Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 9/2020

08-06-2020 | Original Paper

Relationships between undrained shear strength, liquidity index, and water content ratio of clays

Authors: Satoru Shimobe, Giovanni Spagnoli

Published in: Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment | Issue 9/2020

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Clays are very important in environmental geotechnical applications because of their characteristics. This paper considered over 500 data from literature and from laboratory. Undrained shear strength (remolded and undisturbed), liquidity index (IL), and water content ratio (WCR) have been compared among each other. Because natural clays have different physical and mineralogical properties, no unique relationship exists. The relationship between remolded and undisturbed undrained shear strength and liquidity index (IL) is scattered. On the contrary, if only remolded undrained shear strength values are plotted against the liquidity index, a good tendency is observed considering also the ratio of plastic limit to liquid limit in the range of IL between 0.8 and 1.3.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
go back to reference Åhnberg H (2006). Strength of stabilised soils –a laboratory study on clays and organic soils stabilised with different types of binder. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden Åhnberg H (2006). Strength of stabilised soils –a laboratory study on clays and organic soils stabilised with different types of binder. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
go back to reference Åhnberg H, Larsson R, Holmén M (2013) Degradation of clay due to cyclic loadings and deformations. In: proceedings of the 18th international conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, Paris, 1411–1414 Åhnberg H, Larsson R, Holmén M (2013) Degradation of clay due to cyclic loadings and deformations. In: proceedings of the 18th international conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, Paris, 1411–1414
go back to reference Ale MO, Manuwa SI (2011) Penetration resistance and hydraulic conductivity of soil under intensive and continuous usage in Akure, Southwestern Nigeria. In: Proceedings of the Nigerian Branch of International Soil and Tillage Research Organisation (ISTRO)-Nigeria Symposium held at the University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria from 21st-24th February. 327-334 Ale MO, Manuwa SI (2011) Penetration resistance and hydraulic conductivity of soil under intensive and continuous usage in Akure, Southwestern Nigeria. In: Proceedings of the Nigerian Branch of International Soil and Tillage Research Organisation (ISTRO)-Nigeria Symposium held at the University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria from 21st-24th February. 327-334
go back to reference Al-Khafaji AN (1993) Estimation soil compaction parameters by means of Atterberg limits. Q J Eng Geol Hydrogeol 26(4):359–368 Al-Khafaji AN (1993) Estimation soil compaction parameters by means of Atterberg limits. Q J Eng Geol Hydrogeol 26(4):359–368
go back to reference Andersson-Sköld Y, Torrance JK, Lind B, Odén K, Stevens RL, Rankka K (2005) Quick clay – a case study of chemical perspective in Southwest Sweden. Eng Geol 82(2):107–118 Andersson-Sköld Y, Torrance JK, Lind B, Odén K, Stevens RL, Rankka K (2005) Quick clay – a case study of chemical perspective in Southwest Sweden. Eng Geol 82(2):107–118
go back to reference Aoyama K, Miyamori T, Wakiyama T, Kikuchi D (2002) The influence of physico-chemical property on improved soil character. Jo Jpn Soc Civ Eng No.721/VI-57:207–219 (in Japanese) Aoyama K, Miyamori T, Wakiyama T, Kikuchi D (2002) The influence of physico-chemical property on improved soil character. Jo Jpn Soc Civ Eng No.721/VI-57:207–219 (in Japanese)
go back to reference Arifin YF (2008). Thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of compacted bentonite-sand mixtures: an experimental study. Ph. D. Thesis. Bauhaus-University Weimar, Germany Arifin YF (2008). Thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of compacted bentonite-sand mixtures: an experimental study. Ph. D. Thesis. Bauhaus-University Weimar, Germany
