Skip to main content
Top

2022 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

2. Process and Material Characterization in Printed Flexible Electronics

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Integration of additive manufacturing (AM) and 3D printing technologies with electronics fabrication processes have achieved better advancement in the electronics industry. In additive manufacturing or 3D printing of flexible electronics, for instance, the fabrication process and design of the structures and functional components strongly affect the material properties and device performance. This is especially critical for novel and innovative structures that approach the limit of what is possible nowadays, such as stretchable and wearable electronics or adaptive structures in 4D printing. It is therefore crucial to include the material characterization in the design loop: material properties can differ due to build orientation (anisotropy), size of the object (scaling), and many other factors. The typical materials used in AM or 3D printing are polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites (as well as biomaterials). The raw materials used can be broadly classified based on their forms in either liquid, solid, or powder. The aims of this chapter are to address the most efficient characterization methods for 3D printing processes, characterization of AM and 3D printable materials through testing, and material models that can be used in process design and optimization methods to develop durable flexible electronics.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
go back to reference Abd-Elghany K, Bourell DL (2012) Property evaluation of 304L stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting. Rapid Prototyp J 18:420–428CrossRef Abd-Elghany K, Bourell DL (2012) Property evaluation of 304L stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting. Rapid Prototyp J 18:420–428CrossRef
go back to reference Alan JH (2014) 25th Anniversary article: bulk heterojunction solar cells: understanding the mechanism of operation. Adv Mater 26(1):10–28CrossRef Alan JH (2014) 25th Anniversary article: bulk heterojunction solar cells: understanding the mechanism of operation. Adv Mater 26(1):10–28CrossRef
go back to reference Allen ML, Alastalo A, Suhonen M, Mattila T, Leppaniemi J, Seppa H (2011) Contactless electrical sintering of silver nanoparticles on flexible substrates. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 59(5):1419–1429CrossRef Allen ML, Alastalo A, Suhonen M, Mattila T, Leppaniemi J, Seppa H (2011) Contactless electrical sintering of silver nanoparticles on flexible substrates. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 59(5):1419–1429CrossRef
go back to reference Avallone EA, Baumeister T III, Sadegh AM (1978) Marks’ standard handbooks for mechanical engineers. McGraw-Hill, New York Avallone EA, Baumeister T III, Sadegh AM (1978) Marks’ standard handbooks for mechanical engineers. McGraw-Hill, New York
go back to reference Bertolazzi S, Krasnozhon D, Kis A (2013) Nonvolatile memory cells based on MoS2/graphene heterostructures. ACS Nano 7:3246–3252CrossRef Bertolazzi S, Krasnozhon D, Kis A (2013) Nonvolatile memory cells based on MoS2/graphene heterostructures. ACS Nano 7:3246–3252CrossRef
go back to reference Binder S, Glatthaar M, Rädlein E (2014) Analytical investigation of aerosol jet printing. Aerosol Sci Technol 48(9):924–929CrossRef Binder S, Glatthaar M, Rädlein E (2014) Analytical investigation of aerosol jet printing. Aerosol Sci Technol 48(9):924–929CrossRef
