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2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Recent Developments in International Investment Law

Author : Catherine Titi

Published in: European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2018

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

In 2016 and 2017, states continued their engagement with international investment law. A small minority of states displayed scepticism or tried to disengage themselves from their investment law obligations. This chapter addresses select institutional developments in international investment law in 2016 and in the first three quarters (Q1–3) of 2017. Section 1 discusses negotiations of investment treaties, ratifications, and terminations. In Sect. 2, the chapter considers developments specific to megaregionals. Section 3 provides a discussion of the European Union’s proposal for the establishment of an international investment court and the multilateral reform of investment dispute settlement. Section 4 studies ‘alternatives’ to investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) introduced in new investment instruments. Finally, Sect. 5 focuses on the continuing issues affecting the fate of intra-EU investment treaties. The chapter does not intend to be exhaustive; rather, its ambition is to highlight some recent developments that weigh in the design and future of international investment law, with a focus on developments in the European Union.

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Footnotes
1
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2017, UN, p. 111.
 
2
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2017, UN, p. 111. UNCTAD has replaced the term ‘other international investment agreements’ with ‘treaties with investment provisions’. This is more appropriate given that UNCTAD’s database contains not only BITs and agreements with investment chapters, but also agreements that may make only passing mention of investments, and which therefore could not be considered, properly speaking, to be ‘international investment agreements’. However, for the sake of simplicity, the term ‘international investment agreements’ is used.
 
3
Megaregionals are discussed in Sect. 2 below.
 
5
Article 26(1) of the MERCOSUR Cooperation and Facilitation Investment Protocol.
 
7
Martins J, Brazil’s Cooperation and Facilitation Investment Agreements (CFIA) and Recent Developments, Investment Treaty News, 12 June 2017, https://​www.​iisd.​org/​itn/​2017/​06/​12/​brazils-cooperation-facilitation-investment-agreements-cfia-recent-developments-jose-henrique-vieira-martins/​ (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
8
Titi (2016) and passim.
 
10
Martins J, Brazil’s Cooperation and Facilitation Investment Agreements (CFIA) and Recent Developments, Investment Treaty News, 12 June 2017, https://​www.​iisd.​org/​itn/​2017/​06/​12/​brazils-cooperation-facilitation-investment-agreements-cfia-recent-developments-jose-henrique-vieira-martins/​ (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
11
The information provided in this paragraph is based on UNCTAD’s IIA Navigator, with the exception of 16 terminations of Ecuadorean BITs, which, at the time of writing, are not yet reflected in the IIA Navigator http://​investmentpolicy​hub.​unctad.​org/​IIA (last accessed 10 July 2018).
 
12
Ecuador, Presidential Decrees Nos 1399-1414 of 16 May 2017. On this Muñoz (2017); See further Ecuador denounces its remaining 16 BITs and publishes CAITISA audit report, Investment Treaty News, 12 June 2017, https://​www.​iisd.​org/​itn/​2017/​06/​12/​ecuador-denounces-its-remaining-16-bits-and-publishes-caitisa-audit-report/​ (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
14
Ecuador denounces its remaining 16 BITs and publishes CAITISA audit report, Investment Treaty News, 12 June 2017, https://​www.​iisd.​org/​itn/​2017/​06/​12/​ecuador-denounces-its-remaining-16-bits-and-publishes-caitisa-audit-report/​ (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
15
See ICSID, List of Contracting States and other Signatories of the Convention (as of April 12, 2016), available at https://​icsid.​worldbank.​org/​en/​Documents/​icsiddocs/​List%20​of%20​Contracting%20​States%20​and%20​Other%20​Signatories%20​of%20​the%20​Convention%20​-%20​Latest.​pdf (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
16
Article 422 of Ecuador’s 2008 Constitution. The text of the Constitution is available at http://​pdba.​georgetown.​edu/​Constitutions/​Ecuador/​ecuador08.​html (last accessed 19 June 2018), an English translation is available at: http://​pdba.​georgetown.​edu/​Constitutions/​Ecuador/​english08.​html (last accessed 19 June 2018); On the revision of Ecuador’s Constitution, see Nowrot K, International Investment Law and the Republic of Ecuador: From Arbitral Bilateralism to Judicial Regionalism, Beiträge zum Transnationalen Wirtschaftsrecht 96, 2010. See further Titi (2014); Fach Gómez (2011), pp. 447–483; For an account of more recent developments in Ecuador, see Muñoz (2017).
 