go back to reference Arrowsmith EJ (1978) Roadwork fills: a materials engineer’s viewpoint. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Clay Fills, London, pp 25–36 Arrowsmith EJ (1978) Roadwork fills: a materials engineer’s viewpoint. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Clay Fills, London, pp 25–36
go back to reference Atkinson J (2007) The mechanics of soils and foundations. Taylor & Francis, London Atkinson J (2007) The mechanics of soils and foundations. Taylor & Francis, London
go back to reference Barker JE, Rogers CD, Boardman DI (2006) Physio-chemical changes in clay caused by ion migration from lime piles. J Mater Civ Eng 18(2):182–189 Barker JE, Rogers CD, Boardman DI (2006) Physio-chemical changes in clay caused by ion migration from lime piles. J Mater Civ Eng 18(2):182–189
go back to reference Bo MW (2008) Compressibility of ultra-soft soil. World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore Bo MW (2008) Compressibility of ultra-soft soil. World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore
go back to reference British Standards Institution (1948). British standard (BS) 1377: 1948, Methods of Test for Soil Classification and Compaction British Standards Institution (1948). British standard (BS) 1377: 1948, Methods of Test for Soil Classification and Compaction
go back to reference Brown PJ, Huxley MA (1996) The cone factor for a 30° cone. Ground Eng 29(10):34–36 Brown PJ, Huxley MA (1996) The cone factor for a 30° cone. Ground Eng 29(10):34–36
go back to reference Campbell DJ (1975) Liquid limit determination of arable topsoils using a drop cone penetrometer. J Soil Sci 26:234–240 Campbell DJ (1975) Liquid limit determination of arable topsoils using a drop cone penetrometer. J Soil Sci 26:234–240
go back to reference Campbell DJ (1976) Plastic limit determination using a drop cone penetrometer. J Soil Sci 27:295–300 Campbell DJ (1976) Plastic limit determination using a drop cone penetrometer. J Soil Sci 27:295–300
go back to reference Campos LFA, de Macedo RS, Kiyohara PK, Ferreira HC (1999) Características de plasticidade de argilas para uso em cerâmica vermelha ou estrutural (plasticity characteristics of clays for use in structural clay products). Cerâmica 45(295):140–145 (in Portuguese) Campos LFA, de Macedo RS, Kiyohara PK, Ferreira HC (1999) Características de plasticidade de argilas para uso em cerâmica vermelha ou estrutural (plasticity characteristics of clays for use in structural clay products). Cerâmica 45(295):140–145 (in Portuguese)
go back to reference Cangir B, Dipova N (2017) Estimation of undrained shear strength of Konyaalti silty clays. Indian J Geo Mar Sci 46(3):513–520 Cangir B, Dipova N (2017) Estimation of undrained shear strength of Konyaalti silty clays. Indian J Geo Mar Sci 46(3):513–520
go back to reference Carter M, Bentley SP (1991) Correlations of soil properties. Pentec Press, London Carter M, Bentley SP (1991) Correlations of soil properties. Pentec Press, London
go back to reference Casagrande A (1939) Notes on soil mechanics. Harvard University, Graduate School of Engineering, First Sem Casagrande A (1939) Notes on soil mechanics. Harvard University, Graduate School of Engineering, First Sem
go back to reference CEN ISO/TS 17892–6 (2004) Geotechnical investigation and testing - laboratory testing of soil - part 6: fall cone test. International Organization for Standards CEN ISO/TS 17892–6 (2004) Geotechnical investigation and testing - laboratory testing of soil - part 6: fall cone test. International Organization for Standards
go back to reference Chacko J, Jacob DS (2018) Study on strength characteristics of Kuttanad clay based on its water content and consistency limits. Int Res J Eng Technol 5(4):3221–3225 Chacko J, Jacob DS (2018) Study on strength characteristics of Kuttanad clay based on its water content and consistency limits. Int Res J Eng Technol 5(4):3221–3225
go back to reference Chinn C, Pillai UPP (2008) Self-repair of compacted vertisols from central Queensland, Australia. Geoderma 144(3–4):491–501 Chinn C, Pillai UPP (2008) Self-repair of compacted vertisols from central Queensland, Australia. Geoderma 144(3–4):491–501
go back to reference Clarke BG, Hughes DB, Hashemi S (2008) Physical characteristics of subglacial tills. Géotechniques 58(1):67–76 Clarke BG, Hughes DB, Hashemi S (2008) Physical characteristics of subglacial tills. Géotechniques 58(1):67–76
