Radioactive Pollutant

Table of Contents

1. Frontmatter

2. Sources of Radioactive Pollutant in the Environment

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Chapter 1. Sources and Distribution of Radioactive Pollutant in the Environment

      Anjali Singal, Justin Jacob, Jasbir Arora

      Abstract

      There has been a steep rise in energy demands due to enormous growth in the capacity of industrial production worldwide. This has placed an additional burden on non-renewable resources, especially fossil fuels to the extent that there is a real threat of their depletion. Hence, numerous energy technologies have been now taken into consideration to replace fossil fuels. Nuclear technology is the only advanced energy source that has emerged as an alternative source that can produce the massive amounts of energy required to power contemporary industrial societies. As a consequence, there is an increasing amount of radioactive waste accumulating in the ecological systems posing long-term environmental risks due to their half-life of a million years. Though some radioactivity exists in nature (naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs)), the major human-made sources of radioactive pollution include nuclear power plants and weapon testing along with various other anthropogenic activities involved in scientific research, medical diagnostics, and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The environment is contaminated with radioactive elements as a result of several human activities. High levels of radioactive elements including thorium (232Th), uranium (238U and 235U), and potassium (40K) have been linked to major health risks. Despite increased awareness, quantifying the risks associated with nuclear power and the nuclear fuel cycle remains challenging. Therefore, comprehensive studies focusing on the environmental dangers and uncertainties of nuclear energy are imperative. This chapter explores the sources, environmental implications, and the urgent need for better management of radioactive pollutants to mitigate their adverse effects on human health and the environment.

3. Health Risk Linked to Radioactive Pollutant

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Chapter 2. Nuclear Waste in Water: A Global Concern for Human Health

      Sanjana Bhagat

      Abstract

      Nuclear pollution in water systems represents a multifaceted environmental challenge with profound implications for human health. This paper provides a detailed examination of the sources, pathways, and diverse health effects associated with nuclear contamination in aquatic environments. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature, this study elucidates the various sources of nuclear pollution, including nuclear accidents, industrial discharges, and improper disposal practices, which contribute to the proliferation of radioactive materials in water bodies. Furthermore, it explores the intricate mechanisms through which radioactive contaminants propagate through aquatic ecosystems, emphasizing the processes of transport, deposition, and bioaccumulation. The intricate interplay between nuclear pollution and human health is dissected, highlighting the spectrum of health risks posed by exposure to radioactive contaminants in water. These risks encompass acute effects such as radiation sickness, as well as chronic consequences including an increased incidence of cancer, genetic mutations, and reproductive disorders. Moreover, the long-term persistence of radioactive isotopes in water systems presents enduring health threats, necessitating a nuanced understanding of the cumulative and synergistic effects on human populations.

4. Remediation Strategies of Radioactive Contamination

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Chapter 3. Microbial Remediation of Radioactive Pollutant from the Environment

      S. Arun Pandian, K. Rajakumari, P. Vivek, S. S. Meenambiga, S. Thiruvengadam, S. Ivo Romauld

      ABSTRACT

      The bioremediation of radioactive waste has emerged as a promising and environmentally sustainable approach to mitigate the adverse impacts of nuclear contamination on ecosystems. Microorganisms play a pivotal role in this process by facilitating the degradation, immobilization, and transformation of radioactive contaminants through various metabolic pathways. This work explores the multifaceted role of microbes in bioremediation strategies, including bioaccumulation, biomineralization, and biodegradation of radionuclides. Microbial communities, encompassing bacteria, fungi, algae, and archaea, exhibit diverse mechanisms for detoxifying radioactive waste, including enzymatic reduction, oxidation, and complexation of radionuclides. Furthermore, the interaction between microbial consortia and the physicochemical environment influences the efficiency and effectiveness of bioremediation processes. Advances in molecular biology, genomics, and metagenomics have facilitated the characterization and engineering of microbial species with enhanced capabilities for radionuclide remediation. However, challenges such as the optimization of bioremediation conditions, microbial community dynamics, and long-term monitoring remain to be addressed to achieve sustainable and cost-effective remediation of radioactive waste sites. By harnessing the inherent metabolic capabilities of microbial communities, bioremediation holds promise as a viable strategy for restoring contaminated environments and mitigating the environmental risks associated with radioactive waste disposal.