17
Titi (2014). For a detailed account, Muñoz (2017).
 
18
For recent developments in this respect, see Fach Gómez and Titi (2016b), pp. 511–514; Fach Gómez K and Titi C, El centro de solución de controversias en materia de inversiones de Unasur, Investment Treaty News 7 (3), August 2016a.
 
19
See in general http://​www.​caitisa.​org (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
20
CAITISA, Auditoría integral ciudadanade los tratados de protección recíproca de inversionesy del sistema de arbitraje en materiade inversiones en Ecuador, informe ejecutivo, May 2017, http://​caitisa.​org/​index.​php/​home/​enlaces-de-interes (last accessed 19 June 2018); For a discussion, see this Muñoz (2017).
 
21
The list of CAITISA’s members is available at http://​caitisa.​org/​index.​php/​home/​2015-06-29-09-48-53 (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
22
See Freehills HS, Mixed Messages to Investors as India Quietly Terminates Bilateral Investment Treaties with 58 Countries, Arbitration Note, 16 March 2017, http://​hsfnotes.​com/​arbitration/​2017/​03/​16/​mixed-messages-to-investors-as-india-quietly-terminates-bilateral-investment-treaties-with-58-countries/​ (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
23
The Joint Interpretative Statement, dated 8 February 2016, can be accessed at: http://​indiainbusiness.​nic.​in/​newdesign/​upload/​Consolidated_​Interpretive-Statement.​pdf (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
24
Joint Interpretative Statement, 8 February 2016, http://​indiainbusiness.​nic.​in/​newdesign/​upload/​Consolidated_​Interpretive-Statement.​pdf (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
25
Indonesia, Ministry of Finance, Government Currently Preparing Draft of Government Regulation on Settlement of Investment Dispute, 21 June 2016.
 
26
Article 12 of Annex 1 of the Agreement amending Annex 1 of the SADC Finance and Investment Protocol.
 
27
Articles 20 and 21 of Annex 1 of the Agreement amending Annex 1 of the SADC Finance and Investment Protocol.
 
28
Article 26 of Annex 1 of the Agreement amending Annex 1 of the SADC Finance and Investment Protocol.
 
29
Article 26 of Annex 1 of the Agreement amending Annex 1 of the SADC Finance and Investment Protocol. See further Peterson LE, Investigation: in aftermath of investor arbitration against Lesotho, SADC member-states amend investment treaty so as to remove ISDS and limit protections, Investment Arbitration Reporter, 20 February 2017.
 
30
Klimov Y and Panov A, Russia’s new guidelines on future bilateral investment treaties, Norton Rose Fulbright International arbitration report, 2017, Issue 8, http://​www.​nortonrosefulbri​ght.​com/​files/​international-arbitration-review-issue-8-148807.​pdf, pp. 30–31 (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
31
Joint Interpretative Instrument on the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the European Union and its Member States, 27 October 2016, http://​data.​consilium.​europa.​eu/​doc/​document/​ST-13541-2016-INIT/​en/​pdf (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
32
European Commission, Press release, European Commission proposes signature and conclusion of EU-Canada trade deal, 5 July 2016, http://​europa.​eu/​rapid/​press-release_​IP-16-2371_​en.​htm (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
33
European Commission, Press release, European Commission proposes signature and conclusion of EU-Canada trade deal, 5 July 2016, http://​europa.​eu/​rapid/​press-release_​IP-16-2371_​en.​htm (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
34
Bartunek RJ and Blenkinsop P, Belgium Breaks Deadlock over EU-Canada Trade Pact, Reuters, 27 October 2016, www.​reuters.​com/​article/​us-eu-canada-trade-idUSKCN12R0XQ (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
35
European Commission, CETA explained, http://​ec.​europa.​eu/​trade/​policy/​in-focus/​ceta/​ceta-explained/​ (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
36
CJEU, Opinion 2/15 of the Court, 16 May 2017, ECLI:EU:C:2017:376, para. 8.
 