go back to reference Clayton C, Kingston E, Priest J, Schultheiss P, NGHP E, Scientific Party N (2008) Testing of pressurised cores containing gas hydrate from deep ocean sediments. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Gas Hydrates (ICGH 2008), Vancouver, British Columbia, CANADA, July 6–10, 2008 Clayton C, Kingston E, Priest J, Schultheiss P, NGHP E, Scientific Party N (2008) Testing of pressurised cores containing gas hydrate from deep ocean sediments. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Gas Hydrates (ICGH 2008), Vancouver, British Columbia, CANADA, July 6–10, 2008
go back to reference D’Ignazio M, Phoon KK, Tan SA, Länsivaara TT (2016) Correlations for undrained shear strength of Finnish soft clays. Can Geotech J 53(10):1628–1645 D’Ignazio M, Phoon KK, Tan SA, Länsivaara TT (2016) Correlations for undrained shear strength of Finnish soft clays. Can Geotech J 53(10):1628–1645
go back to reference Dennehy JP (1978) The remoulded undrained shear strength of cohesive soils and its influence on the stability of embankment fill. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Clay Fills, London, pp 87–94 Dennehy JP (1978) The remoulded undrained shear strength of cohesive soils and its influence on the stability of embankment fill. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Clay Fills, London, pp 87–94
go back to reference Dolinar B (2009) Predicting the hydraulic conductivity of saturated clays using plasticity-value correlations. Appl Clay Sci 45(1–2):90–94 Dolinar B (2009) Predicting the hydraulic conductivity of saturated clays using plasticity-value correlations. Appl Clay Sci 45(1–2):90–94
go back to reference Dolinar B, Škrabl S (2013) Atterberg limits in relation to other properties of fine-grained soils. Acta Geotechn Slov 10(2):4–13 Dolinar B, Škrabl S (2013) Atterberg limits in relation to other properties of fine-grained soils. Acta Geotechn Slov 10(2):4–13
go back to reference Dolinar B, Trauner L (2007) The impact of structure on the undrained shear strength of cohesive soils. Eng Geol 92(1–2):88–96 Dolinar B, Trauner L (2007) The impact of structure on the undrained shear strength of cohesive soils. Eng Geol 92(1–2):88–96
go back to reference Dumbleton MJ and West G (1970). The suction and strength of remoulded soils as affected by composition. RRL Report LR306. Wokingham: Road Research Laboratory Dumbleton MJ and West G (1970). The suction and strength of remoulded soils as affected by composition. RRL Report LR306. Wokingham: Road Research Laboratory
go back to reference Dundulis K, Kaczynski R, Krauzlis K, Zarzojus G (2008) Engineering geological properties of Vilnius and Warsaw region tills as building subsoils. Geology 50(Supplement):S11–S15 Vilnius Dundulis K, Kaczynski R, Krauzlis K, Zarzojus G (2008) Engineering geological properties of Vilnius and Warsaw region tills as building subsoils. Geology 50(Supplement):S11–S15 Vilnius
go back to reference Edil TB, Benson CH (2009) Comparison of basic laboratory test results with more sophisticated laboratory and in situ tests methods on soils in southeastern Wisconsin. Final report of Wisconsin highway research program #0092-06-05, pp 11-12 Edil TB, Benson CH (2009) Comparison of basic laboratory test results with more sophisticated laboratory and in situ tests methods on soils in southeastern Wisconsin. Final report of Wisconsin highway research program #0092-06-05, pp 11-12
go back to reference Federico A (1983) Relationships (Cu-w) and (Cu-δ) for remolded clayey soils at high water content. Riv Ital Geotec 18(1):38–41 Federico A (1983) Relationships (Cu-w) and (Cu-δ) for remolded clayey soils at high water content. Riv Ital Geotec 18(1):38–41
go back to reference Feng TW (2001) A linear log d log w model for the determination of consistency limits of soils. Can Geotech J 38(6):1335–1342 Feng TW (2001) A linear log d log w model for the determination of consistency limits of soils. Can Geotech J 38(6):1335–1342
go back to reference Feng TW (2002) Effects of small cement content on consolidation behavior of a lacustrine clay. Geotech Test J 25(1):53–60 Feng TW (2002) Effects of small cement content on consolidation behavior of a lacustrine clay. Geotech Test J 25(1):53–60
