmartPLS v.4 software. The results indicate that knowledge management has a significant effect on quality management, with a T-Statistic value of 2.923 and P values of 0.003. Furthermore, organizational culture also has a significant effect on quality management, with a T-statistic value of 6.178 and P values of 0.000. This research contributes to enriching the study of knowledge management, organizational culture, and quality management improvement in the construction sector.

Knowledge sharing plays a pivotal role in sustainable construction as it enables organizations to enhance quality, productivity, and innovation. Most of the knowledge generated in construction projects is tacit. It resides in people’s minds and is difficult to share. Due to the inherently temporary structure of projects, the effective capture and transfer of tacit knowledge are often impeded once the project team is disbanded. While state-owned construction enterprises serve as a fundamental pillar of national economy, the methods to actualize the tacit knowledge sharing within these organization are infrequently studied. The purposes of this paper are (1) to investigate the implementation of tacit knowledge sharing in the state-owned construction company; and (2) to explore the barriers encountered in knowledge sharing within state-owned construction enterprises. The study employed exploratory method using thematic analysis. Semi-structured interviewees to the top management of state-owned constructed companies were used to gather the data. The results have shown five ways in sharing tacit knowledge within state-owned construction companies. A model of tacit knowledge management is also proposed. This study contributes valuable insight into knowledge sharing, particularly in tacit area and within state-owned construction enterprises.

Cold-formed steel (CFS) is popular in mid- and low-rise housing due to its efficient construction, technical, structural, and economic advantages, but lacks an understanding of seismic response. Accurate modeling of cold-formed steel (CFS) frame is crucial for understanding their structural performance, safety, efficiency, and sustainability in construction. It helps predict complex behaviors, optimize designs, minimize material usage, and contribute to innovative construction techniques. This study aims to determine the failure mechanism of a cold-formed steel frame section with screw variation. Modeling different types of screw connections in cold-formed steel (CFS) frames is vital for accurately predicting the structural performance and ensuring the integrity of the entire system. It plays a key role in transferring loads between CFS components, and their behavior can significantly influence the frame's overall strength, stiffness, and stability. This study used a G550-quality double channel profile (C) of 80 × 30 × 9 × 0.75 with a beam length of 1000 mm and a column of 500 mm. We will arrange these profiles face-to-face (toe to toe) to form a box, connect it using 12 × 20 SDS screws, and model it using ABAQUS. The clamp supports the column, while the beam serves as the free end. There are variations in the number of screws used, such as 8 screws and 4 screws. The study determined that a connection with four screws has a lower strain than one with eight screws. This is attributed to the fact that the connection had less rigidity and is more flexible, which distributes stress more uniformly across the frame and connection area.

This investigation examines the impact of screws and inner plates on the bending strength of assembled columns in cold-formed steel (CFS) buildings. It focuses on correcting load defects using computational modeling with ABAQUS. The technology entails constructing a CFS frame using a novel arrangement of inner plates, fastened with self-drilling screws to guarantee the integrity of the joints and enhance stability against horizontal forces. The ABAQUS models yield experimental findings that offer insights into the load and displacement behaviors. Additionally, profile capacity tests expose the structural endurance under incremental loading till failure. The results emphasize the crucial importance of accurate screw positioning and efficient inner plate design in strengthening the structural strength and load-carrying capability of CFS frames, showcasing its potential to enhance safety and efficiency in building methods.

This manuscript investigates the recent finding related to field of self-healed in concrete, utilizing palm oil fuel ash as green materials in construction sector. The aim of this study is to distinguish itself by concentrating on the recent progress and concept of self-healed concrete emphasizing its ability to autogenous self-healed cracks. This study gives a review of the latest development of palm oil fuel ash in self- healing concrete. The key parameters to ensure the functionality of self-healing systems is also covered. This manuscript also addresses challenges and constraints associated with this technology. This review on self-healed concrete will benefit to researchers and practitioners in the field of self-healing concrete, offering insights into its potential to enhance the durability, resiliency and security in concrete structures, particularly in autogenous healing using palm oil fuel ash for self-repaired crack.

