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2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

2. Reforming the Reactive States: A Framework for Analysis

Author : Mustafa Kutlay

Published in: The Political Economies of Turkey and Greece

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Kutlay develops a conceptual framework that explains persistence and change in reactive states. The chapter offers a much-needed reconceptualization of “state capacity” to make the term operationalizable. Kutlay argues that reform outcomes are the products of complex interplay between agents and institutional structures. Having relied on state capacity, critical junctures, and policy entrepreneurship literatures, the chapter proposes a three-stage framework that tries to capture this intricacy. The conceptual framework reveals why implementing economic reforms are so difficult in reactive states and explores when and how crises alter this recalcitrant path dependence. Kutlay offers crisis narrative approach as an organizing concept of the three-stage framework.

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previous chapter Introduction

next chapter Political Economy of Turkey (1980–2001)

Sartori eloquently discusses the problem of “concept stretching” in comparative politics. See Giovanni Sartori, “Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics,” American Political Science Review 64, no. 4 (1970): 1033–1053.

Robert I. Rotberg, When States Fail: Causes and Consequences (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), 2–3.

James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin, “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War,” American Political Science Review 97, no. 1 (2003): 75, 80, 88; Ann Hironaka, Neverending Wars: The International Community, Weak States, and the Perpetuation of Civil War (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005).

Joel S. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 4–5.

Daron Acemoglu, “Politics and Economics in Weak and Strong States,” Journal of Monetary Economics 52, no. 7 (2005): 1199–1226.

Fearon and Laitin, “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War,” American Political Science Review, 80, 81, 88.

Francis Fukuyama, State Building: Governance and World Order in the Twenty-first Century (London: Profile Books, 2005), 7–19.

Max Weber, “Politics as a Vocation,” in H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, eds., From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (London: Routledge, 1948), 78.

Peter J. Katzenstein, “International Relations and Domestic Structures: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States,” International Organization 30, no. 1 (1976): 1–45; Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty (London: the University of Wisconsin Press, 1978).

Stephen D. Krasner, Defending the National Interest: Raw Materials Investment and U.S. Foreign Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978); Stephen Krasner, “US Commercial and Monetary Policy: Unravelling the Paradox of External Strength and Internal Weakness,” International Organization 31, no. 4 (1977): 635–671.

Katzenstein, “International Relations and Domestic Structures,” International Organization, 15.

Kenneth Waltz, Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959).

Katzenstein, Between Power and Plenty, 310, 324.

Ibid.

Peter B. Evans, “The State as Problem and Solution: Predation, Embedded Autonomy and Adjustment,” in Stephan Haggard and Robert Kaufman, eds., The Politics of Economic Adjustment: International Constraints, Distributive Politics, and the State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992); Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy: State and Industrial Transformation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).

Peter Evans, “Transferable Lessons? Re-Examining the Institutional Prerequisites of East Asian Economic Policies,” The Journal of Development Studies 34, no. 6 (1998): 66–86.

Evans, Embedded Autonomy, 12.

Weiss, The Myth of the Powerless State.

Ibid., 27.

Ibid., 5. Emphasis added.

Ibid., 38.

Ibid.

Mark Robinson, “Hybrid States: Globalization and the Politics of State Capacity,” Political Studies 56, no. 3 (2008): 566–583.

For an overview of “policy networks” literature, see Tanja Börzel, “Networks: Reified Metaphor or Governance Panacea?”, Public Administration 89, no. 1 (2011): 49–63.

Michael M. Atkinson and William D. Coleman, “Strong States and Weak States: Sectoral Policy Networks in Advanced Capitalist Economies,” British Journal of Political Science 19, no. 1 (1989): 47–67.

Ibid., 61.

Ziya Öniş, and Fikret Şenses, “Global Dynamics, Domestic Coalitions and Reactive State,” METU Studies in Development, 251–286.

Rudra Sil and Peter Katzenstein, Beyond Paradigms: Analytic Eclecticism in the Study of World Politics (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 10.

Albert Hirschman, “The Search for Paradigms as a Hindrance to Understanding,” World Politics 22, no. 3 (1970): 341, 343.

Rudra Sil and Peter Katzenstein, “Analytic Eclecticism in the Study of World Politics: Reconfiguring Problems and Mechanisms Across Research Traditions,” Perspectives on Politics 8, no. 2 (2010): 412.

Ibid., 414.

Ibid., 412.

Sil and Katzenstein, Beyond Paradigms, 21.

Sil and Katzenstein, “Analytic Eclecticism in the Study of World Politics,” Perspectives on Politics, 414–415.