go back to reference Feng TW (2005). Reappraisal of the fall cone test. In: Proceedings of 16th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (Osaka). Millpress Science Publishers/IOS Press. Vol. 16, No. 2, 357–360 Feng TW (2005). Reappraisal of the fall cone test. In: Proceedings of 16th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (Osaka). Millpress Science Publishers/IOS Press. Vol. 16, No. 2, 357–360
go back to reference Ghiabi H, Selvadurai APS (2007) Laboratory testing of a soft silty clay. In: Soft Soil Engineering: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Soft Soil Engineering, Vancouver, Canada, 4-6 October 2006 (p. 447-456). CRC Press Ghiabi H, Selvadurai APS (2007) Laboratory testing of a soft silty clay. In: Soft Soil Engineering: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Soft Soil Engineering, Vancouver, Canada, 4-6 October 2006 (p. 447-456). CRC Press
go back to reference Grabowska-Olszewska B (2003) Modelling physical properties of mixtures of clays: example of two-component mixture of kaolinite and montmorillonite. Appl Clay Sci 22:251–259 Grabowska-Olszewska B (2003) Modelling physical properties of mixtures of clays: example of two-component mixture of kaolinite and montmorillonite. Appl Clay Sci 22:251–259
go back to reference Haigh SK, Vardanega PJ, Bolton MD (2013) The plastic limit of clays. Géotechnique 63(6):435–440 Haigh SK, Vardanega PJ, Bolton MD (2013) The plastic limit of clays. Géotechnique 63(6):435–440
go back to reference Hansbo S (1957) A new approach to the determination of the shear strength of clay by the fall cone test. Swedish Geotech. Institute Proc. Stockholm 14:5–47 Hansbo S (1957) A new approach to the determination of the shear strength of clay by the fall cone test. Swedish Geotech. Institute Proc. Stockholm 14:5–47
go back to reference Harison JA (1988) Using the BS cone penetrometer for the determination of the plastic limit of soils. Géotechnique 38(3):433–438 Harison JA (1988) Using the BS cone penetrometer for the determination of the plastic limit of soils. Géotechnique 38(3):433–438
go back to reference Hassan MDM (2009). Engineering characteristics of cement stabilized soft Finnish clay - a laboratory study. Licentiate Thesis, Helsinki University of Technology Hassan MDM (2009). Engineering characteristics of cement stabilized soft Finnish clay - a laboratory study. Licentiate Thesis, Helsinki University of Technology
go back to reference Hirata S, Yao S, Nishida K (1990) Multiple regression analysis between the mechanical and physical properties of cohesive soils. Soils Found 30(3):91–108 Hirata S, Yao S, Nishida K (1990) Multiple regression analysis between the mechanical and physical properties of cohesive soils. Soils Found 30(3):91–108
go back to reference Houston WN, Mitchell JK (1969) Property interrelationships in sensitive clays. J Soil Mech Found Div 95(4):1037–1062 Houston WN, Mitchell JK (1969) Property interrelationships in sensitive clays. J Soil Mech Found Div 95(4):1037–1062
go back to reference Hong Z, Liu H, Negami T ( 2003) Remolded undrained strength of soils. China Ocean Eng 171:143–152 Hong Z, Liu H, Negami T ( 2003) Remolded undrained strength of soils. China Ocean Eng 171:143–152
go back to reference Jacob K, Hari G (2016) Study on the relationship of compression index from water content, Atterberg limits and field density for Kuttanad clay. Int J Innov Res Technol 3(4):33–38 Jacob K, Hari G (2016) Study on the relationship of compression index from water content, Atterberg limits and field density for Kuttanad clay. Int J Innov Res Technol 3(4):33–38
go back to reference Jamiolkowski M (2006). Stabilization of the Tower of Pisa. R. B. Peck Lecture, Geo-Institute, ASCE Jamiolkowski M (2006). Stabilization of the Tower of Pisa. R. B. Peck Lecture, Geo-Institute, ASCE
go back to reference Jin F, Fan RD, Du YJ (2010) Application of soil bentonite amended with zeolite for cutoff wall backfill in land contaminated remediation. In: proceedings of the 7th international symposium on lowland technology, Saga, Japan Jin F, Fan RD, Du YJ (2010) Application of soil bentonite amended with zeolite for cutoff wall backfill in land contaminated remediation. In: proceedings of the 7th international symposium on lowland technology, Saga, Japan
