Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
Published in: Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 3/2021

03-01-2021 | Research Article-Mechanical Engineering

Production and Characterization of Ceramic Bushings from Alumina-Toughened Yttrium-Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Composites for Projection Welding Applications

Author: Arife Yurdakul

Published in: Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering | Issue 3/2021

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

In current study, for the first time, it was aimed to produce the ceramic bushings for use of projection bolt welding process in automotive industry. Here, they were manufactured from ready-to-press binder containing granulated alumina-toughened zirconia (ATZ) powders consisted of 20 wt.% alumina (α-Al2O3) and 3 mol.% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline components. The ATZ ceramic bushings were densified by pressureless sintering between 1500 and 1600 °C with 25 °C increments for 2 h under air atmosphere. Physical, mechanical, tribological and microstructural properties of ATZ composites were characterized by different tests, analyses and techniques, i.e., Archimedes’ principle, Vickers hardness (HV), indentation fracture toughness (KIc), specific wear rate (W), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Considering overall results, ATZ ceramic bushings were successfully sintered up to 99% of theoretical density by increasing sintering temperature. The maximum HV and KIc values of ATZ composites were determined as 14.62 ± 0.02 GPa at 1500 °C and 6.10 ± 0.04 MPa m1/2 at 1600 °C, respectively. XRD patterns revealed that ATZ composites comprised of primary t-ZrO2 and secondary α-Al2O3 phases with no traces of m-ZrO2 and c-ZrO2. SEM observations showed the homogenous microstructures with high densification including no porosity; however, a slight degree of normal grain growth for t-ZrO2 and α-Al2O3 grains. ATZ ceramic bushings also exhibited high wear resistant property with W = 4.71 × 10−9 m3 N−1 m−1 value. They welded over the 500.000 ± 2.000 bolts to metal sheets in the automatic projection welding machines. This makes the ATZ composites a superior material for projection bolt welding process.
previous article A Transient Model of a Variable Geometry Turbocharger Turbine Using a Passive Actuator
next article Real-Time Stabilization Control of a Rotary Inverted Pendulum Using LQR-Based Sliding Mode Controller