go back to reference Butt H-J, Graf K, Kappl M (2006) Physics and chemistry of interfaces. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim Butt H-J, Graf K, Kappl M (2006) Physics and chemistry of interfaces. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
go back to reference Castrejón-Pita JR, Kubiak KJ, Castrejón-Pita AA, Wilson MCT, Hutchings IM (2013) Mixing and internal dynamics of droplets impacting and coalescing on a solid surface. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys 88(2):1–11CrossRef Castrejón-Pita JR, Kubiak KJ, Castrejón-Pita AA, Wilson MCT, Hutchings IM (2013) Mixing and internal dynamics of droplets impacting and coalescing on a solid surface. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys 88(2):1–11CrossRef
go back to reference Chang Y-H (2017) Process monitoring, modeling, and quality assessment for printed electronics with aerosol jet printing technology. PhD dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta Chang Y-H (2017) Process monitoring, modeling, and quality assessment for printed electronics with aerosol jet printing technology. PhD dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
go back to reference Chua CK, Wong CH, Yeong WY (2017) Standards, quality control, and measurement sciences in 3D printing and additive manufacturing. Academic, London, UKCrossRef Chua CK, Wong CH, Yeong WY (2017) Standards, quality control, and measurement sciences in 3D printing and additive manufacturing. Academic, London, UKCrossRef
go back to reference Covarel G, Bensaid B, Boddaert X, Giljean S, Benaben P, Louis P (2012) Characterization of organic ultra-thin film adhesion on flexible substrate using scratch test technique. Surf Coat Technol 211:138–142CrossRef Covarel G, Bensaid B, Boddaert X, Giljean S, Benaben P, Louis P (2012) Characterization of organic ultra-thin film adhesion on flexible substrate using scratch test technique. Surf Coat Technol 211:138–142CrossRef
go back to reference Cummins G (2012) Inkjet printing of conductive materials: a review. Circuit World 38(4):193–213 Cummins G (2012) Inkjet printing of conductive materials: a review. Circuit World 38(4):193–213
go back to reference Cummins G, Desmulliez MPY (2012) Inkjet printing of conductive materials: a review. Circuit World 38(4):193–213CrossRef Cummins G, Desmulliez MPY (2012) Inkjet printing of conductive materials: a review. Circuit World 38(4):193–213CrossRef
go back to reference Demirci I, Gauthier C, Schirrer R (2005) Mechanical analysis of the damage of a thin polymeric coating during scratching: role of the ratio of the coating thickness to the roughness of a scratching tip. Thin Solid Films 479:207–215CrossRef Demirci I, Gauthier C, Schirrer R (2005) Mechanical analysis of the damage of a thin polymeric coating during scratching: role of the ratio of the coating thickness to the roughness of a scratching tip. Thin Solid Films 479:207–215CrossRef
go back to reference Derby B (2010) Inkjet printing of functional and structural materials: fluid property requirements, feature stability, and resolution. Annu Rev Mater Res 40(1):395–414CrossRef Derby B (2010) Inkjet printing of functional and structural materials: fluid property requirements, feature stability, and resolution. Annu Rev Mater Res 40(1):395–414CrossRef
go back to reference Eckstein D-IR (2016) Aerosol jet printed electronic devices and systems. PhD dissertation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany Eckstein D-IR (2016) Aerosol jet printed electronic devices and systems. PhD dissertation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