go back to reference JIS A 1205 (2009) Test method for liquid limit and plastic limit of soils. Japanese Standards Association JIS A 1205 (2009) Test method for liquid limit and plastic limit of soils. Japanese Standards Association
go back to reference Kang G, Tsuchida T, Tang TX, Kalim TP (2017) Consistency measurement of cement-treated marine clay using fall cone test and Casagrande liquid limit test. Soils Found 57(5):802–814 Kang G, Tsuchida T, Tang TX, Kalim TP (2017) Consistency measurement of cement-treated marine clay using fall cone test and Casagrande liquid limit test. Soils Found 57(5):802–814
go back to reference Karakan E, Demir S (2018) Relationship between undrained shear strength with Atterberg limits of kaolinite/bentonite – quartz mixtures. Uluslararası Mühendislik Araştırma ve Geliştirme Dergisi 10(3):92–102 Karakan E, Demir S (2018) Relationship between undrained shear strength with Atterberg limits of kaolinite/bentonite – quartz mixtures. Uluslararası Mühendislik Araştırma ve Geliştirme Dergisi 10(3):92–102
go back to reference Kayabali K, Tüfenkçi OO (2008). Plastik ve likit limitin tayini için yeni bir yaklaşim, 75–87 (in Turkish) Kayabali K, Tüfenkçi OO (2008). Plastik ve likit limitin tayini için yeni bir yaklaşim, 75–87 (in Turkish)
go back to reference Kayabali K, Tufenkci OO (2010) Shear strength of remolded soils at consistency limits. Can Geotech J 47(3):259–266 Kayabali K, Tufenkci OO (2010) Shear strength of remolded soils at consistency limits. Can Geotech J 47(3):259–266
go back to reference Koumoto T (1990) Determination of both liquid and plastic limits of clays by the fall cone test. Trans Jpn Soc Irrig Drain Reclam Eng 146:95–100 (in Japanese) Koumoto T (1990) Determination of both liquid and plastic limits of clays by the fall cone test. Trans Jpn Soc Irrig Drain Reclam Eng 146:95–100 (in Japanese)
go back to reference Koumoto T (1992) Characteristics of undrained shear strength of saturated disturbed clays. Soils Found 32(2):176–179 (in Japanese) Koumoto T (1992) Characteristics of undrained shear strength of saturated disturbed clays. Soils Found 32(2):176–179 (in Japanese)
go back to reference Koumoto T, Kondo F, Houlsby GT (2007). Applicability of fall cone method to determine the plastic limit of clays. In: Proc. of Annual Meeting of The Japanese Society of Irrigation, Drainage and Rural Engineering (JSIDRE), 890-891 (in Japanese) Koumoto T, Kondo F, Houlsby GT (2007). Applicability of fall cone method to determine the plastic limit of clays. In: Proc. of Annual Meeting of The Japanese Society of Irrigation, Drainage and Rural Engineering (JSIDRE), 890-891 (in Japanese)
go back to reference Kuriakose B, Abraham BM, Sridharan A, Jose BT (2017) Water content ratio: an effective substitute for liquidity index for prediction of shear strength of clays. Geotech Geol Eng 35(4):1577–1586 Kuriakose B, Abraham BM, Sridharan A, Jose BT (2017) Water content ratio: an effective substitute for liquidity index for prediction of shear strength of clays. Geotech Geol Eng 35(4):1577–1586
go back to reference Lambe TW, Whitman RV (1969) Soil mechanics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc Lambe TW, Whitman RV (1969) Soil mechanics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc
go back to reference Larsson S, Dahlström M, Nilsson B (2003) A complementary field study on the uniformity of lime-cement columns – field tests at Strängnäs. Swedish Deep Stabilization Research Centre Arbetsrapport, 27 Larsson S, Dahlström M, Nilsson B (2003) A complementary field study on the uniformity of lime-cement columns – field tests at Strängnäs. Swedish Deep Stabilization Research Centre Arbetsrapport, 27
go back to reference Lee LT (2004) Method to rapidly assess the index properties of fine-grained dredged materials. Geotech Test J 27(5):464–468 Lee LT (2004) Method to rapidly assess the index properties of fine-grained dredged materials. Geotech Test J 27(5):464–468
go back to reference Lee LT, Freeman RB (2007) An alternative test method for assessing consistency limits. Geotech Test J 30(4):274–281 Lee LT, Freeman RB (2007) An alternative test method for assessing consistency limits. Geotech Test J 30(4):274–281
