Progress in Engineering Technology VI

The water pipeline’s fluid flow was utilized by the water turbine to spin the turbine runner, which ultimately produced electricity. Recently, researchers have focused more on developing a suitable water turbine design to utilize clean and renewable energy. This is because of the water delivery system’s inadequate capacity which typically results in the waste of excess potential energy. Rising pollution and other environmental threats have led to a dramatic increase in the usage of renewable energy sources in recent years. The efficiency of a pipeline water turbine with a 150-mm diameter was studied using simulation, and the findings of that study are presented in this work. The examination was done to evaluate each blade design’s effectiveness. To determine the best size, number, and angle of blades to be inserted in a water pipeline, the SolidWorks and ANSYS software were used to build and test the 2–6-blade turbines with 140-mm and 75-mm size turbines that are employing 2 types of angles, which are 90° and 45°. According to the data, a six-bladed turbine with blades that are 75 mm in diameter and at a 45° angle is the most suitable design since it produces the best outlet flowrate value from impact at the incoming water flow. The findings also revealed that, with the right blade angle and number, the system’s efficiency improved with increasing water flow rate. Because the size and shape of the blades generated are inappropriate, there will be turbulence formed. The efficiency, speed, and water flow of a turbine are all greatly affected by the number and design of its blades.

Industrial pollution, especially in palm oil, has increased in recent years. This has raised awareness of the need for biodegradable material research, such as the carbon-reinforced empty fruit bunch (EFB) carbon composite. Researchers used the Taguchi method to assess the mechanical properties of the EFB carbon composite. Tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and elongation were investigated and how weight % and speed affect them. A 3D printer was utilized to make the mold for this research using ASTM D638-14 standards. Taguchi-recommended EFB carbon composite compositions of 30, 40, and 50% were used to make specimens. Tensile testing was done with a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and evaluated using Taguchi method L9. The investigation found that 40% weight and 6 mm/min speed were appropriate for EFB carbon composite. The composite has 3.7 MPa tensile strength, 223.149 N/m2 modulus of elasticity, and 26.9% elongation. This was compared to 30 and 50% weight percentage, 5 mm/min and 7 mm/min outcomes. The findings of this study can aid green material research and development.

The central processing unit (CPU) is the most critical component of the computer’s hardware. During operation, the CPU produces heat, just like any other electronics devices, and it must be effectively cooled in order to operate at the peak best performance. In this work, alumina (Al2O3) nanofluid mixed water has been used as a cooling system for the CPU. Nanofluid refers to a working fluid that has nanoparticles mixed in a base fluid, such as water or ethylene glycol. To improve the current cooling system, the coolant fluid has been changed from distilled water to a nanofluid coolant. The main focus of this work is to design and modify the water cooling system and to test the performance of the nanofluid cooling system for the computer CPU. It has been found from the experiment testing that the water cooling system improved by using a nanofluid by 2.39%. The overall heat transfer coefficient between those two coolants has been calculated and compared. The overall heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid mixture is higher than for pure distilled water. The smart control system also provides a good monitoring system to the CPU working temperature. In conclusion, a nanofluid can be the best option for a CPU cooling system.

This research explores the use of hybrid waste rubber tyre-based polypropylene and coconut fibre composites for car door panel applications, aiming to balance noise absorption and mechanical strength. The composite was prepared using mixing and hot press-moulded machines, with coconut fibre content increasing tensile strength and elongation at break. The composite had the highest tensile strength of 5.25 MPa, but the tensile strength decreased with increasing coconut fibre content. Young's modulus increased by 62% but reduced elongation at break by 14.71%. The impendence tube test showed a higher sound transmission loss for this new composite compared to the current material.

Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is usually used in energy harvesting. Application of MHD power generators can be seen at sea, chimneys, and industry for large-scale energy harvesting. MHD produces an electromotive force by using a fluid conductor, such as plasma gas, liquid metal, or saltwater, to generate a magnetic field (e.m.f.). The electromagnetic field will be captured using an electrode made of aluminium, copper, or another conducting metal. For this project, the MHD system has been seen to have the potential to become a sensor for detecting water flow inside underground drains. This MHD sensor could help to prevent floods from occurring. Many factors has been found and most commonly that the flood incident occurred due to the overflow of rivers and clogged underground drains. Therefore, flood prevention measures must be taken immediately. This work contains a study of the MHD system and MHD generator with different number of magnets and output power as a signal. It can be found that the more magnet used give a better signal in output power as well as a sign of a good drainage flow in underground drains.