37
CJEU, Opinion 2/15 of the Court, 16 May 2017, ECLI:EU:C:2017:376, para. 9.
 
38
Court of Justice of the European Union, Press release No. 147/16, Advocate General Sharpston considers that the Singapore Free Trade Agreement can only be concluded by the European Union and the Member States acting jointly, 21 December 2016, https://​curia.​europa.​eu/​jcms/​upload/​docs/​application/​pdf/​2016-12/​cp160147en.​pdf (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
39
CJEU, Opinion 2/15 of the Court, 16 May 2017, ECLI:EU:C:2017:3.
 
40
CJEU, Opinion of Advocate General Sharpston, Opinion procedure 2/15, 21 December 2016, ECLI:EU:C:2016:992.
 
41
CJEU, Opinion 2/15 of the Court, 16 May 2017, ECLI:EU:C:2017:376, para. 305.
 
42
European Commission, Recommendation for a Council decision authorising the opening of negotiations for a Convention establishing a multilateral court for the settlement of investment disputes, COM(2017) 493 final, 13 September 2017, p. 4.
 
43
von der Burchard H, Juncker proposes fast-tracking EU trade deals, Politico, 31 August 2017, Updated 4 September 2017, http://​www.​politico.​eu/​article/​juncker-proposes-fast-tracking-eu-trade-deals/​ (last accessed 19 June 2018). See further European Commission, Proposed new architecture for splitting EU FTAs and EU investment agreements, http://​g8fip1kplyr33r3k​rz5b97d1.​wpengine.​netdna-cdn.​com/​wp-content/​uploads/​2017/​08/​COM-proposal-splitting-trade-deals.​pdf (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
47
European Commission and Executive Office of the President of the United States, US-EU Joint Report on TTIP Progress to Date, 17 January 2017, http://​trade.​ec.​europa.​eu/​doclib/​docs/​2017/​january/​tradoc_​155242.​pdf (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
48
European Commission, Transatlantic Trade & Investment Partnership Advisory Group, Meeting report, 9 March 2017, http://​trade.​ec.​europa.​eu/​doclib/​docs/​2017/​april/​tradoc_​155484.​pdf, p. 2 (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
49
Trump DJ, Memorandum for the United States Trade Representative, Withdrawal of the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiations and Agreement, 23 January 2017.
 
52
BBC News, TPP trade deal will continue without Trump, 21 May 2017, http://​www.​bbc.​com/​news/​39990686 (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
54
The letter is available at: https://​ustr.​gov/​sites/​default/​files/​files/​Press/​Releases/​NAFTA%20​Notification.​pdf (last accessed 19 June 2018); See also USTR: Trump Administration Announces Intent to Renegotiate the North American Free Trade Agreement, May 2017, https://​ustr.​gov/​about-us/​policy-offices/​press-office/​press-releases/​2017/​may/​ustr-trump-administration-announces (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
55
Australia, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Nineteenth Round of Negotiations—18 to 28 July 2017, Hyderabad, India, 3 August 2017.
 
56
Joint Media Statement, The Fifth Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) Ministerial Meeting, 10 September 2017, Pasay City, Philippines.
 
57
On the EU’s proposal for a permanent investment court, see in general Titi (2017b).
 
58
European Commission draft TTIP text on investment, 16 September 2015. The draft proposal is available at http://​europa.​eu/​rapid/​press-release_​MEMO-15-5652_​en.​htm (last accessed 19 June 2018). For an overview of this early draft, see Titi (2015); Masiá EF, Hacia la creación de un Tribunal Internacional de Inversiones, La Ley 6612/2015.
 
60
European Commission, News, EU and Vietnam finalise landmark trade deal, 2 December 2015, http://​trade.​ec.​europa.​eu/​doclib/​press/​index.​cfm?​id=​1409 (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
61
For a discussion on the multilateral investment court, see Titi (2017b); Kaufmann-Kohler G and Potestà M, Can the Mauritius Convention serve as a model for the reform of investor-State arbitration in connection with the introduction of a permanent investment tribunal or an appeal mechanism?, CIDS Research Paper, http://​www.​uncitral.​org/​pdf/​english/​CIDS_​Research_​Paper_​Mauritius.​pdf (last accessed 19 June 2018); Titi (2018).
 