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
Literature
1.
De Aza, A.H.; Chevalier, J.; Fantozzi, G.; Schehl, M.; Torrecillas, R.: Crack growth resistance of alumina, zirconia and zirconia toughened alumina ceramics for joint prostheses. Biomaterials 23, 937–945 (2002)
2.
Piconi, C.; Maccauro, G.; Muratori, F.; Brach Del Prever, E.: Alumina and zirconia ceramics in joint replacements. J. Appl. Biomater. Biomech. 1, 19–32 (2003)
3.
Liu, C.; Sun, J.; Li, G.; Li, B.; Gong, F.: Fabrication, mechanical properties and fracture behaviors of the laminated Al2O3–ZrB2–MgO/Al2O3–TiN–MgO ceramic composite. Ceram. Int. 46, 857–865 (2020)
4.
Alvar, F.S.; Heydari, M.; Kazemzadeh, A.; Vaezi, M.R.; Nikzad, L.: Synthesis and characterization of corrosion-resistant and biocompatible Al2O3–TiB2 nanocomposite films on pure titanium. Ceram. Int. 46, 4215–4221 (2020)
5.
Rocha-Rangel, E.; Refugio-García, E.; Miranda-Hernández, J.G.; Terrés-Rojas, E.: Fracture toughness enhancement for metal-reinforced alumina. J. Ceram. Process. Res. 10, 744–747 (2009)
6.
Garvie, R.C.; Hannink, R.H.; Pascoe, R.T.: Ceramic steel? Nature 258, 703–704 (1975)
7.
Kelly, J.R.; Denry, I.: Stabilized zirconia as a structural ceramic: an overview. Dent. Mater. 24, 289–298 (2008)
8.
Tanaka, S.; Takaba, M.; Ishiura, Y.; Kamimura, E.; Baba, K.: A 3-year follow up of ceria-stabilized zirconia/alumina nanocomposite (Ce-TZP/A) frameworks for fixed dental prostheses. J. Prosthodont. Res. 59, 55–61 (2015)
9.
Banik, S.R.; Iqbal, I.M.; Nath, R.; Bora, L.J.; Singh, B.K.; Mandal, N.; Sankar, M.R.: State of the art on zirconia toughened alumina cutting tools. Mater. Today Proc. 18, 2632–2641 (2019)
10.
Cousland, G.P.; Cui, X.Y.; Smith, A.E.; Stampfl, A.P.J.; Stampfl, C.M.: Mechanical properties of zirconia, doped and undoped yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia from first-principles. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 122, 51–71 (2018)
11.
12.
Sharma, A.; Ahn, B.: Effect of MgO addition on the monoclinic to tetragonal transition of ZrO2 fabricated by high energy ball milling. Korean J. Met. Mater. 56, 718–726 (2018)
13.
Jin, X.J.: Martensitic transformation in zirconia containing ceramics and its applications. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 9, 313–318 (2005)
14.
Basu, B.: Toughening of yttria-stabilised tetragonal zirconia ceramics. Int. Mater. Rev. 50, 239–256 (2005)
15.
Sun, Y.H.; Zhang, Y.F.; Guo, J.K.: Microstructure and bending strength of 3Y-TZP ceramics by liquid-phase sintering with CAS addition. Ceram. Int. 29, 229–232 (2003)
16.
Ersoy, N.M.; Aydoğdu, H.M.; Değirmenci, B.Ü.; Çökük, N.; Sevimay, M.: The effects of sintering temperature and duration on the flexural strength and grain size of zirconia. Acta Biomater. Odontol. Scand. 1, 43–50 (2015)
17.
Kontonasaki, E.; Giasimakopoulos, P.; Rigos, A.E.: Strength and aging resistance of monolithic zirconia: an update to current knowledge. Jpn. Dent. Sci. Rev. 56, 1–23 (2020)
18.
Hannink, R.H.J.; Kelly, P.M.; Muddle, B.C.: Transformation toughening in zirconia-containing ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 83, 461–487 (2000)
19.
Tanaka, H.; Maeda, T.; Narikiyo, H.; Morimoto, T.: Mechanical properties of partially stabilized zirconia for dental applications. J. Asian Ceram. Soc. 7, 460–468 (2019)
20.
Koncar, V.: Composites and hybrid structures. In: The Textile Institute Book Series, pp. 153–215. Elsevier, Woodhead Publishing (2019)
21.
Gil-Flores, L.; Salvador, M.D.; Penaranda-Foix, F.L.; Dalmau, A.; Fernández, A.; Borrell, A.: Tribological and wear behaviour of alumina toughened zirconia nanocomposites obtained by pressureless rapid microwave sintering. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 101, 103415 (2020)
22.
Maji, A.; Choubey, G.: Microstructure and mechanical properties of alumina toughened zirconia (ATZ). Mater. Today Proc. 5, 7457–7465 (2018)
23.
Sequeira, S.; Fernandes, M.H.; Neves, N.; Almeida, M.M.: Development and characterization of zirconia–alumina composites for orthopedic implants. Ceram. Int. 43, 693–703 (2017)
24.
Pabst, W.; Havrda, J.; Gregorova, E.; Kromova, B.: Alumina toughened zirconia made by room temperature extrusion of ceramic pastes. Ceram. Silik. 44, 41–47 (2000)
25.
Meena, K.L.; Karunakar, D.B.: Development of alumina toughened zirconia nanocomposites using spark plasma sintering. Mater. Today Proc. 5, 16928–16935 (2018)
26.
Moraes, M.C.; Elias, C.N.; Duailibi Filho, J.; Oliveira, L.G.: Mechanical properties of alumina-zirconia composites for ceramic abutments. Mater. Res. 7, 643–649 (2004)
27.
Nevarez-Rascon, A.; Aguilar-Elguezabal, A.; Orrantia, E.; Bocanegra-Bernal, M.H.: On the wide range of mechanical properties of ZTA and ATZ based dental ceramic composites by varying the Al2O3 and ZrO2 content. Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 27, 962–970 (2009)
28.
Fang, Z.Z.; Wang, H.: Densification and grain growth during sintering of nanosized particles. Int. Mater. Rev. 53, 326–352 (2008)
29.
Selcuk, C.: Joining processes for powder metallurgy parts. In: Chang, I., Zhao, Y. (eds.) Advances in Powder Metallurgy Properties, Processing and Applications, pp. 380–398. Woodhead Publishing Series in Metals and Surface Engineering, Cambridge (2013)
30.
Lucas, W.; Westgate, S.: Welding and soldering. In: Laughton, M.A., Warne, D.F. (eds.) Electrical Engineer’s Reference Book, pp. 10-1–10-3-10-51. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2003)
31.
Wampers, H.: High-performance ceramics for welding technology. Ceram. Forum Int. 85, E40–E42+D25–D27 (2008)
32.
Krstic, V.: inventor: Method of making high toughness high strength zirconia bodies. United States patent US 0011661A1 (2014)
33.
