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2022 | Book

EVA Effect on Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) Behaviour Read chapter Read first chapter

Recycled Materials in Geotechnical and Pavement Applications

Editors: Amin Chegenizadeh, Prof. Hamid Nikraz

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Book Series : Environmental Science and Engineering

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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About this book

This book considers the application of recycled materials both in pavement and geotechnical engineering. Currently, Australia has faced the fundamental concern of recycling waste plastic. On 1 January 2018, China enforced a prohibition on the importation of waste plastic. China's ban is followed by other countries like India, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The ban caused many corporations to abandon waste collection agreements, and the stockpiling of waste, as there is nowhere to safely deposit this waste. This issue seems, to a great extent, to have placed Australia's recycling industry in a crisis. As a result, local councils will have to find strategic ways of recycling accumulated waste that will become a more significant issue in the coming years. In Australia, apart from economic growth, the road pavement has weakened rapidly as the current pavement unable to withstand this urgent traffic load demand. The adding of polymers to the mixtures improves the stiffness, rutting resistance, and fatigue cracking [1]. However, the application of virgin polymer is costly. Thus, using waste polymer such as waste plastic polymer is an inexpensive substitute. The potential for recycled plastic to improve the performance properties of asphalt mixtures has been demonstrated in many countries the UK, Canada, The Netherlands, and India [2]. Similarly, another application of recycled materials can be in geotechnical infrastructure. This book considers the application of recycled materials both in pavement and geotechnical engineering.

References

[1] Airey, G.D., Singleton, T.M., & Collop, A.C.(2002). Properties of polymer modified bitumen after rubber- bitumen interaction. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering .14(4), 344- 354.

[2] K. O'Farrell. Australian Plastics Recycling Survey- National Report.