The ability to walk among people with disabilities and frail persons makes it difficult for them to engage in certain activities. Frail persons are classified as elderly people who have difficulties in balancing their bodies and have muscle weakness due to aging factor. Therefore, a walking aid is needed to help them to walk, improving the mobility and rehabilitation. The commercial walking aid has been developed to assist a person with disability and frail persons. However, this walking aid can be much improved. In this work, a new design has been proposed. The use of anthropometric data of elderly people has been taken into consideration in the design process. As for the structure, the critical parts of the walking aid have been examined using finite element analysis. To ensure that the new design is capable to be used, fabrication has been done according to the new design and a complete walking aid named “Guide Walker” has been produced and tested. As a result, the walking aid has a better performance compared with the existing product according to the ergonomic criteria. For the simulation result of some critical parts, the result shows that for the sitting part may accommodate 70% of the person’s total body while for the armrest part is 10%. Finally, it can be concluded that the use of anthropometric data together with structure analysis is important in order to develop suitable specifications and ergonomically designed products for an elderly and disabled person and also helping them improving their movement.

Powder-mixed electrical discharge machining (PMEDM) research is recently getting popular. The lack of suitable vise for the experiment limits the real investigation using this method. Therefore, this paper aims at creating a suitable vise to be used in PMEDM studies to optimize the electrical discharge machining (EDM) process parameters by including an electrically conductor metal powder in the dielectric fluid. In comparison with other machining methods, the expense of using EDM is greater due to the longer processing durations involved. It has been theorized that PMEDM can increase the effectiveness of EDM. PMEDM has the potential to enhance the surface smoothness of machined products, boost MRR, and reduce the tool wear (TWR). The development process of the vise includes the design using a 3D design software, design selection, machining, and measuring. Outcome from this paper shows that a new vise was developed to suit the PMEDM experiment works. For the future works, study on the powder concentration and gap voltage in SiC PMEDM is suggested. To decide how many tests need to be performed, a Taguchi orthogonal array with three levels and two factors can be utilized. The results of this study are expected to lead on the improvements in surface smoothness, TWR, machining time, and machining costs.

The performance of automotive radiator fins greatly depends on their configuration and layout. Despite various designs, optimization of these fins, especially in terms of angle, has been limited due to their small size. Radiators play a critical role as heat exchanger devices, ensuring efficient engine operation. This study focuses on analyzing and simulating the flow patterns and velocity fields around louvered fins. Specifically, the project investigates the airflow behavior through louver fins at different angles: 20°, 25° and 30°. To test the hypothesis that varying louver angles result in distinct airflow patterns, experiments were conducted in a desktop wind tunnel. A smoke generator aided in visualizing the airflow, and a high-speed camera captured the motion in slow motion. Image analysis, employing the PIVlab toolbox in MATLAB, provided velocity field data. The results demonstrated that louvered fins induce notable flow vortices and eddies, particularly at a 25° angle, where the mean air velocity is the highest.

This study focuses on the application of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) tailored explicitly for the purpose of waste heat recovery from industrial kilns. To address this, the study proposes the integration of a TEG, a semiconductor device that effectively converts thermal energy into electrical energy, utilizing the Seebeck effect. Three multi-TEG system configurations were designed and modelled and their performance in recovering the waste heat was simulated using MATLAB Simulink. These configurations encompassed the series arrangement, the parallel arrangement, and the hybrid (series–parallel) arrangement. The outcomes of the simulations conclude the series arrangement as the most effective configuration for the multi-TEG system, showcasing a superior power output of 255 W and an efficiency of 52.26%.

This study optimizes an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system for efficient heat recovery from industrial kilns. Using the DWSIM software for design and simulation, three ORC designs are proposed, with the most promising selected based on power generation and thermal efficiency. The chosen design is analyzed under varying evaporating and condensing pressures to assess their impact. Results show these parameters significantly affect power generation and efficiency. The study concludes that ORC systems effectively recover heat and generate electricity from industrial kilns.

Waste heat recovery (WHR) involves capturing and utilizing heat energy that would otherwise be dissipated into the environment. Numerous studies indicated that the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is a promising approach for waste heat recovery. The primary goal of this study is to refine the operational aspects of the ORC system to efficiently capture and convert heat from industrial kilns into electricity. The methodology involves a comprehensive approach encompassing design, simulation, and fundamental thermoeconomic analysis for the ORC system. The DWSIM software is utilized to simulate the ORC system and assess the resulting outcomes. The study analyzes three distinct conceptual designs of the ORC system, ultimately selecting the most promising design based on power generation, thermal efficiency, and payback period. This study also explores the influence of diverse working fluids on the thermal and economic performance of the ORC. Through thermoeconomic analysis and consideration of payback periods, the optimal design and the most suitable working fluid, R134a (tetrafluoroethane), were identified.