Millan, R.T.S., Rodriguez, L.A.D.: inventor: Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), assignee. Nanostructured composite material of stabilized zirconia with cerium oxide and doped alumina with zirconia, use and procedure for obtaining same. United States patent US 8,546,285 B2 (2013)
34.
Wojteczko, A.; Wiązania, G.; Kot, M.; Pędzich, Z.: Friction and wear of composites in alumina/zirconia system. Compos. Theory Pract. 18, 51–56 (2018)
35.
Wiazania, G.; Kot, M.; Wojteczko, A.; Pędzich, Z.: Tribological propertıes of Al2O3/ZrO2 sintered ceramics. Tribologia 1, 67–72 (2019)
36.
Rezaee, S.; Ranjbar, K.; Kiasat, A.R.: Characterization and strengthening of porous alumina-20 wt% zirconia ceramic composites. Ceram. Int. 46, 893–902 (2020)
37.
Gibson, R.F.: Principles of Composite Material Mechanics. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2012)
38.
Tam, D.K.Y.; Ruan, S.; Gao, P.; Yu, T.: High-performance ballistic protection using polymer nanocomposites. In: Sparks, E. (ed.) Advances in Military Textiles and Personal Equipment, pp. 213–237. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge (2012)
39.
Suprapedi, S.; Muljadi, M.; Sardjono, P.: The characterization of ceramic alumina prepared by using additive glass beads. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 299, 012043 (2018)
40.
Ghouli, S.; Ayatollahi, M.R.; Bushroa, A.R.: Fracture characterization of ceria partially stabilized zirconia using the GMTSN criterion. Eng. Fract. Mech. 199, 647–657 (2018)
41.
Niihara, K.; Morena, R.; Hasselman, D.P.H.: Evaluation of Kıc of brittle solids by the indentation method with low crack-to-indent ratios. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 1, 13–16 (1982)
42.
Niihara, K.; Morena, R.; Hasselman, D.P.H.: Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics. Plenum Press, New York (1983)
43.
Cottom, B.A.; Mayo, M.J.: Fracture toughness of nanocrystalline ZrO2–3 mol% Y2O3 determined by Vickers indentation. Scr. Mater. 34, 809–814 (1996)
44.
Kaliszewski, M.S.; Behrens, G.; Heuer, A.H.; Shaw, M.C.; Marshall, D.B.; Dransmanri, G.W.; Steinbrech, R.W.; Pajares, A.; Guiberteau, F.: Indentation studies on Y2O2-stabilized ZrO2: I, Development of indentation-induced cracks. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 77, 1185–1193 (1994)
45.
Pabst, W.; Gregorova, E.: Ceramics and Composite Materials: New Research. Nova Publishers, New York (2006)
46.
Pabst, W.; Ticha, G.; Gregorova, E.: Effective elastic properites of alumina-zirconia composite ceramics—part 3. Calculation of elastic moduli of polycrystalline alumina and zirconia from monocrystal data. Ceram. Silik. 48, 41–48 (2004)
47.
Hutchings, I.; Gee, M.; Santner, E.: Friction and wear. In: Czichos, H., Saito, T., Smith, L. (eds.) Springer Handbook of Materials Measurement Methods, pp. 685–710. Springer, Berlin (2006)
48.
Phifer, D.; Tuma, L.; Vystavel, T.; Wandrol, P.; Young, R.J.: Improving SEM imaging performance using beam deceleration. Microsc. Today 17, 40–49 (2009)
49.
50.
Fan, J.; Lin, T.; Hu, F.; Yu, Y.; Ibrahim, M.; Zheng, R.; Huang, S.; Ma, J.: Effect of sintering temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of zirconia-toughened alümina machinable dental ceramics. Ceram. Int. 43, 3647–3653 (2017)
51.
Rector, S.G.; Blanton, T.: The powder diffraction file: a quality materials characterization database. Powder Diffr. 34, 352–360 (2019)
52.
Witz, G.; Shklover, V.; Steure, W.; Bachegowda, S.; Bossmann, H.P.: Phase evolution in yttria-stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coatings studied by Rietveld refinement of X-ray powder diffraction patterns. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 2935–2940 (2007)
53.
Hall, E.O.: The deformation and ageing of mild steel. 3: discussion of results. Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. B 64, 747–753 (1951)
54.
Petch, N.J.: The cleavage strength of polycrystals. J. Iron Steel Inst. 174, 25–28 (1953)
55.
56.
57.
Meena, K.L.; Vidyasagar, C.S.; Karunakar, D.B.: Mechanical and tribological properties of alumina toughened zirconia composites through conventional sintering and microwave sintering. Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 73, 1909–1923 (2020)
Metadata
Title
Production and Characterization of Ceramic Bushings from Alumina-Toughened Yttrium-Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Composites for Projection Welding Applications
Author
Arife Yurdakul
Publication date
03-01-2021
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering / Issue 3/2021
Print ISSN: 2193-567X
Electronic ISSN: 2191-4281
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-05160-8

Other articles of this Issue 3/2021

Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 3/2021 Go to the issue

Research Article-Mechanical Engineering

Improvement of Plate Heat Exchanger Performance Using a New Plate Geometry

Research Article-Mechanical Engineering

Experimental Investigation and Parametric Optimization on Hole Quality Assessment During Micro-drilling of Inconel 625 Superalloy

Research Article-Mechanical Engineering

Hybrid Ray Tracing Model and Particle Swarm Optimization for the Performance of an Internally Reflecting Solar Still with a Booster Reflector

Research Article-Mechanical Engineering

Squeezing Flow of Carbon Nanotubes-Based Nanofluid in Channel Considering Temperature-Dependent Viscosity: A Numerical Approach

Research Article-Mechanical Engineering

Three-Dimensional (3D) Visualization and Two-Dimensional (2D) Second Law Analysis of Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Free Convection Inside Cubical Enclosure Packed with Hybrid Nanofluid Containing a Circular Heating Cylinder: Effect of Inclined Magnetic Field

Research Article-Mechanical Engineering

Simultaneous Influence of Hall and Wall Characteristics in Peristaltic Convective Carbon–Water Flow Subject to Soret and Dufour Effects

Premium Partners

    Image Credits