Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering

The current investigation focuses on evolution of the microstructural, hardness, and tensile properties of cast MMCs using AA7075 alloy reinforced with nano- and micro-sized Al2O3 particles. To characterize these composites, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, hardness tests, and tensile responses were employed for four dissimilar combinations. The metallographic examination revealed that both nano- and micro-sized particles were uniformly distributed within the matrix. The hardness exhibited a gradual increase with the higher weight percentage of reinforcement in the AA7075alloy. The tensile properties of the hybrid composites were significantly influenced by dislocation density, arising from thermal mismatches between the reinforcement and the matrix, as well as the presence of porosity.

Lithium-ion batteries find extensive use in electric vehicles (EVs), and their performance heavily relies on temperature control. Sustaining a lithium-ion battery pack's optimal temperature, which depends heavily on the BTMS, ensures enhanced performance, extended lifespan, and safety. While liquid cooling has been the subject of extensive research for prismatic cells, limited work is in the field of utilization for cylindrical cells (round and hollow cells). To assess how flow velocity, specifically the Reynolds number, affects the distribution of temperature and pressure within the system during 3C and 4C discharge rates, CFD analysis is conducted on a 3D model of the battery pack. The research reveals that the flow directions within the mini-channels enhance thermal efficiency. These results offer knowledge on improving thermal performance and preserving temperature uniformity, which is useful in the design and enhancement of cylindrical battery cells liquid cooling and thermal management systems.

The present work provides details regarding the investigation of sliding wear of cladding obtained through microwave energy. The present work features the enhancement of clad surface generated through microwave hybrid heating technique. The studies show that the coated sample has excellent wear resistance. The wear analysis done via pin-on-disk method mainly depends upon the following parameters: load, sliding speed, sliding distance, powder properties, and the substrate material. Excellent tribological properties can be obtained by using harder powder particles than the substrate material. This study mainly aims to develop the basic understanding of minimization of losses occurring due to wear.

This work presents few important factors like surface temperature of cover glass, relative humidity within the basin, etc. impact extensive roles in the productive presentation of basined solar still. In the current analysis, only the face of water in basin is used for evaporation, whereas cover of identically oriented solar exposed still was used for condensation. An experimental work has been conducted and analyzed the effect of temperature difference between inner glass surface and dew point temperature of moist air which is important for condensation rate. Variation of relative humidity of moist air is observed as vice versa of variation in specific humidity. The experiment is conducted and analyzed for both clear sky day and fully hazy day.

Brakes in vehicles are used to reduce the speed of moving vehicle, in braking system KE converts into heat energy. The temperature generated during braking friction effects on various components of the brake system; this generated heat is essential to remove quickly. In existing vehicles, air cooled disc brakes are used to remove generated heat. In long braking, temperature develops continuously due to friction between disc surface and pads; interface temperature may increase more than 800 ℃, leading to fade brake. In the present, a liquid cooled disc is being manufactured to dissipate the generated heat without disturbing the basic dimensions of present air cooled disc, a closed type of disc is being manufactured, and liquid is trapped in the gap of two cheeks. Enclosed liquid absorbs friction temperature with direct contact by conduction and then transfers it to atmosphere by convection. Experimentations of liquid cooled discs on inertia dynamometer setup and on vehicle in field result in better performance than the air cooled discs with reduction in fading of brakes.

The development of green composites with copper as a matrix uses a variety of reinforcements. In the ongoing review paper, an attempt has been made to discuss the carbonized ground shells and coconut fibers, two important types of green reinforcements used to produce composite materials with improved mechanical properties and to reduce the cost and density of composite. It is also helpful in reducing soil contamination due to the use of groundnut shell waste. The automobile and decking sectors have a sizable market for bio-composites. Green composites have been engaged as they are sustainable, renewable, and biodegradable in contrast with non-renewable composites.