This paper explains the basics of what a universal shape adapting jig is, how it works and its application. The clamping of the workpiece with the various shapes can be done using this universal shape adapting jig. Testing is done using the clamping test with an appropriate clamping force using air pressure. In CNC milling industries, a lot of jigs had to be produced for parts that could not be properly clamped by conventional milling jigs. Making a universal jig for CNC milling that can adapt to any form is a challenge. This paper evaluates the design of the jig that can adapt to various shapes for CNC milling by using pneumatic cylinders as their clamping tools. The steps involved in implementing this project are conceptual design, detailed CAD design, fabrication and testing. FEA analysis is also conducted to find out the location of the highest stress and deformation that occurs in the design.

The turbocharger exhaust manifold is a channel that drives up the exhaust from the engine and plays an important role in the exhaust manifold. The exhaust manifold is installed at the engine due to heat and volumetric flow of the exhaust gases from the engine. The invention of the turbocharger needs to be advanced since the automotive industry keeps growing to make sure the performance of the turbocharger is at its best. There are several designs of exhaust manifolds that have been tested in this study to compare with the performance of the turbocharger. In this study, the method used was computational fluid dynamics to evaluate and compare the effect of three shapes of the exhaust manifolds on certain highlighted parameters. The focus was on validating certain chosen performance parameters such as velocity of air intake, pressure ratio of air, and rpm of the turbo wheel with experimental results. The result concluded which design was the best and having a great performance that was used commonly in the automotive industry.

The exhaust system is one of the most important systems in automotive engines and functions to collect the exhaust gases from the cylinders, remove dangerous elements, reduce the degree of noise, and release the purified exhaust gases away from the vehicle’s occupants at an appropriate location. The paper presents a study on the parameter and design of the manifold toward the performance of the engine and its improvement of standard manifolds. This study begins with the development of design and modeling of the manifold. The drafting and sketching have been carried out based on the parameters produced by the “Gap Study” method using a literature review and generated through the Taguchi method, Minitab. The process continued with designing the manifold by using CAD through Solidworks applications and finally produced a schematic technical drawing for preparation during the second stages. The simulation has been conducted through all the design stages and the result analyzed the velocity profile of the inlet, middle, and outlet. A comparison was conducted to find out the best manifold between the three models.

This study aims to find a new lightweight and durable material for safety hook applications. The study requires experience in the necessary steps, starting from identifying the problem statement. The research objectives are to analyze the optimum infill settings for the PLA safety hook in achieving ultimate tensile strength via the Taguchi method. Finding out how to get the output and why to choose the strategy requires conducting a literature review. The ideal specifications for three-dimensional (3D) printers were a major focus of the literature review. Modeling the safety hook’s design using actual dimensions as a guide is crucial. The Taguchi method is used to generate numerous combinations of parameters and ranges. It was then converted to a stereolithography file and printed on a 3D printer. Each sample is placed directly into the universal testing machine for a tensile test. Computer-aided design software simulation was used to record and verify the results. The goal of the data analysis was to contrast the printed samples’ tensile strength characteristics with those of the pre-existing material used in the application. Correlating the best test results with the attributes of the already available material is essential. The data was subsequently confirmed, and the researchers concluded that PLA was suitable for use in safety hook applications utilizing an alternate fabrication method, i.e. 3D printing. After the validation process, formulating a determination is necessary as to whether all objectives were met or the opposite.

Many underwater vehicles still use propellers to move their vehicle. The disadvantage of the traditional propeller is that it produces noise and vibration. Nowadays, with the technology that has been invented and improved, there is another way to move the underwater vehicle besides using the propeller which is the use of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) thruster. Additionally, the design reduces wear and friction throughout the drivetrain. When vibration and noise are reduced, it enhances passenger comfort. The magnetohydrodynamic thruster that is built in this paper is an open rectangular pipe that has aluminum electrodes attached to the wall of the pipe and neodymium magnets. As this experiment is for underwater vehicles, a salt solution was used to represent the seawater. A permanent magnet supplies the magnetic field in this circuit, and an electrode creates the flow's electric field. Fluid conductors travel throughout the circuit as a result of magnetohydrodynamic processes, the salt water exposed to the magnetic field and electric current. The cross product of a voltage supplied and the magnetic field applied by the permanent magnet produces the electromagnetic force. The main parameters of this experiment are magnetic strength, voltage, sound level, and volume of flow rate. The water flow rate is then measured in terms of volume. A comparison between conventional and MHD thruster is to validate that the MHD thruster can reduce noise and vibration. It was found that the MHD thruster is more reliable compared with the conventional thruster. Nevertheless, there are still more works to do, to make the MHD thruster better.