go back to reference Fukai J, Ishizuka H, Sakai Y, Kaneda M, Morita M, Takahara A (2006) Effects of droplet size and solute concentration on drying process of polymer solution droplets deposited on homogeneous surfaces. Int J Heat Mass Transf 49(19/20):3561–3567CrossRef Fukai J, Ishizuka H, Sakai Y, Kaneda M, Morita M, Takahara A (2006) Effects of droplet size and solute concentration on drying process of polymer solution droplets deposited on homogeneous surfaces. Int J Heat Mass Transf 49(19/20):3561–3567CrossRef
go back to reference Furbank RJ, Morris JF (2004) An experimental study of particle effects on drop formation. Phys Fluids 16(5):1777–1790CrossRef Furbank RJ, Morris JF (2004) An experimental study of particle effects on drop formation. Phys Fluids 16(5):1777–1790CrossRef
go back to reference Furbank RJ, Morris JF (2007) Pendant drop thread dynamics of particle-laden liquids. International Journal of Multiphase Flow 33(4):448–468 Furbank RJ, Morris JF (2007) Pendant drop thread dynamics of particle-laden liquids. International Journal of Multiphase Flow 33(4):448–468
go back to reference German RM (2005) Powder metallurgy & particulate materials processing. Metal Powder Industries Foundation, Princeton, NJ German RM (2005) Powder metallurgy & particulate materials processing. Metal Powder Industries Foundation, Princeton, NJ
go back to reference Grau JE (1998) Fabrication of engineered ceramic components by the slurry-based three dimensional printing process. MA Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA Grau JE (1998) Fabrication of engineered ceramic components by the slurry-based three dimensional printing process. MA Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
go back to reference Grego S, Lewis J, Vick E, Temple D (2005) Development and evaluation of bend-testing techniques for flexible-display applications. J Soc Inf Disp 13:575–558CrossRef Grego S, Lewis J, Vick E, Temple D (2005) Development and evaluation of bend-testing techniques for flexible-display applications. J Soc Inf Disp 13:575–558CrossRef
go back to reference Guo Y, Patanala HS, Bognet B, Ma AWK (2017) Inkjet and inkjet-based 3D printing: connecting fluid properties and printing performance. Rapid Prototyp J 23(3):562–576CrossRef Guo Y, Patanala HS, Bognet B, Ma AWK (2017) Inkjet and inkjet-based 3D printing: connecting fluid properties and printing performance. Rapid Prototyp J 23(3):562–576CrossRef
go back to reference Harris KD, Elias AL, Chung H-J (2016) Flexible electronics under strain: a review of mechanical characterization and durability enhancement strategies. J Mater Sci 51:2771–2805CrossRef Harris KD, Elias AL, Chung H-J (2016) Flexible electronics under strain: a review of mechanical characterization and durability enhancement strategies. J Mater Sci 51:2771–2805CrossRef
go back to reference Hedberg Y, Norell M, Linhardt P, Bergqvist H, Wallinder IO (2012) Influence of surface oxide characteristics and speciation on corrosion, electrochemical properties and metal release of atomized 316L stainless steel powders. Int J Electrochem Sci 7:11655–11677 Hedberg Y, Norell M, Linhardt P, Bergqvist H, Wallinder IO (2012) Influence of surface oxide characteristics and speciation on corrosion, electrochemical properties and metal release of atomized 316L stainless steel powders. Int J Electrochem Sci 7:11655–11677
go back to reference Hernandez DD (2015) Factors affecting dimensional precision of consumer 3D printing. Int J Aviat Aeronaut Aerospace 2(4):1–42 Hernandez DD (2015) Factors affecting dimensional precision of consumer 3D printing. Int J Aviat Aeronaut Aerospace 2(4):1–42
go back to reference Hoath SD, Jung S, Hsiao WK, Hutchings IM (2012) How PEDOT:PSS solutions produce satellite-free inkjets. Org Electron 13(12):3259–3262CrossRef Hoath SD, Jung S, Hsiao WK, Hutchings IM (2012) How PEDOT:PSS solutions produce satellite-free inkjets. Org Electron 13(12):3259–3262CrossRef