   3. Chapter 4. Role of Microbes in Bioremediation of Radioactive Waste

      Simmi Goel

      Abstract

      A huge quantity of radioactive waste has been generated worldwide in environment due to variety of operational activities including nuclear reactors, nuclear weapons testing, mining operations, nuclear waste from medical and other industrial actions. The exposure to this radioactive waste causes serious health impacts which ultimately leads to the death of individuals. The only reliable and sustainable method for the treatment of this radioactive waste is through the process of bioremediation which further involves the usage of biological agents especially microbes. Microbes due to their wide endogenous genetic, biochemical and physiological properties makes them suitable candidates for developing an effective treatment technology for radioactive waste.

   4. Chapter 5. Role of Plants in Remediation of Radioactive Pollutant from the Environment

      Susmita Shukla, V. H. S. Vaishnavee, Anshika Dedha, Sparsh Phutela, Shiv Kant Shukla

      Abstract

      Radioactive pollution has become a cause of concern these days, especially with the growing industrial revolution. After traditional fossil fuels, nuclear power is important for fulfilling the growing needs of the world that leads to the release of radionuclides like uranium (^235,238U), cesium (¹³⁷Cs), neptunium (²³⁷Np), plutonium (²³⁹Pu), americium (^241,243Am), curium (²⁴⁵Cm), strontium (⁹⁰Sr), barium (^133,140Ba), etc. that have long-term radiological and chemical toxicities, which make them hazardous even in small concentrations. They can also pollute the environment to varying degrees. They have long-term negative impacts on human health, including neurological abnormalities, birth deformities, infertility, and numerous types of cancer in different organs. Thus, there is an utmost need for the management and isolation of radioactive waste for the safety of the people and the future of the world. Phytoremediation is the process of removing contaminants from the contaminated site or making sure that the contaminants are less harmful after the process. Some of the phytoremediation approaches known to have mitigated radioactive pollutants include Phytoextraction, Phytodegradation, Phytostabilization, Phytovolatilization, Rhizofilteration, and/or a combination of these methods. A few of the plant species that have been reported for radionuclide phytoremediation include Triticum, Calotropis, Brassica, Helianthus, Catharanthus, Eichhornia, etc. Compared to existing remediation technologies, phytoremediation is more economical and environmentally beneficial. However, there are still some challenges that need to be addressed for more commercial applications of these methods such as the selection of suitable plant species, slower and long-term low performance, seasonal factors, applicability for contaminants deep in the soil, proper disposal, and management of plant due to potential chance of spread of more invasive plant species. Along with that, these approaches may face regulatory hurdles and public skepticism due to concerns about potential exposure to contaminants, negative effects on local communities and individuals near the contaminated sites, and long- term effects on the ecosystem and local biodiversity due to the risks associated with these remediation methods. Addressing these challenges will require ongoing study, technological developments, and a case-by-case assessment of phytoremediation’s feasibility for specific radioactive contaminants and environmental conditions. With ongoing research being continuously explored in this field, phytoremediation is projected to assume a growing function in the wider picture of environmental remediation, providing a sustainable and natural solution to the challenges faced by radioactive contaminants. The present study aims to present a comprehensive review exploring the pivotal role of plants in mitigating the threat of radioactive pollutants through phytoremediation elucidating its fundamental principles, mechanisms, hyperaccumulating plant species, addressing present challenges, and future research directions for phytoremediation to tackle this critical environmental concern.

   5. Chapter 6. Treatment Methods of Radioactive Pollutants

      V. Kanimozhi, S. S. Meenambiga, P. Brindha Devi, P. Vivek, K. Rajakumari, S. Ivo Romauld

      Abstract

      The increasing concern over radioactive pollutants requires the development of effective treatment methods to mitigate their environmental and human health impacts. Physical methods involve processes such as precipitation, filtration, and ion exchange, which can effectively remove radioactive contaminants. Chemical treatments, such as oxidation–reduction, and pH adjustment, offer additional means to enhance the removal efficiency of specific radionuclides. Biological techniques, such as phytoremediation and bioremediation, deep geological disposal and use of plants or microorganisms metabolic processes to break down, change, or immobilize radioactive contaminants in soil and water environments. These eco-friendly methods show effectiveness for the long-term maintenance of contaminated areas. The selection of appropriate treatment methods depends on factors such as the nature of the radioactive contaminants, site-specific conditions, regulatory requirements, and cost considerations. This article discusses on the various treatment methods involved in treating the harmful radioactive pollutants.