62
Joint Interpretative Instrument on the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the European Union and its Member States, 27 October 2016, http://​data.​consilium.​europa.​eu/​doc/​document/​ST-13541-2016-INIT/​en/​pdf, p. 6 (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
63
Statement 36 (Statement by the Commission and the Council on investment protection and the Investment Court System (‘ICS’) of the Statements and Declarations to be entered on the occasion of the adoption by the Council of the decision authorising the signature of CETA, 27 October 2016, http://​data.​consilium.​europa.​eu/​doc/​document/​ST-13463-2016-REV-1/​en/​pdf (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
64
European Commission, Questionnaire on options for a multilateral reform of investment dispute resolution, http://​trade.​ec.​europa.​eu/​consultations/​index.​cfm?​consul_​id=​233 (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
65
European Commission, Questionnaire on options for a multilateral reform of investment dispute resolution, http://​trade.​ec.​europa.​eu/​consultations/​index.​cfm?​consul_​id=​233 (last accessed 19 June 2018); See also European Commission, Consultation Strategy, Impact Assessment on the Establishment of a Multilateral Investment Court for investment dispute resolution, 1 August 2016, http://​trade.​ec.​europa.​eu/​doclib/​docs/​2016/​october/​tradoc_​154997.​pdf (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
66
European Commission, Questionnaire on options for a multilateral reform of investment dispute resolution, http://​trade.​ec.​europa.​eu/​consultations/​index.​cfm?​consul_​id=​233 (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
67
European Commission, Recommendation for a Council decision authorising the opening of negotiations for a Convention establishing a multilateral court for the settlement of investment disputes, COM(2017) 493 final, 13 September 2017, p. 5.
 
68
European Commission Staff Working Document, Impact Assessment on Multilateral reform of investment dispute resolution, annexed to the Recommendation for a Council decision authorising the opening of negotiations for a Convention establishing a multilateral court for the settlement of investment disputes, SWD(2017) 302 final, 13 September 2017.
 
69
European Commission, Press release: European Commission and Canadian Government co-host discussions on a multilateral investment court, Brussels, 13 December 2016, http://​europa.​eu/​rapid/​press-release_​IP-16-4349_​en.​htm (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
70
European Commission, Inception Impact Assessment, Establishment of a Multilateral Investment Court for investment dispute resolution, 1 August 2016, p. 3.
 
71
European Commission, Recommendation for a Council decision authorising the opening of negotiations for a Convention establishing a multilateral court for the settlement of investment disputes, COM(2017) 493 final, 13 September 2017.
 
72
Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation, Minister Reynders submits request for opinion on CETA, https://​diplomatie.​belgium.​be/​en/​newsroom/​news/​2017/​minister_​reynders_​submits_​request_​opinion_​ceta (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
73
CJEU, Opinion 1/09, European and Community Patents Court, 2011, ECR I-1137.
 
74
CJEU, Opinion 2/13, Accession of the European Union to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 18 December 2014.
 
75
Titi (2017b).
 
76
Titi (2017b); See also Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation, CETA—Belgian Request for an Opinion from the European Court of Justice, https://​diplomatie.​belgium.​be/​sites/​default/​files/​downloads/​ceta_​summary.​pdf (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
77
Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation, CETA—Belgian Request for an Opinion from the European Court of Justice, https://​diplomatie.​belgium.​be/​sites/​default/​files/​downloads/​ceta_​summary.​pdf (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
78
Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation, Minister Reynders submits request for opinion on CETA, https://​diplomatie.​belgium.​be/​en/​newsroom/​news/​2017/​minister_​reynders_​submits_​request_​opinion_​ceta (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
79
Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation, CETA—Belgian Request for an Opinion from the European Court of Justice, https://​diplomatie.​belgium.​be/​sites/​default/​files/​downloads/​ceta_​summary.​pdf (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
80
Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation, CETA—Belgian Request for an Opinion from the European Court of Justice, https://​diplomatie.​belgium.​be/​sites/​default/​files/​downloads/​ceta_​summary.​pdf (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
81
United Nations, Report of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, Fiftieth session (3–21 July 2017), A/72/17, para. 264.
 