Side impact collisions pose significant risks to passenger safety due to limited deformation space. This study investigates using the 7075-T6 aluminum alloy in vehicle side impact beams to enhance safety. The 7075-T6 alloy's higher specific strength compared to the commonly used 6061 alloy was tested using finite element models and Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. Results showed that the 7075-T6 alloy beam exerted a force three times greater than the 6061 alloy beam, demonstrating superior intrusion resistance and potential for reduced occupant injuries. These findings highlight the promise of 7075-T6 alloy in improving vehicle safety standards and suggest its potential application in future automotive safety designs.

This project focuses on the investigation of composite materials employing an epoxy matrix combined with waste materials from natural sources, specifically utilizing eggshells as an environmentally friendly composite component. The specimens were categorized into three groups: A, B, and C, each with distinct compositions. Category A encompassed specimens consisting of 20% eco-composite and 80% epoxy matrix. In category B, epoxy content comprised 75% while the eco-composite constituted 25%, and in category C, epoxy constituted 70% while the eco-composite formed 30% of the composition. Additionally, the project utilized sieves to control particle size, with sizes of 1.03 mm, 0.8 mm, and 0.651 mm. Upon analysis, the findings indicate that among the examined specimens, those containing 70% epoxy and 30% eco-composite, featuring a particle size of 0.651 mm, exhibited superior tensile strength and hardness. These promising mechanical attributes hold significance for applications in designing automotive components. This study's insights into the mechanical properties and structural characteristics of the composite material hold potential for informing the development of car parts, enhancing both performance and sustainability in the automotive industry.

The autonomous vehicle with a flood detection system is a crucial advancement in disaster management and environmental monitoring. It uses sensors to measure water levels and meteorological parameters, enabling safe navigation in turbulent floodwaters. The system also provides data for effective long-term flood management strategies. This innovative approach could save lives, reduce property damage, and improve flood resilience, transforming disaster preparedness and response in flood-prone regions.

The improper disposal of waste tyres is a significant environmental issue, and pyrolysis, a thermal decomposition process, offers a promising solution for sustainable management. This project focuses on designing and developing a lab-scale extractor to produce pyrolysis oil from waste tyres. After 2D and 3D drawings were created using SolidWorks, the extractor was set up and tested. At an optimum power of 2000 W, the mass of pyrolysis oil obtained was about 70% higher than for 1000 W. However, the tyre residues decreased by 45%, indicating that more pyrolysis oil can be produced with a small amount of waste. This extractor addresses the need for a compact, efficient, and cost-effective system to explore the feasibility of tyre pyrolysis oil.

This research focuses on the comprehensive characterization and evaluation of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite laminates with diverse stacking sequences, specifically under low-velocity impact. The investigation applies Charpy impact and three-point bending tests to analyze the impact response and flexural behaviour. The study goes through the influence of stacking sequences on mechanical properties, including Young’s modulus. The analysis validates experimental data and finite element analysis simulations for verification. Design 1 (using conventional stacking sequence) exhibits the highest ultimate tensile strength and brittleness, while design 2 (using alternating stacking sequence) presents intermediate strength. Design 3 (using an even stacking sequence) demonstrates unique behaviour with a “spring-like” quality. The research emphasizes the role of stacking sequences in CFRP behaviour, offering insights for car chassis applications. It acknowledges the limitations of measurement precision and underscores the importance of validating simulation results with experimental data. Integrating simulation tools like Abaqus proves crucial in optimizing CFRP product design and performance while maintaining alignment with real-world behaviour.