   6. Chapter 7. Biotechnological Innovations in Radioactive Waste Management Technologies

      N. Srinath, P. Vivek, K. Rajakumari, S. S. Meenambiga, D. Yuvaraj, S. Ivo Romauld

      Abstract

      The field of managing radioactive waste is changing due to biotechnological advancements, which present viable substitutes for conventional techniques that are frequently pricy, risky, and less environmentally friendly. This review delves into the most recent developments in biotechnology that support the safe, effective, and ecologically responsible handling of radioactive waste. The creation of genetically modified microbes with bioremediation capabilities—using their metabolic processes to either immobilize or change radionuclides into less dangerous forms—is one of the major advances in this field. Advances in phytoremediation, which uses plants to absorb, sequester, or detoxify pollutants from soil and water, provide a natural and aesthetically beautiful cleanup option, complement these microbiological techniques. In addition, new materials for containment and extraction procedures are being created by engineering biopolymers and bio-based materials to selectively bind and concentrate radioactive elements. Our understanding of microbial and plant mechanisms in radioactive environments has improved with the integration of omics technologies, including proteomics, metabolomics, and genomes. This has led to more focused and effective applications. Furthermore, synthetic biology is making it possible to create unique microbes that are suited to certain requirements for the handling of radioactive waste. These biotechnology methods are in line with sustainability and green chemistry principles, while also reducing the concerns related to radioactive waste. The study emphasizes how important it is for multidisciplinary research to bring together environmental science, engineering, and microbiology in order to advance these technologies from lab research to practical applications. Alongside the application of biotechnological technologies in radioactive waste management, it also addresses the ethical, societal, and regulatory issues. This review attempts to provide a thorough grasp of how biotechnology might change radioactive waste management and contribute to the protection of the environment and public health through a thorough evaluation of present technologies and future directions.

   7. Chapter 8. Biological Techniques in the Mitigation of Radioactive Pollutants

      Anita Thakur, Bhairav Prasad, Abhijeet Kumar, Promila Sharma, Vijay Singh, Saurabh Gupta

      Abstract

      The fast expansion and development of industry have exposed our planet to several forms of pollution and contamination. However, in many aspects of daily life, like the creation of electricity and the treatment of illnesses, industries are contributing to the improvement of the human lifestyle. Meanwhile, industrial waste is a significant contributor to environmental contamination, which in turn is hazardous to all forms of life. Energy and power production has emerged as a prominent area of study globally due to the diminishing availability of renewable energy sources. Nuclear power has great potential as a solution to the world’s energy problems, but there is a major catch: dealing with radioactive waste, emissions, and effluent is a major headache for the nuclear industry. The last 60 years of nuclear power throughout the world have contaminated enormous areas with radioactive waste. To achieve a pollution-free environment and prevent illnesses to living organisms via different cleanup procedures, it is crucial to carefully handle radioactive waste. Various physical, chemical, and biological approaches to radioactive waste treatment were covered in this paper. One promising method for dealing with radioactive waste is bioremediation. We also spoke about how phytoremediation and microbial transformation have recently emerged as important tools in the fight against radioactive waste.

   8. Chapter 9. Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Materials

      V. Keerthi, L. Madhumitha, V. Gokul, P. Vivek, S. Ivo Romauld, K. Rajakumari

      Abstract

      The material which has unstable atoms and emission of ionizing radiations during decaying is called as radioactive material. Nowadays these radioactive materials have many applications in various fields such as healthcare, agriculture, archaeology, space exploration, geology, research, diagnostic radiology, radiation medicine, radiopharmaceutical etc. As the applications of radioactive material increases, the formation of nuclear waste also gets increased. The effluents from the industry which uses radioactive materials as tracers to monitor fluid flow, filtration, leakages, purification etc. are released in trace amounts into the environment even after the effluent treatment. The byproducts of radioactive materials are also contributed in contamination from nuclear reactors, fuel processing plants, hospitals and research facilities. This has a great impact on the effects of nuclear waste on environment and health which may co-relate with each other. Some of the life-threatening effects are contamination of agricultural land, fishing waters, freshwater sources with nuclear waste, climatic changes due to radiation etc. which in turn leads to various health issues. There are many methods for the storage and disposal of radioactive materials i.e., deep surface repositories, recycling, solidification, bioremediation, encapsulation etc. that are in practice. Many researches and ideas are breaking out to carry out these work and actions efficiently and safely. In this paper we are going to explore recent methods used to store and dispose the radioactive materials.