In Malaysia, 20% of dams have started to exhibit recurrent maintenance issues. This paper reports the impacts of different particles properties on a small-scale spillway using Discrete Particle Method (DPM). An ogee dam spillway model was developed and scaled down to 1:40 size to re-enact the particles movement and pattern. The particles used in this study were 0.06 mm sand, 0.015 mm sand, and 0.03 mm acrylic. The study was done to check the durability of structure by identifying the area that experienced high velocity. The velocities were then validated with the velocities obtained from physical model using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method. The results obtained from both methods were different by less than 10% hence they are acceptable. The pressure at the highest velocities area was compared with the concrete yield strength. The study proved that the area that experience highest velocity and pressure is at Study Sect. 2 with 2.622 m/s and 2.30291 Pa respectively. The correlation of velocity and pressure is not directly proportional might be due to flow disturbed by energy dissipater and occurrence of hydraulic jump. As the pressure is lower than compressive strength of the structure, therefore, the dam structure is still durable. The future researcher could continue the study by comparing the results obtained with Inception Cavity Index to further study the relationship between pressure and cavitation of dam structure.

The Enim River is a water body that receives the results of acid mine drainage from coal mining activities, so it is necessary to monitor the water quality of the Enim River to determine the effect of coal mining wastewater on river water quality. Water sampling was carried out using the grab sampling method at 4 sampling points in the Enim River and 4 outfall points where acid mine drainage from processing enters the Enim River. Determination of the pollution load capacity was carried out using QUAL2Kw for the TSS parameter and mass balance for the Fe and Mn parameters. Based on the results of the analysis of the characteristics of acid mine drainage from the four outlets of the Sludge Settlement Pond (KPL), the pH, TSS, Fe, and Mn parameters meet the wastewater quality standards (Minister of Environment Decree No. 113 of 2003). The results of the analysis of the water quality of the Enim River show that only the pH parameter still meets the quality standards. In contrast, the TSS, Fe, and Mn parameters do not meet the class I water quality standards (PP RI No. 22 of 2021). The Enim River pollution load capacity results for the TSS, Fe, and Mn parameters were − 1,101,710.95 kg/day, − 4,317.13 kg/day, and − 13,558.94 kg/day.

This study examined the effect of filler ingredients on the volumetric and mechanical properties of FS 45 asphalt concrete. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of utilizing fly ash from a burning Asphalt Mixing Plant (AMP) on the concrete mixture. The materials consisted of split 2–3, split 1–2, sand, and cement. The sand was of the Urug type with the same variation as cement. The ratio of water-cement was 0.4 and the variations of fly ash were 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5% of the total aggregate. The slump values ranged between 4 and 4.5 cm. This research discovered an increase in the compressive and flexural strengths of the FS 45 concrete with the addition of fly ash to the optimum point of about 3.3%. At the age of seven days, the concrete compressive strength was 425.38 kg/cm2, and at 28 days was 414.78 kg/cm2. Moreover, the optimum flexural strength was 90.07% at the age of seven days and 103.45% at 28 days. The use of fly ash aims to reduce waste discharged into the environment.

Reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings are popularly used in the world and casually applied along with various geometric irregularities, such as vertical irregularity setback, to satisfy architectural aspects. In high seismicity regions, the existence of this setback produced larger structural responses and mostly happened at the significant change of story geometry, mass, or stiffness along the height. The seismic performance of this building can be improved by installing buckling-restrained braces (BRBs), an additional structural element introduced by absorbing more energy after yielding stage up to certain ductility. However, there are still numerous on-going research to determine the most optimum location, number, and strength of BRBs to install. In this study, the seismic response of eight-story RC frame building with 5 × 3 bays having setback at level 3 to 4, located in Indonesian high seismicity region, was investigated. The non-linear dynamic analyses were performed to inspect the inter-story drift ratios (ISDR). Eleven strong ground motions were matched to the region’s response spectrum and applied to the building. The result showed that the ISDR at the upper stories responded more than the allowable value, thus the two BRBs at each level are installed on level 4 to 6. The BRBs are idealized as bilinear passive damper and its properties such as yield strength and initial stiffness are parametrically studied to achieve the closest but having less ISDR than the limit. This study discussed and presented the most suitable BRBs properties based on the ISDR parameter for RC frame specimen with vertical irregularity setback.