Australian Government, Department of Environment and Energy, Australia. Project reference,2018 A21502.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. EVA Effect on Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) Behaviour
Abstract
Stone Mastic asphalt (SMA) has been of interest in research in pavement engineering. Different climates and load conditions sometimes dictate to use special products such as SMA. Due to traffic load and new developments, sometimes it is vital to develop new mixes with higher capabilities to withstand the loads. This study investigates the effect of Ethylene–Vinyl Acetate (EVA) on SMA fatigue and rutting behaviour. By application of wet techniques, EVA was blended with C320 binder and SMA mixes were prepared. EVA dosage was varied from 2 to 6%. A four-point flexural beam test, wheel rutting test, Schellenberg test, flow number test and dynamic modulus test were conducted on the mixes. The outcomes saw clear improvements in rutting resistance and the cycle to failure, in four point bending test, was improved with increases in the percentage of EVA. The flow number also increased by increasing the EVA concentration. The drainage of bitumen was decreased by increasing the EVA concentration. Finally, the master curve relevant to each EVA concentration was plotted and compared. Phase angle of mixes also decreased by increasing the EVA percentage.
A. Chegenizadeh, L. Tokoni, H. Nikraz, E. Dadras
Chapter 2. HDPE Effect on Rutting Resistance of Binder
Abstract
Literature has shown positive results to using waste plastic as an alternative source for PMBs where considerable interest in using waste High-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been highlighted on improving rutting resistance. Most importantly, using a waste polymer for an application has benefits (i.e. maintenance, environmental) by improving the durability and quality of our roads and by avoiding polymers from landfill or incineration. This research uses the Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) test to assess the performance of a binder modified with waste HDPE polymer. The outcomes of this research highlights that a HDPE content of 2–4% shows a substantial increase in rutting resistance and an improvement in elastic recovery. The elastic recovery reported does improve from previous research results however it does underperform in comparison with the Styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) polymer counterpart. Furthermore, it can be indicated by the aging index that a HDPE content of greater than 4% can be detrimental to the aging effects leading to fatigue cracking. It is recommended that a combination of both waste HDPE and an elastomeric polymer such as crumb rubber is to be used in future test work to improve the elastic recovery and address the effects of fatigue cracking.
B. Piromanski, A. Chegenizadeh, N. Mashaan, H. Nikraz
Chapter 3. High Dosage Rubber Addition to Asphalt Mixtures
Abstract
Bitumen is subjected to cracks and damage during its service life. Adding a material with the potential to increase the durability of bitumen can expand its service life and reduce maintenance costs. Previous studies indicate that adding crumb rubber into asphalt has a positive effect on the performance of the mixture. Using crumb rubber may solve environmental problems due to vehicle tire waste disposal by reducing maintenance costs needed to increase asphalt’s strength. Some studies have investigated the effect of bitumen mixed with crumb rubber; however, it seems that the effect of different types of rubber mixtures used has been overlooked. Therefore, this study aims to better understand the effects of the increasing amount of rubber addition in various types of asphalt mixtures and determine the optimal mixture that could be used in road construction. A series of experiment was conducted, incorporating various tests (such as Marshall stability, rutting, and fatigue), to test various mixtures of asphalt in the form of dense-graded asphalt (DGA), fine gap-graded asphalt (FGG), gap-graded asphalt (Stone Mastic Asphalt, SMA), and open-graded asphalt. The amount of added crumb rubber was 25% by weight of bitumen. All mixtures were classified as superior in rutting and fatigue resistance, since they all reached a maximum depth of rutting less than 15 mm and generated two times more failure cycles compared to the conventional asphalt. The most optimal performance asphalt mixture was showed by the SMA10 mixture, resulting in a minimum rut depth of less than 1.2 mm and producing 750% more fatigue cycles than conventional asphalt. The result indicates that the addition of 25% of the rubber particles in the binder can increase the properties and durability of asphalt mixtures.
A. Chegenizadeh, P. J. Shen, I. S. Arumdani, M. A. Budihardjo, H. Nikraz
Chapter 4. Sodium Chloride Impact on Cemented Clay
Abstract
When Portland cement (PC) is used for soil stabilisation, exposure to sodium chloride (NaCl) is a major problem in geotechnical engineering. NaCl’s effect decreases the soil's structural stability and weakens its mechanical performances. The recycled powder recycled tyre (PRT) can be utilised to improve the mechanical characteristics of soil while reducing the landfills matters. The resistivity to chloride of cement clay after 7, 14 and 28 days of curing were evaluated. Compressive strength tests (UCS) were performed. Half of which were performed on the control sample (unexposed) and half on the sample exposed to NaCl. The addition of 3% PRT increased the UCS (qu) value under standard conditions and when exposed to NaCl. The same trend was observed for the addition of 5% and 10% PRT. The exposure reduced the UCS value, and the higher PRT dosage showed a better outcome. The analysis has shown that, when exposed to NaCl, cement hydration products, such as calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH), are degraded, causing huge voids.
A. Chegenizadeh, A. Kanagaratnam, H. Nikraz, M. Keramatikerman
Chapter 5. Recycled Sawdust Effect on Controlling Sulphate Attack in Cemented Clay
Abstract
Application of sawdust in civil engineering projects, specifically those with geotechnical applications, has been the interest of many studies. This study focuses on exposure of soil samples treated with sawdust to MgSO4. This study was conducted in three stages. The first stage was compaction. In this stage, the compaction characteristics of each mixture were derived. The second stage was to run unconfined compressive strength (UCS) testing and report the UCS peaks relevant to each mixture. The third stage was microstructural examination (i.e., SEM) conducted on the chosen samples before and after sulphate exposure to highlight the reactions during exposure. The results of first stage (i.e., compaction tests) suggested that increasing sawdust content, the OMC (Optimum moisture content) decreased and MDD (Maximum dry density) decreased. In the second stage, the UCS (Unconfined compressive strength) testing was conducted on 640 samples [including reliability tests] and the outcome suggested that sawdust increased the resistance of samples against sulphate attack. In stage three, the micro analysis backed the main body results, suggesting that sawdust had a positive effect on helping to form a better connection between the particles and therefore more resistance noted.
A. Chegenizadeh, M. Keramatikerman, S. Miceli, H. Nikraz, A. S. Sabbar
Chapter 6. Recycled-Seashells Cement Stabilised Kaolinite Clay Exposed to Sulphate
Abstract
Sulphate attack is one of the key issues in geotechnical engineering. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of the seashell to reduce negative impacts of the magnesium sulphate concentration on the cement stabilised clayey mixtures by performing a series of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests. Three percentage of cement (3, 5, and 7%) were utilised in this study. Also, the benchmark and exposed specimens were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days before testing and exposure respectively. A series of the compaction tests were conducted and the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD) values were achieved. In the next stage, the UCS tests were performed on the specimens containing 10, 20, or 30% seashell contents and the specimens were exposed to sulphate concentration. Scanning electorn microscope morphology had indicated that seashells are suitable replacement of cement. Qualitative X-ray diffraction had shown that presence of magnesium sulphate reduces the formation of calcium silicate hydrated that causes durability issues in cement stabilized soils. The results indicated that seashell is effective to improve the sulphate resistance of cement stabilised soil.
A. Chegenizadeh, M. Keramatikerman, F. Afzal, H. Nikraz, C. K. Lau
Metadata
Title
Recycled Materials in Geotechnical and Pavement Applications
Editors
Amin Chegenizadeh
Prof. Hamid Nikraz
Copyright Year
2022
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-94234-2
Print ISBN
978-3-030-94233-5
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94234-2