go back to reference Lee LT, Freeman RB (2009) Dual-weight fall cone method for simultaneous liquid and plastic limit determination. J Geotech Geoenviron 135(1):158–161 Lee LT, Freeman RB (2009) Dual-weight fall cone method for simultaneous liquid and plastic limit determination. J Geotech Geoenviron 135(1):158–161
go back to reference Leroueil S, Tavenas F, Le Bihan JP (1983) Propriétés caractéristiques des argiles de l’est du Canada. Can Geotech J 20(4):681–705 (in French) Leroueil S, Tavenas F, Le Bihan JP (1983) Propriétés caractéristiques des argiles de l’est du Canada. Can Geotech J 20(4):681–705 (in French)
go back to reference Li K (2004) A study of determining properties of fine-grained soil by fall cone test. Master Thesis. Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan (in Chinese) Li K (2004) A study of determining properties of fine-grained soil by fall cone test. Master Thesis. Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan (in Chinese)
go back to reference Liao HJ, Lin CC, Huang CJ (2008) Modeling the effect of ground improvement on reducing movement during bermed excavation in clay. J Chin Inst Eng 31(1):81–93 Liao HJ, Lin CC, Huang CJ (2008) Modeling the effect of ground improvement on reducing movement during bermed excavation in clay. J Chin Inst Eng 31(1):81–93
go back to reference Liu SY, Shao GH, Du YJ, Cai GJ (2011) Depositional and geotechnical properties of marine clays in Lianyungang, China. Eng Geol 121(1–2):66–74 Liu SY, Shao GH, Du YJ, Cai GJ (2011) Depositional and geotechnical properties of marine clays in Lianyungang, China. Eng Geol 121(1–2):66–74
go back to reference Lo KY, Hinchberger SD (2007) Stability analysis accounting for macroscopic and microscopic structures in clays. Soft Soil Engineering – Chan & Law (eds), Taylor & Francis Group, London, 3-34 Lo KY, Hinchberger SD (2007) Stability analysis accounting for macroscopic and microscopic structures in clays. Soft Soil Engineering – Chan & Law (eds), Taylor & Francis Group, London, 3-34
go back to reference Locat J, Demers D (1988) Viscosity, yield stress, remolded strength, and liquidity index relationships for sensitive clays. Can Geotech J 25(4):799–806 Locat J, Demers D (1988) Viscosity, yield stress, remolded strength, and liquidity index relationships for sensitive clays. Can Geotech J 25(4):799–806
go back to reference Lupini JF, Skinner AE, Vaughan PR (1981) The drained residual strength of cohesive soils. Géotechnique 31(2):181–213 Lupini JF, Skinner AE, Vaughan PR (1981) The drained residual strength of cohesive soils. Géotechnique 31(2):181–213
go back to reference Mahajan SP, Budhu M (2008) Shear viscosity of clays to compute viscous resistance. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference of International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG), Goa, Panaji. 1516–1523 Mahajan SP, Budhu M (2008) Shear viscosity of clays to compute viscous resistance. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference of International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG), Goa, Panaji. 1516–1523
go back to reference Mahajan SP, Budhu M (2009) Shear viscosity of clays using the fall cone test. Géotechnique 59(6):539–543 Mahajan SP, Budhu M (2009) Shear viscosity of clays using the fall cone test. Géotechnique 59(6):539–543
go back to reference Matusiewicz W, Lechowicz Z, Wrzesinski G (2016). Wyznaczanie granicy płynności metodą Casagrandego i penetrometrem stożkowym. Przegląd Naukowy - Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska (2016), 25 (3):290–300 Matusiewicz W, Lechowicz Z, Wrzesinski G (2016). Wyznaczanie granicy płynności metodą Casagrandego i penetrometrem stożkowym. Przegląd Naukowy - Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska (2016), 25 (3):290–300
go back to reference Mayne PW, Mitchell JK (1988) Profiling of overconsolidation ratio in clays by field vane. Can Geotech J 25(1):150–157 Mayne PW, Mitchell JK (1988) Profiling of overconsolidation ratio in clays by field vane. Can Geotech J 25(1):150–157
go back to reference Medhat F, Whyte IL (1986) An appraisal of soil index tests. Eng Geol Spec Publ Geol Soc Lond 2(1):317–323 Medhat F, Whyte IL (1986) An appraisal of soil index tests. Eng Geol Spec Publ Geol Soc Lond 2(1):317–323