Indonesia occupies the Pacific Ring of Fire so that it prones to earthquakes. Conversely, multistory building structures developed faster due to the demand, including having vertical irregular setbacks, and it could affect the seismic performance of the building. This study investigates the impact of the vertical irregularity index on the ratio of structural damage in reinforced concrete building structures with an stepped setback type. The analysis method employed is a numerical approach, which involves earthquake simulation using nonlinear dynamic analysis, taking into account variations in step type building setbacks. A total of 28 models were utilized with multistory setback designs, each of which had eight stories and a variety of setback variations. The quantification of the structural irregularity indices (ϕs and ϕb) reveals that the values of ϕs and ϕb are contingent upon the number of building panels. The research findings indicate that the performance of a building during an earthquake is significantly influenced by the degree of structural irregularity. The relationship between the irregularity index and the damage index is obtained by variations in stepped setback type buildings. The relationship between the damage index (DI) and predicted damage index (DIpred) and the irregularity index parameters ϕs and ϕb was determined. The damage index ratio was observed to increase as the irregularity index increases.

The budget plan for a construction project can be influenced by a variety of tasks, including the calculation of material volume. The volume of steel and concrete materials can be determined through the use of conventional methods and Building Information Modeling (BIM). The volume obtained differs from the calculation of each method. Consequently, in order to ascertain the efficacy of the BIM method, calculations are required for both methods. Autodesk Revit 2023 is utilized to perform calculations with BIM, which involve the modeling of three varieties of beam and column connections: two beam connections, three beam connections, and four beam connections. Microsoft Excel applications that adhere to Indonesian standards, specifically SNI 2847:2019 and SNI 2052-2017, are employed to perform calculations using conventional methods. The beams that were evaluated are B1 (400 × 700), B2 (300 × 600), B4 (350 × 700), and BS1 (250 × 600). The columns that were reviewed are K1 (800 × 800) and K2 (800 × 500) on the Student Dormitory Project at the University of Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. 3 varieties of beam and column connections are used to calculate the total weight of the steel in relation to its diameter, resulting in the steel volume ratio. By calculating the volume of concrete in accordance with the type of beam and column, concrete volumes are compared. The accuracy of the BIM procedure was the reason for the volume difference value obtained in the beam and column connection in this study.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology connecting heterogeneous environment devices that is changing the traditional lifestyle into a high-tech lifestyle. These devices can be linked and communicate with each other via the internet. The public transportation system (PTS) plays a vital role in the economy and development of an intelligent city. Many problems have surfaced, such as traffic flow, vehicle protection, vehicle monitoring, best routes, and limited car parks, which can be solved through IoT. The existing traditional transportation system of Peshawar city cannot recognize the routes, time schedules, ticket costs, reservations, current locations, emergency alerts, traffic congestions, and no centralized control system. Thus, this paper proposes the IoT-based Smart Transportation System (IoT-STS) and has categorized it into passenger(s), buses, bus station(s), and terminals. In the Bus module, Bus shares information about the Bus’s current coordinates, vacant seat information, and accident information in case of emergency through the mobile application. In the Bus station, a Liquid Crystal Display is installed, which shows information about the upcoming Buses, the expected arrival time of the Buses, and vacant seat(s) in the buses. Passengers have a mobile application through which they can learn about the current buses on the concerned route through Google Maps, vacant seats in the buses, cancel or book seats, the expected arrival time of the buses, and route change information in case of traffic jams. There are two routes for public transport in Peshawar; after the advancement and proper time management in the current system, the travel time was reduced by 18% on the first route and 21% on the second route. In addition, it reduced fuel consumption to 18% on the first route and 21% on the second route. The IoT-STS illustrate a unique formula for passenger fare charges for the passenger(s) that could promptly pay the fare according to travel distance and fuel price, reducing 34% fare on the first route and 44% on the second route from passengers. In case of route blockage, the information is shared with the server due to the re-routing algorithm. All the upcoming buses will be shifted to the new route, and a proper emergency alert system will be installed in case of an emergency to extend passengers’ chances of survival. The IOT-STS results exhibit cost, fare charges, fuel, and time against the conventional traffic system.

The effect of companionship on physical and social well-being, particularly in the context of transportation engineering, is a significant area of study. Traditional statistical methods may not offer a comprehensive understanding. In this research conducted in Malang City, Indonesia in 2019, multilevel modelling was utilized to explore the relationships among sociodemographic factors, travel behaviours, daily activity diaries, and social interactions during activities, all affecting physical and social health. The study involved 337 respondents aged seven or above. The findings highlighted the importance of considering shared activities with others in enhancing individual well-being, suggesting integrated policies aligning transportation, social, and land use policies with health initiatives.