   9. Chapter 10. Long-Term Storage and Safety of Radioactive Waste Storage Facilities

      V. Harithra, S. Lakshmi Priya, P. Vivek, S. Ivo Romauld, S. S. Meenambiga, K. Rajakumari

      Abstract

      The growing quantities of radioactive waste in surface storage have prompted concerns about long-term sustainability and the related safety and security issues, even though storage has done securely for decades. In the technical world, there is general agreement that because of the difficulties in maintaining active management over potentially hazardous waste over prolonged periods of time, everlasting storage is neither practical nor acceptable. The IAEA position paper emphasizes that the optimum option for high-level waste and low-level radioactive waste disposal is to move from storage to deep underground geological disposal. In order to improve containment efficacy, a multi-barrier strategy that combines institutional, geological, and engineering barriers is highlighted. A close examination is conducted of the engineering elements of storage facilities, including structural integrity, monitoring systems, and container materials. When selecting storage places, geological characteristics such as hydrogeology, seismic activity, and rock stability are crucial aspects to consider. Long-term sustainability depends on ongoing assessments and adjustments based on evolving scientific knowledge and technical innovations. In order to promote public trust, it is determined that strong regulatory frameworks, community involvement, and transparent communication are essential components. The emphasis is on the multidisciplinary approach that integrates engineering, geological, and sociological perspectives to address the safety and long-term storage of radioactive waste. The necessity of ongoing upkeep and observation to guarantee the security of storage facilities over time is emphasized in the abstract’s conclusion. In general, it promotes a thorough strategy to control and lessen the risks related to radioactive waste, safeguarding both the current and future generations. It also addresses several technologies for the long-term storage of partially used nuclear fuel (PUNF), highlighting deep geological repositories (DGR) as the best option and taking recycling into consideration as a long-term nuclear waste management strategy.

   10. Chapter 11. Impacts of Radioactive Waste and Sustainable Approaches on Its Remediation

       K. Kavinaya Shri, V. Kanimozhi, E. Sreeram, Parthiban Brindha Devi

       Abstract

       There are enormous areas around the globe contaminated with radioactive wastes that need remediation. Radioactive wastes are a class of chemical substances that are undesired by-products from various sources, where the nucleus of the atom is unstable. It encompasses any material that is either inherently radioactive or has been polluted by radioactivity, which is released through geologic and anthropogenic activities and enters the environment through effluents. Radioactive substances foster a severe impact on the environment which may lead to mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis and pose serious threats to living organisms, ecosystems, and natural resources. The basic sustainable approach is to neutralize the radioactive materials into less toxic metabolites. The advances in the field of biotechnology have opened a new window for researchers to aggrandize the sustainable remediation process. The recent updates in radioactive waste management have given rise to numerous sustainable waste management methods like geological disposal and fuel cycle. The term geological disposal pertains to the long-term disposal of solid radioactive substances in the formation of geologically stable underground establishments. The fuel cycle is a process that has advanced towards the enhancement of resource utilization, reprocessing of fuel, and recovery of radioactive elements. This article highlights the remediation of radioactive substances through geological disposal and fuel cycle toward sustainability and the impacts engendered by those substances.

   11. Chapter 12. Transmutation and Advanced Fuel Cycle: A Future Prospect for Nuclear Waste Reduction

       P. Tejaswini, T. Aparna Naguraj, Moulali Shaik, Parthiban Brindha Devi

       Abstract

       Waste management strategies anticipate the utilization of deep geological repositories for either the ultimate disposal of irradiated fuel or, following the reprocessing and reuse of uranium (U) and plutonium (Pu), for the final disposal of long-lived radioactive materials. Regulations and international standards play a crucial role in ensuring that nuclear waste disposal is conducted in a manner that minimizes risks and adheres to safety protocols. It’s essential to note that the choice of disposal method depends on various factors, including the type of nuclear waste, its radioactivity, and the regulatory and environmental considerations of the specific region. Ongoing research and technological developments continue to shape the field of nuclear waste management. This review discusses about the partitioning and transmutation (P&T), and advanced fuel cycles, for reducing nuclear waste. Partitioning and transmutation go hand-in-hand in reducing the radiotoxicity in the environment by identifying the toxic isotope and trans-muting it using techniques like accelerator-driven systems (ADS), reactors, etc. Furthermore, the advanced fuel cycles which include fast neutron reactors and closed fuel cycles, plays a vital role in recycling and reprocessing the essential fissionable isotopes and thus escalate the competence of the transmutation process. Finally, this article also reviews the future advancements and scope of waste reduction methods and their applications in reducing radiotoxicity.