Generally, a moving system will typically produce vibrations when it is moving in rectilinear or rotating and it is common for the unbalanced motor to produce high vibration intensity when it is operated. This vibration is very harmful to the motor’s lifespan and to its operations. Therefore, it is very important to control and reduce the vibrations produced by the unbalanced motor during operation. One of the popular methods of doing this is using dynamic vibration absorbers (DVAs). DVA is an efficient control device that is connected to a vibrating system to reduce undesired vibrations by equalizing its excitation frequency to nearly coincide with the natural frequency of the primary system. This can be achieved by tuning the DVA parameters to the optimal value. This research is aimed at designing and developing a tuneable dynamic vibration absorber (TDVA) to reduce the unbalanced motor vibration by optimizing the DVA parameters. The optimal DVA parameters have been computed directly using dynamic properties of the primary system by assuming the unbalanced motor to be the single degree of freedom vibration system. The results of this study indicate that the total vibration reduction gained by the unbalanced motor when using DVA is about 96.85% where the initial amplitude of the motor before and after the DVA attachment is 4.13 m/s2 and 0.13 m/s2. This has shown that the designed TDVA is operating as anticipated because it was able to successfully reduce the amplitude.

Palm oil mills have emerged as significant contributors to industrial pollution in recent years. As concerns over environmental issues and global warming continue to gain traction in society, research efforts focusing on palm kernel shell reinforcement composites have intensified. The use of eco-friendly materials serves as a primary motivation for researchers in this field. In order to investigate the mechanical properties of palm kernel shell composites, the Taguchi method was employed. Palm oil kernel shell weight percentage and tensile test speed significantly affected tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and elongation at break. In line with the ASTM D638-14 standard, modifications were made to the mold, and several specimens were subsequently developed. Tensile specimens, comprising 30%, 40%, and 50% palm kernel shell composites, were carefully fabricated. The mechanical properties of the palm kernel shell composites were evaluated using the universal testing machine and the Taguchi method orthogonal array L9. The findings from the Taguchi analysis revealed that a weight percentage of 40% was recommended. The tensile strength was measured to be 22.06 N/mm2, the modulus of elasticity was determined to be 2216.82 N/mm2, and the elongation at break was 1.87%. Notably, the palm kernel shell composites’ mechanical properties were independent of the weight proportion. This observation suggests that palm kernel shell composites can potentially replace existing products with biodegradable alternatives, thereby mitigating pollution from costly decomposition processes.

The aim of this study is to establish an assessment method to assess the integrity of the degraded lines and to establish a mitigation or repair plan on deficiency of the 30" rich diglycolamine (RDGA) at gas processing plant. There are four lines of 30" diameter, transporting RDGA from the feed gas separation unit, gas sweetening and condensate stabilization, into the solvent regeneration. The scope of work of the candidate is limited to review the construction, testing and commissioning procedure for piping, operational history, performing evaluation of defects by the phased array ultrasonic testing, under consideration of operating conditions and evaluation of the repair method used on the RDGA line in terms of material selection, and perform fitness for service assessment. Based on this assessment study and proposed repair methods, these RDGA lines are fit for service to operate within their operating parameters and permanent repair should be in place by 2024.

This study is related to the risk-based inspection (RBI) of pressure relieving devices (PRD) for Malaysian petrochemical plant. The PRD RBI study was executed utilizing the API RBI software, which follows the API 581: 2008, Risk-Based Inspection Technology standard. API 581 specifies the quantitative approach in determining the risk for PRD. PRD technical datasheet, inspection reports, process flow diagram, protecting equipment technical datasheet, piping and instrumentation diagram, and mass and energy balance are among the essential documents required to perform this analysis. A total number of 169 PRD were analyzed. The PRD testing interval at an oil refinery is currently between 1 and 3 years. From the study, 72% (122 units) of PRD interval can be extended from existing interval practiced by PP(T)SB. Another 18% (31 units) of PRD interval needs to be reduced from existing interval practice and 10% (16 units) of PRD interval is unaffected. Several significant findings were noted throughout this study such as set pressure higher than equipment design pressure and data discrepancy on technical documents. PP(T)SB is strongly recommended to take all the necessary actions to ensure PRD is operating as intended.

In this research work, an improved roasted groundnut skin peeling machine was successfully designed and developed. The main idea of the machines is to rotate the groundnut inside the drum peeler with the power of the rotary motor. The drum peeler wall has a shaft located in the middle of it. There are brushes attached to the rod, and these brushes will also be rotated to brush the groundnut skin and peel it off. The skin then will be separated from its nuts by the air blown in the drum and fall due to the gravitation effect. The use of this machine can reduce the cost of peeling the groundnut skin over the manual groundnut peeler. This machine is recommended for peeling the groundnut skin at small-size kitchens and at small-size enterprises only as there are a lot of machines that are focused on the industry level.