This study uses an analytical approach to determine the ideal density of EV charging stations in India. Using time series analysis, we project EV adoption in India from 2025 to 2030, taking into account government regulations, technology improvements, and customer preferences. Based on these forecasts, using optimization, we calculate the appropriate charging infrastructure capacity, including the number of charging points and connections needed to fulfil the charging demands of the rising EV fleet. Furthermore, using optimization techniques, our analysis predicts the minimum number of electric charging stations state-wise to accommodate the demand for electric vehicles. The findings of this study are intended to provide valuable guidance for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers interested in facilitating the smooth and sustainable development of an efficient and reliable charging plan that ensures the successful completion of journeys while taking into account electric vehicles’ limited range and charging requirements.

Potholes are a significant concern on roads, leading to vehicle damage, accidents, and safety risks. Current pothole management strategies often rely on reactive measures, resulting in inadequate responses to the growing number of potholes. This paper presents an innovative approach to pothole management through a user-friendly smartphone application. The application allows citizens to report potholes quickly and accurately, aiding civic authorities in prioritizing repairs based on severity and available budget. By leveraging technology and citizen participation, the proposed system aims to improve road safety, reduce accidents, and enhance infrastructure maintenance efficiency. The application can be extended for future scope to improve the application’s scope to larger area and to add maps feature for easy coverage of all potholes.

Sustainable development in both rural and urban areas requires reliable water supply which is one of the crucial challenges. The events like pipe failure, leakage, fire demand and natural disaster causes low pressure scenarios in the pipe supply network and disrupts water availability and prevents consumers from receiving a reliable water supply. The United Nations has launched initiatives for the digital transformation of water distribution systems, focusing on sustainable management to address those issues. In real life network neither required pressure nor minimum pressure is uniform at all junctions. The focus of the research is simulating water distribution network for different required and minimum pressure at different junctions during low pressure scenarios. The study will establish key prerequisite for optimization, real time behavior and monitoring and efficient operational and maintenance strategies by utilizing Artificial Intelligence (AI), Advanced Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Internet of Things (IoT). The research study proposes solutions to improve the efficiency, resilience, and sustainability of water distribution networks by integrating this study with smart technologies.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the transportation sector, including aviation in Indonesia. Such implementation of air transport regulation during the pandemic may occur again, especially at airports, which is crucial for restoring economic activity. This research aims to identify the perceptions of airplane passengers on implementing policies during the pandemic at the domestic terminal of Juanda Airport, Surabaya. The analytical methods used are descriptive analysis, operational performance analysis, and Service Quality (SERVQUAL) analysis. The results of the research stated that 17 services satisfied passengers. However, some improvements are needed for 14 other services, namely (1) information on socializing health protocols, (2) providing hand sanitizers, (3) service facilities supporting social distancing system, (4) implementation distancing system in business activities at the airport, (5) checking the results of the PCR Test/SWAB Antigen/Rapid Test and other health documents, (6) availability of health staffs who are easy to find and affordable, (7) adequate security facilities that function to prevent crime, namely the presence of CCTV, (8) toilet, (9) prayer room, (10) adequate temperature conditioning for lighting, (11) ground staff services, (12) flight compensation information, (13) flight service information that is easily visible and eligible, and (14) parking area. The study results can be used for recommendations in improving the performance of Juanda Airport Terminal I following passenger perceptions.

Scrap tire and asphalt can be used in the ballast layer to address problems related to the service life and maintenance of conventional ballast layers. The purpose of this research is to identify the characteristics of the elasticity modulus, deformation, and abrasion of ballast aggregates mixed with scrap tire and asphalt. The method used is the compression test, with four types of test specimens: pure ballast, ballast mixed with graded scrap tire, ballast mixed with liquid asphalt, and ballast mixed with graded scrap tire and asphalt. The test specimens are modeled in a ballast box with dimensions of 400 cm × 30 cm × 20 cm. The percentages of graded scrap tire and asphalt used are 10% and 3%, respectively. The test results show that the addition of elastic materials can increase the deformation and elasticity of the material while reducing the abrasion. However, the addition of binding materials can fill the voids in the mixture, thereby reducing the elastic properties of the mixture.