go back to reference Mengistu J (2017) Correlating liquidity index with vane-shear strength of clays in Addis Ababa. Master Thesis. Addis Ababa University Institute of Technology, Ethiopia Mengistu J (2017) Correlating liquidity index with vane-shear strength of clays in Addis Ababa. Master Thesis. Addis Ababa University Institute of Technology, Ethiopia
go back to reference Mitchell JK, Soga K (2005) Fundamentals of soil behavior. John Wiley and Sons Mitchell JK, Soga K (2005) Fundamentals of soil behavior. John Wiley and Sons
go back to reference Morin P, Dawe CR (1987) Geotechnical properties of two deep-sea marine soils from the Labrador Sea. Can Geotech J 24(4):536–548 Morin P, Dawe CR (1987) Geotechnical properties of two deep-sea marine soils from the Labrador Sea. Can Geotech J 24(4):536–548
go back to reference Moroto N (1993) Basic properties of loam soils in Aomori prefecture, Japan. Soils Found 33(2):35–46 Moroto N (1993) Basic properties of loam soils in Aomori prefecture, Japan. Soils Found 33(2):35–46
go back to reference Muhunthan B (1991) Liquid limit and surface area of clays. Géotechnique 41(1):135–138 Muhunthan B (1991) Liquid limit and surface area of clays. Géotechnique 41(1):135–138
go back to reference Muir Wood D (1990) Soil behaviour and critical state soil mechanics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Muir Wood D (1990) Soil behaviour and critical state soil mechanics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
go back to reference Nagaraj TS, Miura N, Yamadera A (1997). Re-examination of classification of soft clay deposits – needs and methodology. In: Proc. of Indian geotechnical Conf., Vol. 1, 431–434 Nagaraj TS, Miura N, Yamadera A (1997). Re-examination of classification of soft clay deposits – needs and methodology. In: Proc. of Indian geotechnical Conf., Vol. 1, 431–434
go back to reference Nagaraj HB, Sridharan A, Mallikarjuna HM (2012) Re-examination of undrained strength at Atterberg limits water contents. Geotech Geol Eng 30(4):727–736 Nagaraj HB, Sridharan A, Mallikarjuna HM (2012) Re-examination of undrained strength at Atterberg limits water contents. Geotech Geol Eng 30(4):727–736
go back to reference NGI (2002) Early soil investigations for “fast track projects”. Report 521553, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway NGI (2002) Early soil investigations for “fast track projects”. Report 521553, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway
go back to reference Norman LEJ (1958) A comparison of values of liquid limit determined with apparatus having bases of different hardness. Géotechnique 8:79–83 Norman LEJ (1958) A comparison of values of liquid limit determined with apparatus having bases of different hardness. Géotechnique 8:79–83
go back to reference O’Kelly BC (2013) Atterberg limits and remolded shear strength - water content relationships. Geotech Test J 36(6):939–947 O’Kelly BC (2013) Atterberg limits and remolded shear strength - water content relationships. Geotech Test J 36(6):939–947
go back to reference Omotosho O, Ogboin AS (2009) Active soils of the Niger Delta in road pavement design and construction. Geotech Geol Eng 27(1):81–88 Omotosho O, Ogboin AS (2009) Active soils of the Niger Delta in road pavement design and construction. Geotech Geol Eng 27(1):81–88
go back to reference Orhan M, Ozer M, Isik NS (2006) Comparison of Casagrande and cone penetration tests for the determination of liquid limit of natural soils. J Fac Eng Architect Gazi Univ 21(4):711–720 Orhan M, Ozer M, Isik NS (2006) Comparison of Casagrande and cone penetration tests for the determination of liquid limit of natural soils. J Fac Eng Architect Gazi Univ 21(4):711–720
go back to reference Pant RR (2007). Evaluation of consolidation parameters of cohesive soils using PCPT method. Master Thesis. Louisiana State University, USA Pant RR (2007). Evaluation of consolidation parameters of cohesive soils using PCPT method. Master Thesis. Louisiana State University, USA
go back to reference Sasanakul I, Vanadit-Ellis W, Sharp M, Abdoun T, Ubilla J, Steedman S, Stone K (2008) New Orleans levee system performance during Hurricane Katrina: 17th Street Canal and Orleans Canal North. J Geotech Geoenviron 134(5):657–667 Sasanakul I, Vanadit-Ellis W, Sharp M, Abdoun T, Ubilla J, Steedman S, Stone K (2008) New Orleans levee system performance during Hurricane Katrina: 17th Street Canal and Orleans Canal North. J Geotech Geoenviron 134(5):657–667