In this study the structural, morphological and mechanical properties of the vacuum evaporated CdS thin film’s properties were investigated. The Si substrate was employed to grow the CdS thin film using the vacuum evaporation technique. The X-ray analysis revealed a polycrystalline hexagonal phase along the (002) preferential plane. From the X-ray results, the obtained crystalline parameters, such as the average crystallite size, microstrains, and dislocation density, were 14.5 nm, 10.8, and 4.70 × 1011 lines/cm2, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images indicated a uniform, continuous, and crack-free film of grain size 20–40 nm. The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirmed the pure and good stoichiometric film. The ellipsometry analysis indicated a refractive index of 2.43–2.45 of the CdS film and reconfirmed the film thickness 190–200 nm. The film was measured for roughness and found to be uniform, smooth, and compact with a 0.16 nm (rms) roughness. Nano-indentation was used to evaluate the CdS film’s hardness and Young’s modulus. The fine adhesion of the CdS film was tested with scotch tape. Thus, CdS film’s good structural, morphological, and mechanical properties make it a suitable transparent window layer in solar cells and other microelectronic devices.

This research work, presents the results of numerical investigation of vortex formation and vortex shedding phenomenon on differently shaped cylinders, i.e. triangular, square and elliptical are presented for Reynolds number in the turbulent range. An analysis from the obtained pressure, velocity vector and turbulent kinetic energy contours and the values of CD, CL and St number shows a significant influence of the geometrical configuration of the body and Reynolds number when fluid flows over it. The pressure and velocity vector contours give a very clear presentation of the effect of differently shaped bodies by highlighting the region of high and low pressures and high and low velocity regions in the fluid, respectively. Also, the turbulent kinetic energy contours show the areas with high and low TKE. It has also been observed that for a triangular object the overall increment in the drag coefficient as Reynolds number increases from 103 to 106, while the overall decrement for elliptical cylinder is 23.40% and 76.81%, respectively. As for the CL versus Reynolds number it can be seen that it decreases with the rise in Reynolds number for all the three cases. It has also been observed that for the triangular and square cylinder the value of St number remains almost same as the Reynolds number grows from 103 to 106. However, for elliptical cylinder the St number slightly increases as the Reynolds number transitions from 103 to 104 and then further decreases as the Reynolds number reaches 106.

The potential of evacuated tube-based solar air collector is studied in terms of economic and environmental assessment. Initially, an experimental setup was fabricated and tested which consists of fifteen evacuated tubes associated with heat exchanger. The collected data was used in the economic analysis along with environmental assessment. A significant temperature difference of outlet air of range of 7.2–13.7 °C was observed at 0.081 kg/s of air flow rate with variation of solar radiation from 657 to 883 W/m2. The results found that 6–11.5 ton of coal and Rupees 6619.7–12,595.8 are saved annually by using evacuated tube solar air collector. Finally, maximum 33,550.6 kg of CO2 content is reduced which reflects positive impact on the environment. The payback period of this kind of solar air collector is around 1.5 years.

A polymer matrix that has been reinforced with fibres serves as the basis for fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP). Usually, fibre made of glass, carbon, or aramid are used. Fibre-reinforced composite materials have lighter structures, better wear resistance, better corrosion resistance, and better thermal/electrical insulation and conductivity. The current study focuses on selecting the right material for the matrix, reinforcement, and particle. Mechanical properties of the composite like tensile properties, flexural properties and hardness are focus of the research. Experiments resulted that tensile strength and flexural strength of the composites first decrease, then increase with the further addition of egg shell. The hardness of the composite continuously grew with the addition of egg shell and reduction of fly ash content.