go back to reference Hoath SD, Hsiao WK, Martin GD, Jung S, Butler SA, Morrison NF, Harlen OG, Yang LS, Baine CD, Hutchings IM (2015) Oscillations of aqueous PEDOT:PSS fluid droplets and the properties of complex fluids in drop-on-demand inkjet printing. J Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech 223:28–36CrossRef Hoath SD, Hsiao WK, Martin GD, Jung S, Butler SA, Morrison NF, Harlen OG, Yang LS, Baine CD, Hutchings IM (2015) Oscillations of aqueous PEDOT:PSS fluid droplets and the properties of complex fluids in drop-on-demand inkjet printing. J Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech 223:28–36CrossRef
go back to reference Holt BD, Goodspeed HT (1959) Spectrographic determination of oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen in metals by inert gas fusion. Anal Chem 8:1510–1513 Holt BD, Goodspeed HT (1959) Spectrographic determination of oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen in metals by inert gas fusion. Anal Chem 8:1510–1513
go back to reference Hsiao WK, Martin GD, Hutchings IM (2014) Printing stable liquid tracks on a surface with finite receding contact angle. Langmuir 30(41):12447–12455CrossRef Hsiao WK, Martin GD, Hutchings IM (2014) Printing stable liquid tracks on a surface with finite receding contact angle. Langmuir 30(41):12447–12455CrossRef
go back to reference Huang YA, Wang YZ, Xiao L, Liu HM, Dong WT, Yin ZP (2014) Microfluidic serpentine antennas with designed mechanical tunability. Lab Chip 14:4205–4212CrossRef Huang YA, Wang YZ, Xiao L, Liu HM, Dong WT, Yin ZP (2014) Microfluidic serpentine antennas with designed mechanical tunability. Lab Chip 14:4205–4212CrossRef
go back to reference Hutchings IM, Martin GD (2012) Inkjet technology for digital fabrication. Wiley, ChichesterCrossRef Hutchings IM, Martin GD (2012) Inkjet technology for digital fabrication. Wiley, ChichesterCrossRef
go back to reference Islam RA, Chan YC, Ralph B (2004) Effect of drop impact energy on contact resistance of anisotropic conductive adhesive film joints. J Mater Res 19:1662–1668CrossRef Islam RA, Chan YC, Ralph B (2004) Effect of drop impact energy on contact resistance of anisotropic conductive adhesive film joints. J Mater Res 19:1662–1668CrossRef
go back to reference Janeczek K, Serzysko T, Jakubowska M, Koziol G, Mlozniak A (2012) Mechanical durability of RFID chip joints assembled on flexible substrates. Solder Surf Mount Technol 24:206–215CrossRef Janeczek K, Serzysko T, Jakubowska M, Koziol G, Mlozniak A (2012) Mechanical durability of RFID chip joints assembled on flexible substrates. Solder Surf Mount Technol 24:206–215CrossRef
go back to reference Jung S (2011) Fluid characterization and drop impact in inkjet printing for organic semiconductor devices. PhD dissertation, University of Cambridge, UK Jung S (2011) Fluid characterization and drop impact in inkjet printing for organic semiconductor devices. PhD dissertation, University of Cambridge, UK
go back to reference Jung HC, Cho S-H, Joung JW, Oh Y-S (2007) Studies on inkjet-printed conducting lines for electronic devices. J Electron Mater 36(9):1211–1218CrossRef Jung HC, Cho S-H, Joung JW, Oh Y-S (2007) Studies on inkjet-printed conducting lines for electronic devices. J Electron Mater 36(9):1211–1218CrossRef
go back to reference Kang JS, Kim HS, Ryu J, Hahn HT, Jang SH, Joung JW (2010) Inkjet printed electronics using copper nanoparticle ink. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 21(11):1213–1220CrossRef Kang JS, Kim HS, Ryu J, Hahn HT, Jang SH, Joung JW (2010) Inkjet printed electronics using copper nanoparticle ink. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 21(11):1213–1220CrossRef