For recent reviews, see Hill, “The Political Economy of Policy Reform: Insights from Southeast Asia,” Asian Development Review, 108–130; Dani Rodrik, “When Ideas Trump Interests: Preferences, Worldviews, and Policy Innovations,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 28, no. 1 (2014): 189–209.

Mariano Tommasia and Andrés Velascoa, “Where Are We in the Political Economy of Reform,” The Journal of Policy Reform 1, no. 2 (1996): 187–238.

Peter A. Hall, “Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State: The Case of Economic Policymaking in Britain,” Comparative Politics 25, no. 3 (1993): 275–296.

B. Guy Peters, “Shouldn’t Row, Can’t Steer: What’s a Government to Do?,” Public Policy and Administration 12, no. 2 (1997): 57.

Paul Pierson and Theda Skocpol, “Historical Institutionalism in Contemporary Political Science,” in Ira Katznelson and Helen V. Milner, eds., Political Science: State of the Discipline (New York: W.W. Norton, 2002): 693–721.

Colin Hay, “Crisis and the Structural Transformation of the State: Interrogating the Process of Change,” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 1, no. 3 (1999): 317–344; Boin, McConnell and ‘t Hart, Governing After Crisis; John Hogan, and Ana Hara, “Country at a Crossroads: An Insight into How an Economic Crisis Led to Dramatic Policy Change,” Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy 2, no. 3 (2011): 1–23.

Geoffrey Garrett “The Politics of Structural Change: Swedish Social Democracy and Thatcherism in Comparative Perspective,” Comparative Political Studies 25, no. 4 (1993): 522.

Giovanni Capoccia and Daniel R. Klemen, “The Study of Junctures: Theory, Narrative, and Counterfactuals in Historical Institutionalism,” World Politics 59, no. 3 (2007): 348.

Ibid.

Bob Jessop, The Future of the Capitalist State (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002), 92.

Robert Gilpin, War and Change in International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).

Mark Blyth, Great Transformations: Economic Ideas and Institutional Change in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 44–45.

Hogan and Feeney, “Crisis and Policy Change,” Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, 2.

Ibid.

Blyth, Great Transformations, 35.

Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).

Legro, “The Transformation,” American Journal of Political Science.

Hay, “Crisis and the Structural Transformation,” British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 323, 333–338.

Blyth, Great Transformations, 9.

Ibid., 10.

Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (New York: Longman, 1995), 122.

Ibid., 172–184.

Caner Bakır, “Policy Entrepreneurship and Institutional Change: Multilevel Governance of Central Banking Reform,” Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration and Institutions 22, no. 4 (2009): 572.

Jeffrey M. Chwieroth, “How Do Crises Lead to Change? Liberalizing Capital Controls in the Early Years of New Order Indonesia,” World Politics 62, no. 3 (2010): 496–527.

Acemoglu, Daron. “Politics and Economics in Weak and Strong States.” Journal of Monetary Economics 52, no. 7 (2005): 1199–1226.

Atkinson, Michael M., and William D. Coleman. “Strong States and Weak States: Sectoral Policy Networks in Advanced Capitalist Economies.” British Journal of Political Science 19, no. 1 (1989): 47–67.

Bakır, Caner. “Policy Entrepreneurship and Institutional Change: Multilevel Governance of Central Banking Reform.” Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration and Institutions 22, no. 4 (2009): 571–598.

Blyth, Mark. Great Transformations: Economic Ideas and Institutional Change in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Boin, Arjen, Allan McConnell, and Paul ‘t Hart. Governing After Crisis: The Politics of Investigation, Accountability and Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Börzel, Tanja. “Networks: Reified Metaphor or Governance Panacea?” Public Administration 89, no. 1 (2011): 49–63.

Capoccia, Giovanni, and Daniel R. Klemen. “The Study of Junctures: Theory, Narrative, and Counterfactuals in Historical Institutionalism.” World Politics 59, no. 3 (2007): 341–369.

Chwieroth, Jeffrey M. “How Do Crises Lead to Change? Liberalizing Capital Controls in the Early Years of New Order Indonesia.” World Politics 62, no. 3 (2010): 496–527.

Evans, Peter. “The State as Problem and Solution: Predation, Embedded Autonomy and Adjustment.” In The Politics of Economic Adjustment: International Constraints, Distributive Politics, and the State, edited by Stephan Haggard, and Robert Kaufman, 139–171. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.