The present work optimizes the free vibration behaviour of hybrid composite laminate composed of plant fibre and glass fibre with the aid of the particle swarm optimization methodology. The hybrid fibre-reinforced epoxy-based laminated composite plate has been materialized with E-glass fibre, aloe vera fibre and jute fibre, respectively. The dynamic behaviour of the aforementioned hybrid laminate was expressed with the formulation of finite element-assisted classical laminated plate theory. The proposed framework was applied to attain the optimal solution considering the weight maximization of the fundamental frequency of the hybrid laminate considering the effects of stacking sequence, ply orientation, and fibre and MWCNT weight fraction. The dynamic characteristics of the plant/glass fibre-reinforced hybrid composite plate having a wide range of variable bounds have been predicted using the artificial neural network and validated with the numerically computed results, which enables the framework can be equipped with the modern designers to design a hybrid composite structure.

Plastics have proliferated in all markets during the last century. Plastic is the largest worldwide raw material utilization by weight owing to its benefits and cheap manufacturing costs. Injection molding is vital for making plastic objects since it turns one-third of all polymers into parts. Injection molding uses molds. Plastics and synthetic resins are melted, then poured into a mold and allowed to cool. Injection molding mimics injecting fluids with a syringe. Melted materials are put in the mold to solidify before removal and finishing. Injection molding is a popular plastic manufacturing technology because it can create complex structures. Plastic items are utilized everywhere from home utensils to industry because of their great strength and low weight, and they can be made at cheap cost per client needs. In injection mold design, essential parameters include mold material, injection pressure, gate and runner placement and size, mold type, cooling channels, etc. This paper seeks to offer an overview of current research on injection mold design for plastic molding and the design and calculations required.

The main goal of this review is to explore the fundamental mechanical and tribological features of aluminum metal matrix composites, investigating the impact of various materials and reinforcing components on improving their physical properties. Aluminum alloy metal matrix composites generate materials with properties suitable to specific uses. Significant properties of the material include excellent wear obstruction, resistance to corrosion in AMMCs, low coefficient of thermal expansion, high hardness, outstanding resistance to yield, and incredible thermal conductivity. Diverse alloys have been used in the extensive research and manufacturing of aluminum metal matrix composites to obtain the necessary materials. Aluminum-reinforced composites can be employed for further development since they provide good knowledge and understanding of composites. This study shows that aluminum metal matrix composites can be used in place of other common metals for improved performance and longer life. The goal of this review is to examine these features of various reinforcements and their properties.

Using mixed convection, this study examines the mass and heat transport in a nanofluid moving along a needle. At first, a system of nonlinear differential equations was used to represent the flow in the affected model. The complex Runge–Kutta fifth-order approach with firing was then used to solve these problems. Various parametric settings for analysis have yielded several noteworthy numerical results. There have been noticeable changes in the thermo-physical characteristics of the nanofluid when compared to the many relevant parameters.

Microchannels made of MEMS have garnered attention in microfluidics and biological disciplines for over 40 years. The literature lacks a complete examination of their design, type, and applications, despite their diverse applications. This review will provide specific knowledge for those studying microchannels. Microdevices are in high demand, especially in industrial applications, because of their enhanced characteristics, versatility, and tiny size. The primary objective of this study is to categorize and use microchannels. Several examples of these techniques include molding, electroplating, lithography, lab-on-chip, micro-molding, micromachining, micro-milling, laser ablation, hot embossing, EMM, and etching. Furthermore, a considerable number of hybrid microchannel manufacturing techniques have been identified. Overall, this analysis highlights developments in microchannel manufacturing. The paper provides a qualitative examination of microchannel design, geometry, and heat transfer prediction. Microchannels are fabricated using a variety of materials, including silicon, polymers, ceramics, and metals, which are selected based on their specific use. Silicon, glass, and polymeric materials are employed on metallic substrates. This research introduces methodologies for the identification of the most optimal microchannel and provides suggestions for potential future advancements.