go back to reference Kannan R, Sivakumar D (2008) Impact of liquid drops on a rough surface comprising microgrooves. Exp Fluids 44(6):927–938CrossRef Kannan R, Sivakumar D (2008) Impact of liquid drops on a rough surface comprising microgrooves. Exp Fluids 44(6):927–938CrossRef
go back to reference Karaguzel B, Tafreshi HV, Pourdeyhimi B (2008) Potentials and challenges in jetting microdroplets onto nonwoven fabrics. J Text Inst 99(6):581–589CrossRef Karaguzel B, Tafreshi HV, Pourdeyhimi B (2008) Potentials and challenges in jetting microdroplets onto nonwoven fabrics. J Text Inst 99(6):581–589CrossRef
go back to reference Kim DH, Ahn JH, Choi WM, Kim HS, Kim TH, Song JZ, Huang YGY, Liu ZJ, Lu C, Rogers JA (2008) Stretchable and foldable silicon integrated circuits. Science 320:507–511CrossRef Kim DH, Ahn JH, Choi WM, Kim HS, Kim TH, Song JZ, Huang YGY, Liu ZJ, Lu C, Rogers JA (2008) Stretchable and foldable silicon integrated circuits. Science 320:507–511CrossRef
go back to reference Kirschenmann L, Pechhold W (2002) Piezoelectric rotary vibrator (PRV)—a new oscillating rheometer for linear viscoelasticity. Rheol Acta 41(4):362–368CrossRef Kirschenmann L, Pechhold W (2002) Piezoelectric rotary vibrator (PRV)—a new oscillating rheometer for linear viscoelasticity. Rheol Acta 41(4):362–368CrossRef
go back to reference Lang U, Suss T, Dual J (2012) Microtensile testing of submicrometer thick functional polymer samples. Rev Sci Instrum 83:075110CrossRef Lang U, Suss T, Dual J (2012) Microtensile testing of submicrometer thick functional polymer samples. Rev Sci Instrum 83:075110CrossRef
go back to reference Lee J, Wu JA, Shi MX, Yoon J, Park SI, Li M, Liu ZJ, Huang YG, Rogers JA (2011) Stretchable GaAs photovoltaics with designs that enable high areal coverage. Adv Mater 23:986–991CrossRef Lee J, Wu JA, Shi MX, Yoon J, Park SI, Li M, Liu ZJ, Huang YG, Rogers JA (2011) Stretchable GaAs photovoltaics with designs that enable high areal coverage. Adv Mater 23:986–991CrossRef
go back to reference Lee J, Wu J, Ryu JH, Liu ZJ, Meitl M, Zhang YW, Huang YG, Rogers JA (2012) Stretchable semiconductor technologies with high areal coverages and strain-limiting behavior: demonstration in high-efficiency dual-junction GaInP/GaAs photovoltaics. Small 8:1851–1856CrossRef Lee J, Wu J, Ryu JH, Liu ZJ, Meitl M, Zhang YW, Huang YG, Rogers JA (2012) Stretchable semiconductor technologies with high areal coverages and strain-limiting behavior: demonstration in high-efficiency dual-junction GaInP/GaAs photovoltaics. Small 8:1851–1856CrossRef
go back to reference Lewis J (2006) Material challenge for flexible organic devices. Mater Today 9:38–45CrossRef Lewis J (2006) Material challenge for flexible organic devices. Mater Today 9:38–45CrossRef
go back to reference Li XL (2008) Strain induced semiconductor nanotubers: from formation process to device applications. J Phys D Appl Phys 41:193001 Li XL (2008) Strain induced semiconductor nanotubers: from formation process to device applications. J Phys D Appl Phys 41:193001
go back to reference Mathues W, McIlroy C, Harlen OG, Clasen C (2015) Capillary breakup of suspensions near pinch-off. Phys Fluids 27(9):093301CrossRef Mathues W, McIlroy C, Harlen OG, Clasen C (2015) Capillary breakup of suspensions near pinch-off. Phys Fluids 27(9):093301CrossRef
go back to reference Mckinley GH (2005) Dimensionless groups for understanding free surface flows of complex fluids. Bull Soc Rheol 2005:6–9 Mckinley GH (2005) Dimensionless groups for understanding free surface flows of complex fluids. Bull Soc Rheol 2005:6–9