In an era of rapid urbanization, ensuring public safety has emerged as a paramount concern for governments and municipalities worldwide. Traditional urban surveillance methods, though somewhat effective, often fall short in addressing evolving challenges. This paper introduces a groundbreaking solution by harnessing the synergy of drones and artificial intelligence vision systems. It presents the Smart Drone Surveillance System (SDSS), a comprehensive monitoring solution integrating drones, AI vision systems, and IoT protocols to enhance urban security and response efficiency by integrating necessary traditional systems such as fire system, transport system etc. The system is adept at detecting traffic congestions and fire accidents, which is crucial for urban environments. The SDSS is very good at finding and keeping an eye on possible deviations because it uses advanced algorithms like YOLOv8 for object detection and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller-based algorithms for controlling drone flight. Our methodology underscores the pivotal role of simulation in system development, ensuring thorough testing and refinement before real-world deployment. We validate algorithms through simulations using Gazebo to foster safety and scalability without the constraints of physical hardware limitations. Furthermore, the system’s geo location and mapping capabilities, powered by ORB feature detection and GDAL, enable precise anomaly localization and visualization for comprehensive analysis. The seamless integration of ROS, Gazebo, and QGIS forms a robust tech stack, facilitating system development, simulation, and visualization. This paper represents a significant advancement in urban surveillance technology, promising heightened security and safety through the fusion of drones, AI, and IoT.

Sequestering carbon dioxide is considering a potential method to avoid the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. Carbon neutrality has sparked a fresh focus on using microalgae for CO2 capturing because of its efficient use of environmental durability, solar energy, and capacity to transform microalgal biomass into biofuels or other useful items. Microalgae from the genera Chlorella and Scenedesmus are used for effective carbon sequestration. This review examines contemporary research on microalgae focusing on methods to reduce carbon footprints, including carbon concentrating in microalgae, biochar manufacturing, and extracting useful metabolites like biofertilisers and soil amendments. The purpose is to enhance soil and irrigation water quality for agricultural purposes and support sustainable urban development via the use of environmental engineering concepts for efficient wastewater treatment. Multiple findings were drawn from this review. Research on performance shown that microalgae are capable of capturing and storing CO2 at rates between 40% and 93.7%. The highest potential for biochar mitigation ranges from 2.4 × 109t CO2e to 3.9 × 109t CO2e per year. Studies show that microalgae are environmentally benign and effective in producing biofuel to capture CO2. Research on microalgal biomass production indicates that closed systems provide higher output and need lower plant capacity compared to open systems, although having higher operational costs. Closed growth systems provide advantages including easy control and adaptability, making them a cost-efficient choice for growing microalgal biomass and efficiently trapping CO2.

This research investigates wastewater by-product treatment of biosolids’ sludge, and the environmental performance of desludging projects in regional Western Australia (WA). This work quantifies the environmental impacts of desludging; a life-cycle assessment (LCA) technique is used to examine global warming potential, eutrophication, and ozone-layer depletion potential, over a specified system boundary, at three wastewater-desludging treatment plants by, calculating the outputs for the key impact-categories during facility construction, operation and the end-of-life phases at the case-study WA locations of Cape Burney, Kalbarri, and Fitzroy Crossing. This work concludes that the greatest localised (Western Australian) environmental impact is attributed to eutrophication, followed by global-warming potential. Ozone-layer depletion had negligible impact on environmental impact assessment upon these case-study locations in regional WA. The highest emission output is associated with removal of sludge material from operational-phase ponds. Whilst a preferred desludging approach was not found due to respective transportation distances’ disparities, the research here does provide a solid preliminary understanding of the environmental impacts of desludging processes of waste stabilisation ponds in WA, and the importance of applying appropriate (LCA-directed) decision-making criteria for the selection of site-specific desludging approaches. These findings assist future policymaking for desludging projects in regional WA, towards minimising regional environment impact.