Additive manufacturing’s ability to create highly complex geometric forms has had a huge impact on the world today. The practical use of 3D plastic objects is limited by their anisotropy and poor properties. Adding fillers improves application versatility and performance. The advantages of 3D printing include low labour costs, low cost and ease of editing and modifying drawings. He specialises in additive manufacturing (AM), fused deposition modelling (FDM), powder-liquid 3D printing (PLP), virtual light processing (DLP), stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS) and electron beam melting. Studies have shown that many parameters such as angle, die tip, feed speed, scanning angle, extruder temperature and plate spacing affect the product delivered. Various methods have been proposed to improve these parameters. To choose the best sign for your chosen software, it will be useful to analyse the main features, advantages and disadvantages of the season. Likewise, research in these areas will further improve the performance of 3D printing projects.

This research is the examination of Energy-Momentum (E-K) within zig-zag carbon nanotubes (ZCNTs) composed of 5, 7, 11, 13, and 15 atoms, employing the Non-equilibrium Green’s Function methodology. Non-equilibrium Green’s Function methodology is employed for computation of the electronic attributes of the zig-zag carbon nanotubes, including their E-K characteristics. The outcomes show a trend of decreasing bandgap as the number of atoms increases, consequently leading to the expansion in the device's radius. These findings improve our comprehension of the electronic characteristics of zig-zag carbon nanotubes and the potential applications of ZCNT’s in the future nanoelectronics.

Bridges are used for the transportation in case of barriers like rivers, valley, etc. Bridges are considered as a safe and convenient transportation route. The aim of this article is to study the various sections of bridge by using finite element analysis. The dynamic behavior of the bridges is also studied by using analysis. To obtain the outcomes, this paper uses Ansys 2022 R2 software for conducting static structural and model numerical analysis. This will result in more precise forecasts of their static and dynamic behaviors. The various sections consist of ‘I’ sections, ‘L’ sections, ‘C’ sections, ‘rectangular’ sections, and ‘square’ sections. Based on the analysis, the ‘I’ section has less deformation compared with other sections under the same loading conditions. The results conclude that ‘I’ section is most suitable and acceptable for the bridge truss structures.

AISI 1080 Carbon Steel plates are widely used in various applications, but a significant challenge lies in finding suitable joining techniques for them. In the fusion zone, rough grains are formed during the joining of ferritic carbon steels like AISI 1080 and that leads to a reduction in ductility and toughness. This issue arises because there is no phase transformation during welding, which typically aids in grain refinement. To address this, it is recommended to weld these metals using a low-heat input process. CMT, well known for its low heat input and drop-by-drop deposition of material, is employed to estimate the properties like microstructural, and mechanical properties of the resulting weld. The analysis comprises the examination of yield (Y) and tensile (T) strength. Compared to the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the base metal (BM), it was spotted that the weld metal (WM) had the highest TS. Hardness tests were led, and the outcome showed that the base metal had the lowest hardness at 167 HV, which is roughly 75.69% of the weld metal's hardness. Microstructural analysis involved capturing and studying micrographs from the weld metal, heat-affected zone, and base metal. These analyses provide valuable insights into the material's properties and behaviour during the welding process.

In the machining industries, one of the most significant and often employed methods for removing material is machining. In the absenteeism of cutting lubricant, the cutting temperatures and forces applied to a cutting tool during machining significantly shorten its life and have an impact on the quality of the finished product. A substitute for changing the tribological properties is the use of nano-composite coatings to counteract these effects, wear resistance, thermal barrier, and pollution- free environment. The aim of this work is to create an efficient methodology for the development of wear-resistant coated cutting tool. In the present work, an attempt has been made to coat nanoparticles on pin material using electrostatic coating technique. Tribological characteristics of CrN coated pin were evaluated on pin-on-disc tribometer under constant load and varying speed conditions. Ti–6Al–4 V allot material was used as disc material. The studies are compared with the uncoated pin material (dry condition), and minimum quantity solid lubricant technique used graphite as lubricant for uncoated pin material. The studies revealed that CrN coated material significantly improves the tribological properties compared to dry and lubricated environment conditions. This is due to the amalgamation of micro-mechanical properties of CrN coatings on the surface layer improves wear properties. As a result, industrial facilities are preserved, which has a significant impact on the sector's economic development.