go back to reference Mittal KL (1976) Adhesion measurement of thin films. Electrocomp Sci Technol 3:21–42CrossRef Mittal KL (1976) Adhesion measurement of thin films. Electrocomp Sci Technol 3:21–42CrossRef
go back to reference Murphy TF (2016) Metallographic testing of powders intended for use in additive manufacturing. Int J Powder Metall 52:25–35 Murphy TF (2016) Metallographic testing of powders intended for use in additive manufacturing. Int J Powder Metall 52:25–35
go back to reference Oikonomou C, Nikas D, Hryha E, Nyborg L (2014) Evaluation of the thickness and roughness of homogeneous surface layers on spherical and irregular powder particles. Surf Interf Anal 46:1028–1032CrossRef Oikonomou C, Nikas D, Hryha E, Nyborg L (2014) Evaluation of the thickness and roughness of homogeneous surface layers on spherical and irregular powder particles. Surf Interf Anal 46:1028–1032CrossRef
go back to reference Osswald TA, Menges G (2003) Materials science of polymers for engineers. Hanser, Munich, Germany Osswald TA, Menges G (2003) Materials science of polymers for engineers. Hanser, Munich, Germany
go back to reference Park M, Im J, Shin M, Min Y, Park J, Cho H, Park S, Shim MB, Jeon S, Chung DY, Bae J, Park J, Jeong U, Kim K (2012) Highly stretchable electric circuits from a composite material of silver nanoparticles and elastomeric fibers. Nat Nanotechnol 7:803–809CrossRef Park M, Im J, Shin M, Min Y, Park J, Cho H, Park S, Shim MB, Jeon S, Chung DY, Bae J, Park J, Jeong U, Kim K (2012) Highly stretchable electric circuits from a composite material of silver nanoparticles and elastomeric fibers. Nat Nanotechnol 7:803–809CrossRef
go back to reference Perelaer J, Abbel R, Wünscher S, Jani R, van Lammeren T, Schubert US (2012) Roll-to-roll compatible sintering of inkjet printed features by photonic and microwave exposure: from non-conductive ink to 40% bulk silver conductivity in less than 15 seconds. Adv Mater 24(19):2620–2625CrossRef Perelaer J, Abbel R, Wünscher S, Jani R, van Lammeren T, Schubert US (2012) Roll-to-roll compatible sintering of inkjet printed features by photonic and microwave exposure: from non-conductive ink to 40% bulk silver conductivity in less than 15 seconds. Adv Mater 24(19):2620–2625CrossRef
go back to reference Perez KB, Williams CB (2013) Combining additive manufacturing and direct write for integrated electronics–a review. In: 24th International solid freeform fabrication symposium—an additive manufacturing conference, SFF, pp 962–979 Perez KB, Williams CB (2013) Combining additive manufacturing and direct write for integrated electronics–a review. In: 24th International solid freeform fabrication symposium—an additive manufacturing conference, SFF, pp 962–979
go back to reference Rioboo R, Tropea C, Marengo M (2001) Outcomes from a drop impact on solid surfaces. Atomization Sprays 11(2):155–166CrossRef Rioboo R, Tropea C, Marengo M (2001) Outcomes from a drop impact on solid surfaces. Atomization Sprays 11(2):155–166CrossRef
go back to reference Roach P, Shirtcliffe NJ, Newton MI (2008) Progess in superhydrophobic surface development. Soft Matter 4:224CrossRef Roach P, Shirtcliffe NJ, Newton MI (2008) Progess in superhydrophobic surface development. Soft Matter 4:224CrossRef
go back to reference Rogers JA, Someya T, Huang YG (2010) Materials and mechanics for stretchable electronics. Science 327:1603–1607CrossRef Rogers JA, Someya T, Huang YG (2010) Materials and mechanics for stretchable electronics. Science 327:1603–1607CrossRef