   12. Chapter 13. Enhancing Phytoremediation Efficiency: The Role of Plant–Microbe Symbiosis in Nuclear Waste Treatment

       P. Hanishka, J. Nikisha, M. Praveen Kumar, Parthiban Brindha Devi

       Abstract

       “Phytoremediation” encompasses a wide range of plant-based treatments that apply naturally existing or genetically modified plants to eliminate pollutants from places that have been polluted. This Phytoremediation techniques incorporate the elimination or degradation of hazardous materials, which can effectively process contaminated to a low to moderate level. These techniques are very cost-efficient green technology and eco-friendly that are very much effective in maintaining healthy environment. The symbiotic association between some hyperaccumulator plants and mycorrhizal fungus is a noteworthy illustration of how plant–microbe interaction occurs during phytoremediation for the cleanup of nuclear waste. Hyperaccumulator plants can collect significant amounts of heavy metals in their tissues, including those found in radioactive waste. The Rhizobacteria assist plants grow by releasing phytohormones which stimulate the growth. These soilborne bacteria work with plants to help absorb, trap, and eliminate harmful substances from zones of contamination. This study delves into the complex interplay between plants and microbes, to improve the efficiency of phytoremediation in the context of nuclear waste treatment. By understanding and optimizing these synergistic mechanisms, we seek to elevate the efficiency of phytoremediation and contribute to the development of sustainable solutions for nuclear waste management. The goal is to gather detailed insights that can be utilized to optimize tactics, thus contributing to the refinement of remediation processes for lowering the environmental impact associated with nuclear waste. Through a comprehensive exploration of these synergistic relationships, this research aspires to pave the way for innovative and sustainable solutions in the field of nuclear waste management.

   13. Chapter 14. Genetic Adaptations Inradioactive Environments: Lessons from Organisms Near Nuclear Waste Sites

       G. Jithu Priya, S. Sibi Sidharth, R. Rahul, Parthiban Brindha Devi

       Abstract

       In radioactive conditions, genetically adapted organisms have distinctive characteristics such improved stress response systems, modified metabolic pathways, and higher radiation resistance. Researching these species advances our knowledge of evolutionary processes and has potential implications in bioremediation and medical science. Species that have demonstrated genetic adaptations in radioactive settings include, for example: Cryptococcus neoformans (the black fungus: This fungus, which is more radiation-resistant, is found in the Chernobyl exclusion zone). The DNA repair systems and antioxidant defences exhibited by populations of the Eurasian blackbird (Turdus merula) near Chernobyl enable them to endure in a radioactive environment. Microorganisms like Deinococcus radiodurans: This bacterium has been researched for possible uses in bioremediation due to its exceptional radiation resistance. Populations of the rice field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) close to Fukushima have demonstrated genetic adaptations. The comprehension of genetic reactions to environmental stresses is enhanced by our findings, which also have implications for the creation of innovative approaches in environmental management and bioremediation. This study gives a complete summary of the genetic adaptations seen in living things living in radioactive environments. It also provides important insights into ecological sustainability and informs efforts for reducing the environmental impact of nuclear waste. With potential applications in conservation, biotechnology, and environmental policy, the research reported herein contributes to our understanding of the relationship between genetics and environmental stress.