82
United Nations, Report of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, Fiftieth session (3–21 July 2017), A/72/17, para. 264.
 
83
United Nations, Report of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, Fiftieth session (3–21 July 2017), A/72/17, para. 264.
 
84
UNCITRAL’s Transparency Rules came into effect on 1 April 2014.
 
87
UNCTAD (2010), p. xiv.
 
88
UNCTAD (2010), p. xiv.
 
89
Article 17(1) of the Brazilian Model CFIA of 3 March 2016 (version 2.3.1) (hereinafter Brazilian Model CFIA).
 
90
Article 17(2) of the Brazilian Model CFIA.
 
91
CAMEX’s functions are established by Decree n. 4.732/2003.
 
92
Article 17(1) of the Brazilian Model CFIA.
 
93
Article 17(4) of the Brazilian Model CFIA.
 
94
Article 18(1) of the Brazilian Model CFIA.
 
95
Article 17(6) of the Brazilian Model CFIA.
 
96
Article 22(1) of the Brazilian Model CFIA.
 
97
Article 23 of the Brazilian Model CFIA. See further e.g. Article 15 of the Brazil-Mozambique CFIA; Article 15 the Brazil-Angola CFIA; Article 13(6) of the Brazil-Malawi CFIA.
 
98
Article 22(2) of the Brazilian Model CFIA.
 
100
On filters in general, see Titi (2017a).
 
101
Johnson et al. (2016), p. 44.
 
103
E.g. Article 13.21(3) and Annex 13-B (Understanding on the application of art 13.16.1 and 13.21) of CETA.
 
104
E.g. Article 21 of the Canada-Mongolia BIT.
 
105
E.g. Article 14 of the Canada-Hong Kong BIT.
 
106
E.g. Article 22 of the Canada-Hong Kong BIT.
 
107
Article 22(4) of the Canada-Hong Kong BIT.
 
110
Article 8.20 of CETA.
 
111
Bungenberg and Titi (2014), pp. 316–322.
 
112
Bungenberg and Titi (2014), pp. 316–322.
 
113
For a discussion, see Bungenberg and Titi (2014).
 
115
European Commission, Press release, Commission asks Member States to terminate their intra-EU bilateral investment treaties, 18 June 2015, http://​europa.​eu/​rapid/​press-release_​IP-15-5198_​en.​htm (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
116
European Commission, Press release, Commission asks Member States to terminate their intra-EU bilateral investment treaties, 18 June 2015, http://​europa.​eu/​rapid/​press-release_​IP-15-5198_​en.​htm (last accessed 19 June 2018).
 
117
Non-paper from Austria, Finland, France, Germany and the Netherlands, Intra-EU Investment Treaties, 7 April 2016. The publicly available version of the non-paper is undated.
 
118
Non-paper from Austria, Finland, France, Germany and the Netherlands, Intra-EU Investment Treaties, 7 April 2016, para. 1.
 
119
Non-paper from Austria, Finland, France, Germany and the Netherlands, Intra-EU Investment Treaties, 7 April 2016, para. 2.
 
120
Non-paper from Austria, Finland, France, Germany and the Netherlands, Intra-EU Investment Treaties, 7 April 2016, para. 11, emphasis in original.
 
121
Non-paper from Austria, Finland, France, Germany and the Netherlands, Intra-EU Investment Treaties, 7 April 2016, para. 12.
 
122
Non-paper from Austria, Finland, France, Germany and the Netherlands, Intra-EU Investment Treaties, 7 April 2016, para. 12.
 
123
Non-paper from Austria, Finland, France, Germany and the Netherlands, Intra-EU Investment Treaties, 7 April 2016, para. 13, emphasis added.
 
124
Non-paper from Austria, Finland, France, Germany and the Netherlands, Intra-EU Investment Treaties, 7 April 2016, para. 13.
 
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Metadata
Title
Recent Developments in International Investment Law
Author
Catherine Titi
Copyright Year
2019
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/8165_2018_13