A modern technique for combining metals, friction stir welding (FSW), provides more options for joining different metal alloys. Among its present applications are magnesium, copper, steel, and thermoplastics, in addition to the aluminum alloys for which it is widely used. Major sectors including shipbuilding, railroads, airplanes, and land transportation have all exploited the method of welding alloys. The primary subjects of this review study include friction stir welded alloy materials; friction stir welded input parameters, FSW tool design considerations, and FSW principles. Focusing on the feed, spindle speed, and other pertinent aspects of the welding process, the current status is being examined for recommendation of necessary input constraints. The goal of this examination is to gain a better knowledge of the properties that the welded materials exhibit and the process by which defects develop.

Inconel-based superalloys are famous for their exceptional high-temperature resistance and ability to maintain robust strength at high temperatures. Because of their superior hardness and higher tool wear rate, traditional machining processes provide significant challenges when dealing with these extreme temperatures superalloys. To address these challenges, modern manufacturing technology called Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is applied. WEDM, an advanced thermal machining process, is effective at accurately cutting components with changing hardness and complex shapes. This article reviews machining Inconel alloys in high-temperature applications, with an emphasis on machining performance, surface quality, and a literature overview. Furthermore, it highlights the current research landscape in WEDM, emphasizing the demand for additional research contributions in the context of Inconel alloys for future advancements in the field.

In the modern era, the industries focused their attention on the high entropy alloys (HEAs). The requirement of practical substances has prompted the studies of high-quality scientific and commercial efforts in recent years. At present, the requirements in environs science and renewable power have escalated the interest in the fields of high entropy materials and their composition and change in their properties. Recently, high entropy composite materials gaining popularity due to their higher strength-to-weight ratio. The following article highlights the use of powder metallurgy (PM) or simply powder sintering process in the development of high entropy composite materials (HECMs). In the present article, the chemical composition and different combinations of materials to develop new composite has been briefly discussed. The mechanical properties of the developed material like tensile strength, compressive strength has been discussed in the present article.

One of the essential components of a car that is exposed to high heat strains and abrupt temperature swings in the engine cylinder is the cylinder fin. The cylinder's fins are positioned to aid in cooling and hasten heat transport. Knowing how much heat is dissipated by using thermal imaging inside the engine cylinder, the study of the cylinder fins is useful. This project aims to use air, an unseen working fluid, to accelerate the pace at which heat is dissipated. It is quite difficult to design an engine this large and complex since a larger surface area would accelerate the rate of heat dissipation. These cooling fins primarily take any air to cool the engine cylinders. The transient thermal behavior of piston bore fins has been predicted using a parametric model. The 3D modeling programme Pro/Engineer is used to construct the parametric model. The fins are subjected to thermal analysis to evaluate how temperature distribution has changed. Ansys is used to do the analysis. Analyses are carried out using various materials. The results reveal that the aluminum alloy 6082 is preferable since it has a higher thermal flux than the other two materials and a lower weight.

The precision of measurement of force during machining, especially machine tools, has been assessed by engineers in the field of engineering applications for a long time. This research is expected to give light about the design, material selection, and fabrication of a cutting force boundary dynamometer. The study entails the force sensing mechanisms, the shape of the specimens, and the orientations of how the force is measured inclusive of the capability to connect the force measuring system to a computer for data acquisition. The main purpose for the work is the researching of the magnitude of static cutting as well as the magnitude of dynamics cutting as the processes of turning as well as the operations allied to turning. The details provided in this paper will assist the researchers and academicians in this field to acquire more knowledge concerning cutting force measurement. When measuring a cutting force, the analysis of analog force signals requires amplification and noise-less conversion into the digital signal to create an electronic file and, subsequently, its import into the computer for visualization, control, and monitoring of the process, including tools health.