go back to reference Saha R, Nix WD (2002) Effects of the substrate on the determination of thin film mechanical properties by nanoindentation. Acta Mater 50:23–38CrossRef Saha R, Nix WD (2002) Effects of the substrate on the determination of thin film mechanical properties by nanoindentation. Acta Mater 50:23–38CrossRef
go back to reference Samal PK, Newkirk (2015) Powder metallurgy: Metal powder characterization - Bulk properties of powders. ASM Handbook 7:93–168 Samal PK, Newkirk (2015) Powder metallurgy: Metal powder characterization - Bulk properties of powders. ASM Handbook 7:93–168
go back to reference Savagatrup S, Printz AD, O’Connor TF, Zaretski AV, Lipomi DJ (2014) Molecularly stretchable electronics. Chem Mater 26:3028–3041CrossRef Savagatrup S, Printz AD, O’Connor TF, Zaretski AV, Lipomi DJ (2014) Molecularly stretchable electronics. Chem Mater 26:3028–3041CrossRef
go back to reference Sekitani T, Zschieschang U, Klauk H, Someya T (2010) Flexible organic transistors and circuits with extreme bending stability. Nat Mater 9:1015–1022CrossRef Sekitani T, Zschieschang U, Klauk H, Someya T (2010) Flexible organic transistors and circuits with extreme bending stability. Nat Mater 9:1015–1022CrossRef
go back to reference Shin K-Y, Lee S-H, Oh JH (2011) Solvent and substrate effects on inkjet-printed dots and lines of silver nanoparticle colloids. J Micromech Microeng 21(4):045012CrossRef Shin K-Y, Lee S-H, Oh JH (2011) Solvent and substrate effects on inkjet-printed dots and lines of silver nanoparticle colloids. J Micromech Microeng 21(4):045012CrossRef
go back to reference Skoog DA, Holler FJ, Crouch SR (2007) Principles of instrumental analysis, 6th edn. Brooks/Cole, Belmont Skoog DA, Holler FJ, Crouch SR (2007) Principles of instrumental analysis, 6th edn. Brooks/Cole, Belmont
go back to reference Stafford CM, Harrison C, Beers KL, Karim A, Amis EJ, Vanlandingham MR, Kim HC, Volksen W, Miller RD, Simonyi EE (2004) A buckling-based metrology for measuring the elastic moduli of polymeric thin films. Nat Mater 3:545–550CrossRef Stafford CM, Harrison C, Beers KL, Karim A, Amis EJ, Vanlandingham MR, Kim HC, Volksen W, Miller RD, Simonyi EE (2004) A buckling-based metrology for measuring the elastic moduli of polymeric thin films. Nat Mater 3:545–550CrossRef
go back to reference Sun H, Flores KM (2008) Laser deposition of a Cu-based metallic glass powder on a Zr-based glass substrate. J Mater Res 23:2692–2703CrossRef Sun H, Flores KM (2008) Laser deposition of a Cu-based metallic glass powder on a Zr-based glass substrate. J Mater Res 23:2692–2703CrossRef
go back to reference Sun JY, Zhao XH, Illeperuma WRK, Chaudhuri O, Oh KH, Mooney DJ, Vlassak JJ, Suo ZG (2012) Highly stretchable and tough hydrogels. Nature 489:133–136CrossRef Sun JY, Zhao XH, Illeperuma WRK, Chaudhuri O, Oh KH, Mooney DJ, Vlassak JJ, Suo ZG (2012) Highly stretchable and tough hydrogels. Nature 489:133–136CrossRef
go back to reference Suo ZG (2012) Mechanics of stretchable electronics and soft machines. MRS Bull 37:218–225CrossRef Suo ZG (2012) Mechanics of stretchable electronics and soft machines. MRS Bull 37:218–225CrossRef
go back to reference Tummala NR, Bruner C, Risko C, Bredas J-L, Dauskardt RH (2015) Molecular-scale understanding of cohesion and fracture in P3HT:fullerene blends. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:9957–9964CrossRef Tummala NR, Bruner C, Risko C, Bredas J-L, Dauskardt RH (2015) Molecular-scale understanding of cohesion and fracture in P3HT:fullerene blends. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:9957–9964CrossRef