An automatic glove packaging system is developed by using a conveyor and pneumatic system to overcome the classical manual approach. The sensors are used to count the quantity of the glove and detect the box. Then, it will send the signals to the control unit. The control unit used is OMRON PLC-CP2E-E30DR-A, which sends an appropriate signal to the pneumatic cylinder to push the glove into the box. In this design, an infrared sensor 1 is used to count the quantity of the glove at the conveyor and the conveyor will stop after it finishes counting. The infrared sensor 2 will detect the box and stop the conveyor. The pneumatic system is built to push and hold the glove at the trap door to the box for packaging. The 3-phase AC motor is used at the belt conveyor. An experiment is done to choose the best delta connection or star connection to supply the current and the power to the conveyor motor. The downscale prototype of the machine is developed to present the function of the machine before building the real industrial machine. Using this system completely eliminates manpower, reduces inspection time, and also increases the production rate.

Researchers have implemented measures to improve the energy structure in response to the climate agreement by decreasing the proportion of coal-fired thermal power and increasing the use of clean energy. But because there are so few large-scale energy storage facilities, wind and solar electricity continue to have low utilization rates. The utilization of water from an underground pipeline is suggested in this research. After installing a turbine, the water flow from the pipeline can provide a significant amount of electricity. This study also describes the creation of a hydroturbine system's intelligent Internet of Things monitoring system. The micro-hydro water inflow is still controlled manually as of right now. This fact is problematic since it requires too many human resources and, when carried out manually, the accuracy level is incorrect. The prior monitoring method could only be observed near the generator; remote monitoring was not possible. It is made to allow automatic water entry regulation via a smartphone application to get around the issues. The monitoring system is also created and programmed so that it can be viewed using a smartphone application at any time and from any location. The technique is an experimental technique that produces a water turbine design as well as prototype-scale experiments. The type of turbine employed consisted of 20 types with blade diameters of 50–40 mm and pipe diameters of 55 mm. Three l/min was the inflow velocity. To examine the impact of various numbers of blades on the turbine movement and flow pressure, the experiment is carried out using 20 different numbers of blades, ranging from 2 to 6. Using a sophisticated monitoring system, the performance of each blade was tracked. The findings demonstrate that the system that has been developed can perform admirably. The outcomes demonstrated that the optimum blades for moving because of the water flow from the intake area were those with five blades. Meanwhile, the turbine's RPM decreased when it had blades 2–4 and 6. Because the angle of the guiding vane is too tiny, there will be turbulence, making the blade design unsuitable. The outcomes also demonstrated that the 5 blades outperformed in terms of movement velocity and flow pressure.

We analyse the limit to tree height by employing elementary quantum mechanics. The xylem is assumed as a one-dimensional vertical potential well without any rigid walls; transporting a water molecule in an oscillating medium. A macromolecule with coherence can behave quantum mechanically. By applying the quantization rule of the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation of the Schrödinger equation to the Bernoulli equation, a general quadratic equation on the limit of the tree height is derived. The limit of tree height is therefore calculated to range from 0 to 203.87 m, and approaches the peak value of 101.94 m (as the quantum number increases).

The design of the distribution nozzle is important for effective fire extinguishing, but not all types are suitable for all types of gaseous fire suppression agents. To replace hydrofluorocarbon fire extinguishing agents, a new nozzle design is needed that meets specific functions. Before designing the new distribution nozzle, a conceptual design is essential. The ultimate goal of developing a new distribution nozzle for a dedicated agent is to ensure the effectiveness of turbulence flow during extinguishing. To assist in the conceptual design process, the theory of inventive problem-solving method was employed in this research, matching identified contradictions to improve and preserve the desired features. Based on this approach, three design principles were determined and proposed for the fabrication of a dedicated fire suppression distribution nozzle alternative. The results obtained from the matrix were used to propose and establish a better distribution nozzle prototype for the use of a dedicated hydrofluorocarbon fire suppression alternative.

This project investigates the optimization of the aerodynamic design of a car rear spoiler. Several types of designs have been chosen in this project to make a comparison. A Bezier curve fitting approach is used as a tool to improve the existing design of the rear spoiler. A formal optimization technique based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to determine the control points for the approximate curve that covers the rear spoiler. It is hoped that with this analysis, the designation of the rear spoiler will be one of the factors to be considered by car users to choose their rear spoiler to reduce drag and hence improve the car’s performance.