Designing the machines involves developing blueprints to execute the intended functions. It involves assembling integrated solutions with the configuration of various components that meet the customer’s needs. Design of experiments is the powerful statistical methods that can be applied to efficiently explore and identify the isomorphisms and six-bar kinematic chains with simple along with multiple joints; here is a general outline of how you might structure in this paper. Present work explores design of experiment applied to address challenges related to isomorphisms. Isomorphism refers to the similarity or correspondence between the structures of two or more entities. Applying design of experiments to this context suggests a structured and systematic approach to experimentation. This technique is simple and easy to be recognizing the isomorphic relationship. In this paper, a proposal has developed which gives the recognition of isomorphic relationships of simple- and multiple-jointed kinematic chains utilizing unique kinematic pairs. We must use the sum of square of joint techniques, treatment ‘i,’ number of observations, sum of squares due to rows (between treatments), and sum of squares due to error (within treatments) which are considered in present work. Closed kinematic chains are widely used in computations of inversions of mechanisms, structures, and machine parts of machine due to their ease and effectiveness, giving a flexible mechanism with diverse applications. Current research work is vital for fields such as medicine, robotics, and design, among others. This technique is significant as computations of kinematic linkages serve as the foundation for understanding and analyzing patterns of kinematic chain and mechanisms which are used in human movement.

Non-uniform irradiation causes a photovoltaic (PV) cell to deliver much less electricity, which results the generated unit decreased and further was impairing the overall system performance. The shading pattern and array configuration type are selected to determine the output power reduction rather than the shading area. The literature has described numerous ways to lessen partial shadings. The suggested solutions might not, however, be able to maximize power to the fullest extent feasible. Therefore, a promising strategy based on reconfiguration strategy that is reconfiguring the PV unit within the PV assortment to boost utmost power at an advanced level is needed to compensate for these power losses. The most advanced reconfiguration methodologies for PV units to maximize control under partial shade and mismatch circumstances are presented in this research. Furthermore, this study discusses the difficult problems associated with the circuit realization of both static and dynamic arrangements on strategies. While it is evident that dynamic reconfiguration approaches come at a higher cost, SuDoKu approaches are a more efficient way to offset the impacts of mismatch and partial shadowing in photovoltaic arrays.

In this work, the mechanical properties of six different composite materials are examined. These materials are made by mixing glass, carbon, and jute fibres with different amounts of eggshell powder and bind them together using epoxy resin (LY-556). To evaluate the composites’ tensile, compressive, and impact strengths, various fibre sequences and eggshell powder concentrations were used in their preparation. The strengths of the materials were assessed using a methodical experimental methodology, demonstrating the impact of eggshell powder content and fibre composition on the overall performance of the composites. The results show subtle differences in strength properties between the various composite compositions. The findings provide insight into the viability of these materials for particular structural engineering and manufacturing applications. This study adds to our understanding of composite behaviour and offers guidance for selecting and designing materials that will maximise their effectiveness in a variety of industrial settings.

Using a punch (or other tool), the sheet metal is gradually deformed during the single-point incremental sheet metal forming process. The back of the sheet may or may not be supported during the process of gradual deformation. Dieless sheet formation is influenced by a multitude of process parameters. This work aims to determine how tool geometry affects sheet metal component formability when single-point incremental sheet metal forming is used. Many tests using three distinct tools—a ball nose tool, an elliptical shape forming tool tip with a plane diameter, and an elliptical shape tool tip with a tapered shank—have been conducted for this purpose. A strong correlation has been seen between the simulation and the experimental work, and the full exercise has also been replicated in a virtual setting. It has been noted that the analysis’s findings would aid in better tool selection and the acquisition of superior forming limits corresponding to the particular sheet metal component.

Usage of lightweight materials with better tribological characteristics is significantly increasing in industrial applications. Current research work is focusing on to optimize the tribological properties of AA 7075-T6 alloy. Tribological properties like wear rate (WR) and friction coefficient (COF) of AA 7075-T6 are found using pin-on-disk apparatus. Initially, a L9 orthogonal array as per Taguchi method is used to design the number of experiments. To optimize the tribological properties in the present research work, multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method MABAC is considered. Moreover, an entropy method is used to evaluate the weights of the above MCDM methods. The result shows that MABAC method has provided optimal COF.