With rapid urbanization and increasing population in metropolitan cities, managing waste has become a pressing challenge for local authorities. Traditional waste management practices often lead to inefficiencies, higher operational costs, and environmental concerns. This research paper presents an approach to tackle these issues through the development and implementation of a Smart Waste Management System (SWMS) using cutting-edge technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Node-RED, and MIT App Inventor. The proposed SWMS integrates multiple components to optimize waste collection and processing. IoT sensors are strategically deployed in waste bins across the city to monitor their fill levels in real-time. These sensors transmit data to a centralized cloud-based platform, enabling waste management authorities to access and analyses the status of waste bins remotely. Through data-driven insights, SWMS can optimize waste collection routes, reduce unnecessary pickups, and efficiently allocate resources. Node-RED, a visual programming tool, is employed to create an intuitive and interactive dashboard for waste management personnel. The dashboard offers live visual representations and analytical insights, empowering data-driven decision-making through trend and pattern analysis. Additionally, the system uses Node-RED’s automation capabilities to trigger alerts when the waste bins reach their maximum capacity, ensuring timely pickups and preventing overflowing waste. To enhance user engagement and promote community involvement, MIT App Inventor is utilized to design a user-friendly mobile application. This app empowers citizens to report waste-related issues, such as illegal dumping or damaged bins, directly to the authorities. The platform also educates users on proper waste disposal practices, fostering a sense of responsibility and environmental consciousness among residents. The proposed method has provided better result in economic cost and risk in implementation compared with existing systems.

The municipal solid waste management in developing countries is dependent on unscientific method of landfilling resulting into environmental concerns. The anaerobic bioreactor landfill is the scientific method of addressing the problem. Researchers have worked on the enhancing the rate of degradation of substrate by adopting the various strategies but very few have worked on maturation phase of anaerobic phase. The study focused on conceptualizing and experimenting with the hybrid approach in which the anerobic process is converted into the aerobic process after the partial methanogenesis is completed for early stabilization of the substrate in the reactor. Results have confirmed that the reactor R3 and reactor R4 which adopted the hybrid approach along with the enhancement techniques in hydrolysis and maturation phase have reduced the carbon from the substrate by 72.36% and 76.64% respectively. Also, reactor R4 have stabilized the carbohydrates and have reduced them by 64.71%

Southeast Asia is a tropical region with forestry environmental and high potential to get forest fire due to hot weather in summer season. In this research conducts a comparative analysis of mapping fire hotspot and forecasting in two countries which Indonesia and Malaysia in Southeast Asia susceptible to recurrent forest fires. Leveraging satellite imagery and advanced remote sensing techniques, the research focuses on delineating the spatial distribution of fire hotspots in both nations and utilizes forecasting models to predict future hotspot occurrences. Through meticulous analysis, the study unveils similarities and disparities in fire hotspot patterns between Indonesia and Malaysia, considering various contributing factors such as land cover, climate conditions, and anthropogenic activities. The efficacy of fire hotspot detection and forecasting methodologies in these two countries, the research elucidates valuable insights to inform targeted fire management strategies and foster cross-border collaboration for wildfire prevention. The results shows the distribution of fire hotspot both Indonesia and Malaysia within four years from 2019 to 2022. Findings underscore the importance of context-specific approaches tailored to the unique environmental and socio-economic landscapes of each country. Additionally, the research emphasizes the significance of leveraging advanced technologies and data-driven methodologies to enhance the accuracy and timeliness of fire hotspot detection and forecasting. The comparative analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamics of forest fires in Indonesia and Malaysia, offering actionable recommendations for policymakers, land managers, and stakeholders to mitigate the impacts of wildfires and safeguard the ecological integrity and socio-economic well-being of these regions.

This study examines the potential of Aggregated Demand Response (ADR) strategies in Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems for commercial buildings in Malaysia. With HVAC systems accounting for at least 38% of building energy consumption, ADR presents significant energy savings and grid stability opportunities. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature, this paper analyzes the current market structure of Malaysia’s electricity sector and evaluates energy consumption patterns in commercial buildings. The study identifies key requirements for implementing DR programs, focusing on technical, economic, and regulatory considerations, with a particular emphasis on the role of aggregators. The findings suggest that ADR implementation can lead to substantial reductions in peak demand, electricity costs, and the frequency of voltage sags. However, the research also highlights challenges across technical, economic, regulatory, and social dimensions. This research provides crucial insights for stakeholders, stressing the need for collaborative efforts to harness the full potential of ADR in Malaysia's commercial building sector. The study concludes by proposing future research areas, including the development of climate-tailored ADR strategies, cost-effective HVAC retrofits, and policy analysis to support ADR adoption.