go back to reference Verheecke W, Van Dyck M, Vogeler F, Voet A, Valkenaers H (2012) Optimizing aerosol jet printing of silver interconnects on polyimide film for embedded electronics applications. 8th International DAAAM Baltic Conference “INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING” 19–21 April 2012, Tallinn, Estonia Verheecke W, Van Dyck M, Vogeler F, Voet A, Valkenaers H (2012) Optimizing aerosol jet printing of silver interconnects on polyimide film for embedded electronics applications. 8th International DAAAM Baltic Conference “INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING” 19–21 April 2012, Tallinn, Estonia
go back to reference Vigneau E, Loisel C, Devaux MF, Cantoni P (2000) Number of particles for the determination of size distribution from microscopic images. Powder Technol 107:243–250CrossRef Vigneau E, Loisel C, Devaux MF, Cantoni P (2000) Number of particles for the determination of size distribution from microscopic images. Powder Technol 107:243–250CrossRef
go back to reference Volinsky AA, Moody NR, Gerberich WW (2002) Interfacial toughness measurements for thin films on substrates. Acta Mater 50:441–466CrossRef Volinsky AA, Moody NR, Gerberich WW (2002) Interfacial toughness measurements for thin films on substrates. Acta Mater 50:441–466CrossRef
go back to reference Wang T, Patel R, Derby B (2008) Manufacture of 3-dimensional objects by reactive inkjet printing. Soft Matter 4:2513CrossRef Wang T, Patel R, Derby B (2008) Manufacture of 3-dimensional objects by reactive inkjet printing. Soft Matter 4:2513CrossRef
go back to reference Wanger NJ, Brady JF (2009) Shear thickening in colloidal dispersions. Physics Today 62(10):27–32 Wanger NJ, Brady JF (2009) Shear thickening in colloidal dispersions. Physics Today 62(10):27–32
go back to reference Wong AC-Y (2000) Characterisation of the flowability of glass beads by bulk densities ratio. Chem Eng Sci 55:3855–3859CrossRef Wong AC-Y (2000) Characterisation of the flowability of glass beads by bulk densities ratio. Chem Eng Sci 55:3855–3859CrossRef
go back to reference Xu S, Zhang YH, Jia L, Mathewson KE, Jang KI, Kim J, Fu HR, Huang X, Chava P, Wang RH, Bhole S, Wang LZ, Na YJ, Guan Y, Flavin M, Han ZS, Huang YG, Rogers JA (2014) Soft microfluidic assemblies of sensors, circuits, and radios for the skin. Science 344:70–74CrossRef Xu S, Zhang YH, Jia L, Mathewson KE, Jang KI, Kim J, Fu HR, Huang X, Chava P, Wang RH, Bhole S, Wang LZ, Na YJ, Guan Y, Flavin M, Han ZS, Huang YG, Rogers JA (2014) Soft microfluidic assemblies of sensors, circuits, and radios for the skin. Science 344:70–74CrossRef
go back to reference Zhou X, Liu X, Zhang D, Shen Z, Liu W (2015) Balling phenomena in selective laser melted tungsten. J Mater Process Technol 222:33–42CrossRef Zhou X, Liu X, Zhang D, Shen Z, Liu W (2015) Balling phenomena in selective laser melted tungsten. J Mater Process Technol 222:33–42CrossRef
go back to reference Zhou W, List FA, Duty CE, Babu SS (2016) Fabrication of conductive paths on a fused deposition modeling substrate using inkjet deposition. Rapid Prototyp J 22(1):77–86CrossRef Zhou W, List FA, Duty CE, Babu SS (2016) Fabrication of conductive paths on a fused deposition modeling substrate using inkjet deposition. Rapid Prototyp J 22(1):77–86CrossRef
go back to reference Zysset C, Kinkeldei TW, Munzenrieder N, Cherenack K, Troster G (2012) Integration method for electronics in woven textiles. IEEE Trans Compon Packag Manuf Technol 2:1107–1117CrossRef Zysset C, Kinkeldei TW, Munzenrieder N, Cherenack K, Troster G (2012) Integration method for electronics in woven textiles. IEEE Trans Compon Packag Manuf Technol 2:1107–1117CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Process and Material Characterization in Printed Flexible Electronics
Author
Colin Tong
Copyright Year
2022
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79804-8_2