The vast majority of research publications focused on metal-to-metal sliding leading to friction, wear, and microstructural changes. Less attention is paid to the metal–ceramic friction and wear studies. Alumina inserts or coatings are applied to steel parts in machinery where low friction and wear resistance are critical, such as in linear guides and slide ways. Steel backing plates with alumina friction materials are often used for high-performance brake systems. The alumina ceramic component enhances the wear resistance and thermal stability of the break pads. Inserts made of alumina ceramic are frequently used in combination with steel for improved wear resistance, extended tool life, and efficient cutting operations. The aim is to investigate the influence of applied normal force 1040 carbon steel pin against an alumina ceramic disc and investigate friction, wear, microstructural characteristics, and wear mechanisms. Frictional force and wear rate were found to increase with increasing applied force of 10, 20, and 30 N and sliding velocity m/s, respectively, at 1.05, 1.83, and 2.62. SEM analysis has shown that abrasive and adhesive wear is prevalent. The observed slight transition tendencies from the constant coefficient of friction at 10 N to increased values with fluctuations at 20 and 30 N indicate a shift in wear mechanisms. The deeper grooves observed at 2000× magnification suggest severe wear at 30 N force, 2.62 m/s velocity.

The practical approach for the production of secure drinking water favours conventional water treatment methods despite having severe impact on the environment and economy as well. However, the current scenario shows more than 1.9 billion population over the planet earth will suffer the water scarcity and general hygiene issues by 2030. The conventional water treatment technologies are using external power sources at a cost of carbon foot imprints, global warming issues, as some of the major problems. Further, solar desalination technology (SDT) refers a unique and clean approach to treat brackish water without harming the environment in totality. The solar desalination technology reduces pollutant emissions, increase mitigates, thus makes environment healthy. Hence, solar desalination technology is economical as well as eco-friendly. The present approach presents several techniques for water treatment in comparison with SDT, and a schematic recital of performances is presented accordingly to tackle the CO2 emissions and global warming aspects.

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a colourless thermoplastic polymer, which has great mechanical properties, and is most widely used in engineering applications. The printing parameters have a great influence on the printed parts mechanical properties. In this paper, we discussed about various thermoplastic polymers along with their various mechanical properties. Apart from these, in the paper, we also discussed the effects of various printing parameters on mechanical parts. This paper also discussed about the research gap in the field of additive manufacturing. In this paper, we also discussed how implementation of additive manufacturing (AM) is done in various domains. The 3D printed PEEK is most widely used for industrial purpose. However, there were a lot of research undergone in this area. Still, this paper talks about how progressively research was undergone on PEEK and its additive manufacturing, and after few years it will be commercialised for various industrial application.

To optimize the machining process for materials like Inconel-718, it's important to carefully analyze the machining settings. Determining an acceptable ideal range for cutting parameters is crucial for achieving high-quality cuts, presenting a challenging aspect in this field. The objective of this work is to develop a reliable model capable of recommending the appropriate range of variables. Experiments by a solid state (Nd:YAG) laser for cutting operation on thick sheet size 1.4 mm were carried out in present study. The experimental data was then employed to develop models mathematically. A multi-objective evolutionary algorithm was used to optimize the created models, and an optimal parameter range was identified. Finally, the acquired range was confirmed through additional testing. The obtained cutting range was found to be substantial based on the results.

The objective of this work is to examine the adaptive optimal A* (AO*) pathfinding algorithm, specifically in relation to its suitability in dynamic situations. The system incorporates an energy-conscious heuristic that blends distance factors with penalties for obstacles in order to enhance path optimisation. A thorough statistical evaluation was conducted, consisting of ten trials carried out in different situations, with the main aim of assessing the algorithm’s performance under investigation. The results of each trial consistently show a path length of 37 units, indicating that the algorithm is highly robust in navigating across various settings. The text is straightforward and precise. The statistical summary provides further support for the observed trend, as indicated by a mean path length of 37 units and negligible variability. The present study makes a valuable contribution to the domain of algorithmic optimisation by offering.