Evans, Peter. “Transferable Lessons? Re-Examining the Institutional Prerequisites of East Asian Economic Policies.” The Journal of Development Studies 34, no. 6 (1998): 66–86.

Evans, Peter. Embedded Autonomy: State and Industrial Transformation. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.

Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.” American Political Science Review 97, no. 1 (2003): 75–90.

Fukuyama, Francis. State Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century. London: Profile Books, 2005.

Garrett, Geoffrey. “The Politics of Structural Change: Swedish Social Democracy and Thatcherism in Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Political Studies 25, no. 4 (1993): 521–547.

Gilpin, Robert. War and Change in International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Hall, Peter A. “Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State: The Case of Economic Policymaking in Britain.” Comparative Politics 25, no. 3 (1993): 275–296.

Hay, Colin. “Crisis and the Structural Transformation of the State: Interrogating the Process of Change.” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 1, no. 3 (1999): 317–344.

Hill, Hal. “The Political Economy of Policy Reform: Insights from Southeast Asia.” Asian Development Review 30, no. 1 (2013): 108–130.

Hironaka, Ann. Neverending Wars: The International Community, Weak States, and the Perpetuation of Civil War. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005.

Hirschman, Albert. “The Search for Paradigms as a Hindrance to Understanding.” World Politics 22, no. 3 (1970): 329–343.

Hogan, John, and Ana Hara. “Country at a Crossroads: An Insight into How an Economic Crisis Led to Dramatic Policy Change.” Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy 2, no. 3 (2011): 1–23.

Hogan, John, and Sharon Feeney. “Crisis and Policy Change: The Role of the Political Entrepreneur.” Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy 3, no. 2 (2012): 1–16.

Jessop, Bob. The Future of the Capitalist State. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002.

Katzenstein, Peter J. “International Relations and Domestic Structures: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States.” International Organization 30, no. 1 (1976): 1–45.

Katzenstein, Peter J., ed. Between Power and Plenty. London: the University of Wisconsin Press, 1978.

Kingdon, John W. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. New York: Longman, 1995.

Krasner, Stephen D. Defending the National Interest: Raw Materials Investment and U.S. Foreign Policy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978.

Krasner, Stephen. “US Commercial and Monetary Policy: Unravelling the Paradox of External Strength and Internal Weakness.” International Organization 31, no. 4 (1977): 635–671.

Kuhn, Thomas. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.

Migdal, Joel S. Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.

Öniş, Ziya, and Fikret Şenses. “Global Dynamics, Domestic Coalitions and Reactive State: Major Policy Shifts in Post-War Turkish Economic Development.” METU Studies in Development, no. 34 (2007): 251–286.

Peters, B. Guy. “Shouldn’t Row, Can’t Steer: What’s a Government to Do?” Public Policy and Administration 12, no. 2 (1997): 51–61.

Pierson, Paul, and Theda Skocpol. “Historical Institutionalism in Contemporary Political Science.” In Political Science: State of the Discipline, edited by Ira Katznelson, and Helen V. Milner, 693–721. New York: W.W. Norton, 2002.

Robinson, Mark. “Hybrid States: Globalization and the Politics of State Capacity.” Political Studies 56, no. 3 (2008): 566–583.

Rodrik, Dani. “When Ideas Trump Interests: Preferences, Worldviews, and Policy Innovations.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 28, no. 1 (2014): 189–209.

Rotberg, Robert I. When States Fail: Causes and Consequences. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.

Sartori, Giovanni. “Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics.” American Political Science Review 64, no. 4 (1970): 1033–1053.

Sil, Rudra, and Peter Katzenstein. “Analytic Eclecticism in the Study of World Politics: Reconfiguring Problems and Mechanisms across Research Traditions.” Perspectives on Politics 8, no. 2 (2010a): 411–431.

Sil, Rudra, and Peter Katzenstein. Beyond Paradigms: Analytic Eclecticism in the Study of World Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010b.

Tommasia, Mariano, and Andrés Velascoa. “Where are we in the Political Economy of Reform.” The Journal of Policy Reform 1, no. 2 (1996): 187–238.

Waltz, Kenneth. Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press, 1959.

Weber, Max. “Politics as a Vocation.” In From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, edited by H.H. Gerth, and C. Wright Mills. 78. London: Routledge, 1948.

Weiss, Linda. The Myth of the Powerless State: Governing the Economy in a Global Era. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998.

Title: Reforming the Reactive States: A Framework for Analysis
Author: Mustafa Kutlay
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: The Political Economies of Turkey and Greece
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-92788-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-92789-3

Copyright Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92789-3_2

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