   14. Chapter 15. Microbial Interventions in Bioremediation of Nuclear Waste

       Suranjana Sarkar, Bidisha Ghosh, Semanti Ghosh

       Abstract

       The management of nuclear waste, characterized by its long-lasting radioactivity and environmental risks, calls for innovative remediation strategies. Traditional disposal methods have proven inadequate, compelling exploration into alternative approaches. Among these, microbial bioremediation has emerged as a promising, eco-friendly strategy to mitigate the extensive impact of nuclear waste. Microorganisms, spanning bacteria, archaea, and fungi, exhibit remarkable capabilities in interacting with various forms of nuclear waste, including radionuclides, heavy metals, and organic contaminants. Leveraging mechanisms like bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and biomineralization, these microorganisms effectively immobilize or detoxify hazardous elements. Certain microbial species thrive in extreme conditions, such as environments characterized by elevated radiation levels and hostile pH conditions, aligning their utility with the demands of nuclear waste repositories. Recent advances in microbial genetics and metabolic pathway elucidation have significantly enhanced the precision and efficiency of bioremediation techniques. Microbial bioremediation offers environmental and economic advantages over conventional methods, mitigating long-term risks. This chapter underscore the pivotal role of microorganisms in nuclear waste bioremediation, presenting a responsible, cost-effective solution to a pressing challenge of the nuclear age. Ongoing research in microbial bioremediation promises to further enhance the field, ultimately contributing to the development of safer, more efficient strategies for nuclear waste management.

   15. Chapter 16. Nanomaterial Based Remediation of Radioactive Waste

       Ayesha Siddiqua, Sadia Javed

       Abstract

       The use of nanomaterials is considered an essential tool for practical applications of future generations. The quality of human life is greatly enhanced by the widespread use of radioactive materials in industry, medicine, and power generation. However, these uses also produce large amounts of radioactive waste, which needs to be avoided, reduced, or eliminated in order to prevent environmental contamination. As a result, numerous strategies, techniques, and materials are created to handle radiochemical waste. Innovative approaches in radioactive waste management and the use of the latest engineered nanomaterials explored efficient prevention, minimization, and removal of radiochemical waste. Numerous nanoparticles have been documented in the literature for the purpose of eliminating pollutants, and contaminants from the environment. These nanomaterials are then evaluated for their viability in the treatment of radioactive waste. This chapter summarizes the benefits of advanced nanomaterials, recent progress in research, and demonstration of ongoing research worldwide in this field.

   16. Chapter 17. Application of Biological Techniques in Mitigation of Radioactive Pollutant

       A. Angelin, P. Devika, G. Selvanayaki, Sowmya Hari, Meenambiga Setti Sudarshan

       Abstract

       This paper describes an assessment of the various biological techniques used to mitigate the artificial and man-made releases of radioactive material into the environment. An atomic nucleus, consisting of protons and neutrons, is the building block of matter. Alpha, beta, neutron, and gamma radiation can all be released during radioactive decay, which is caused by an unstable nucleus. Phytoremediation is a low-cost, non-invasive method for accumulating pollutants in plant roots and shoots. Mycoremediation uses fungi to break down pollutants, while biosorption, biomineralization, bioreduction, and bioaccumulation are used to decontaminate polluted uranium mine sites. Radionuclide-tolerant bacteria and their detoxification mechanisms were well explained by bioremediation techniques. Radioactive heavy metals and radionuclides are released through geological and anthropogenic activities and enter the environment through nuclear industrial effluent wastewater, soil, and sediment in the ground state. They emit from the soil to the surface of the environment and also affect human health on a genetic level. The main driver for such an evolution is the need to improve the sustainability of global energy systems, and nuclear pollutant mitigation techniques also have to be improved.

   17. Chapter 18. Radioactive Contaminants: A Forensic Perspective

       Neha Verma, Justin Jacob, Jasbir Arora

       Abstract

       The radioactive elements have various applications in different sector, however any and all activities related to such elements cause exposure and generate waste that can be hazardous to both environment and human population. Moreover, the human curiosity and dependency on these elements have led to multiple accidents that had an everlasting impact in the past and such incidents continue to happen in today’s world as well. Nuclear forensics, a term defined by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an important part in country’s nuclear security. In order to understand the production, intended use, history of radioactive elements and to identify the forensic indicators in the illicit nuclear or radioactive materials, nuclear forensics utilizes various analytical methods of chemistry, physics, geochemistry etc. With an increase in the number of countries that are gaining access to nuclear energy for peaceful applications in power and medicine, risk of natural or artificial accidents involving radioactive elements is ever increasing. Therefore, development in micro analytical and post detonation techniques will serve a significant role in the future of nuclear forensics. Also, the formulation of policies in the fields of nuclear energy and regular check of their implementation holds an important place in various Energy Regulatory Boards and Safety Councils across the world.