Cutting temperature has a big impact on the quality of the finished surface, tool wear depth, and the mechanics of the chip formation. Understanding the precise temperature rise at the chip–tool contact has been identified as critical research in attaining the optimum cutting performance. In this paper, a simulation approach is used to understand the outcome of the cutting parameter on AISI 1045 workpiece material using a DNMA432 carbide insert and a DDJNR tool holder. The geometry of the carbide inserts and tool holder has been taken as constant. DEFORM 3D software is used for simulation under dry cutting conditions. The cutting parameters, like depth of cut (ap), velocity (Vc), and feed rate (fr), are selected as input parameters, and their effect on the response parameters, namely cutting force, temperature, and wear depth, is investigated. The study shows that with a rise in the ap, there is an increase in cutting force, temperature, and wear depth, respectively.

This paper presents a method for identifying RAC faults using acoustic signals obtained from both healthy and unhealthy conditions. The entire procedure is carried out with microphones. Accumulated one healthy and seven unhealthy signals of RAC setup processed using unconventional method of signal processing called “local mean decomposition” (LMD). Additionally, the ‘6’ statistical properties (SP) have been evaluated in order to extract features: mean (US), variance ( $$\sigma_{s}^{2}$$ σ s 2 ), root square of mean (Mrms), root amplitude of mean (Mrma), absolute amplitude of mean (Mama), and kurtosis index (Ki). Extracted fault features are classified using lazy learning-based (LLB) classifiers. It has been observed that from different types of LLB classifiers, K-star classifier is quite accurate and has higher accuracy (93.05%) as compared to the other two classifiers accuracy.

The ability to produce complicated items with high accuracy and efficiency thanks to additive manufacturing has revolutionized the manufacturing sector. One of the most popular additive manufacturing techniques is fused deposition modeling (FDM), mostly due to its affordability and usability. In recent years, FDM printers have become widely accessible and reasonably priced. The evaluation and optimization of process parameters, however, become another problem with the large range of printers that are currently accessible. Moreover, in the case of the choice of the work materials, it could be tough to pick since the market offers a wide range of options for the same temperature range. In order to deal with the problem, the problem is the subject of an exhaustive analysis in this research work. The conclusion of this work will serve to orientation of the future work in the field.

The additive manufacturing, also referred to as 3D printing, is a remarkable method which makes three-dimensional objects through the layers using the digital files. This paper gives a broad picture of the selection of material used for additive manufacturing (AM) processes. For every material, there are unique material properties such as strength, flexibility, and thermal resistance that enable them to be used for particular purposes. Researchers are still looking for new ways of improving the existing and creating new materials. All of them are developed to meet the specific needs of the additive manufacturing. This review seeks to explore the broad range of materials utilized in additive manufacturing (AM), and their application under different industries through this article.

Fused deposition modeling (FDM), 3D printing technology, has the unique advantage of being open source, making it suitable for new improvements. It is being observed that change in printer hardware affects the mechanical properties and physical behavior of the parts prepared by FDM. This article focuses on the effect of different size of nozzle diameter on the dimensional accuracy, printing time, compressive and flexural strength of Polylactic acid (PLA) specimen. The nozzle diameters used for this study are 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 mm, respectively. The smaller diameter nozzle resulted in better accuracy, whereas larger diameter ensured better strength. The maximum compressive strength of 99.57 N/mm2 was found with 0.8 mm nozzle diameter. The maximum flexural strength of 88.30N/mm2 has been obtained with a 0.5 mm nozzle diameter. The in-between layer deformation during the force application is also discussed in the article and opens new development areas.