go back to reference Schofield AN, Wroth CP (1968) Critical state soil mechanics. McGraw-Hill, New York Schofield AN, Wroth CP (1968) Critical state soil mechanics. McGraw-Hill, New York
go back to reference Sharma B, Bora PK (2003) Plastic limit, liquid limit and undrained shear strength of soil – reappraisal. J Geotech Geoenviron 129(8):774–777 Sharma B, Bora PK (2003) Plastic limit, liquid limit and undrained shear strength of soil – reappraisal. J Geotech Geoenviron 129(8):774–777
go back to reference Sharma B, Sridharan A (2018) Liquid and plastic limits of clays by cone method. Int J Geo-Eng 9(1):22–31 Sharma B, Sridharan A (2018) Liquid and plastic limits of clays by cone method. Int J Geo-Eng 9(1):22–31
go back to reference Shi XS, Herle I (2017) Undrained shear strength and water content distribution of remoulded clay mixtures. Geotechnik 40(1):60–63 Shi XS, Herle I (2017) Undrained shear strength and water content distribution of remoulded clay mixtures. Geotechnik 40(1):60–63
go back to reference Shimobe S (2000) Correlations among liquidity index, undrained shear strength and fall cone penetration of fine-grained soils. In: Proc. of Coastal Geotechnical Engineering in Practice, Balkema, Rotterdam (the Netherlands), Vol. 1, 141–146 Shimobe S (2000) Correlations among liquidity index, undrained shear strength and fall cone penetration of fine-grained soils. In: Proc. of Coastal Geotechnical Engineering in Practice, Balkema, Rotterdam (the Netherlands), Vol. 1, 141–146
go back to reference Shimobe S (2010) Determination of index properties and undrained shear strength of soils using the fall-cone test. In: Proceeding of the 7th International Symposium on Lowland Technology, 16-18 Shimobe S (2010) Determination of index properties and undrained shear strength of soils using the fall-cone test. In: Proceeding of the 7th International Symposium on Lowland Technology, 16-18
go back to reference Shimobe S (2011) Correlation between normalized water content and liquid index of soils. In: Proceedings of the 46th National Conference on geotechnical engineering.,Kobe. 287–288 (in Japanese) Shimobe S (2011) Correlation between normalized water content and liquid index of soils. In: Proceedings of the 46th National Conference on geotechnical engineering.,Kobe. 287–288 (in Japanese)
go back to reference Sivapullaiah PV, Sridharan A (1985) Liquid limit of soil mixtures. Geotech Test J 8(3):111–116 Sivapullaiah PV, Sridharan A (1985) Liquid limit of soil mixtures. Geotech Test J 8(3):111–116
go back to reference Skempton AW, Northey RD (1952) The sensitivity of clays. Géotechnique 3(1):30–53 Skempton AW, Northey RD (1952) The sensitivity of clays. Géotechnique 3(1):30–53
go back to reference So E (1998) Statistical correlation between allophane content and index properties for volcanic cohesive soil. Soils Found 38(4):85–93 So E (1998) Statistical correlation between allophane content and index properties for volcanic cohesive soil. Soils Found 38(4):85–93
go back to reference Spagnoli G, Feinendegen M (2017) Relationship between measured plastic limit and plastic limit estimated from undrained shear strength, water content ratio and liquidity index. Clay Miner 52(4):509–519 Spagnoli G, Feinendegen M (2017) Relationship between measured plastic limit and plastic limit estimated from undrained shear strength, water content ratio and liquidity index. Clay Miner 52(4):509–519
go back to reference Sridharan A, Prakash K (1998) Characteristic water contents of a fine-grained soil-water system. Géotechnique 48(3):337–346 Sridharan A, Prakash K (1998) Characteristic water contents of a fine-grained soil-water system. Géotechnique 48(3):337–346
go back to reference Sridharan A, Rao SM, Murthy NS (1988) Liquid limit of kaolinitic soils. Géotechnique 38(2):191–198 Sridharan A, Rao SM, Murthy NS (1988) Liquid limit of kaolinitic soils. Géotechnique 38(2):191–198
go back to reference Sridharan A, Nagaraj HB, Prakash K (1999) Determination of the plasticity index from flow index. Geotech Test J 22(2):175–181 Sridharan A, Nagaraj HB, Prakash K (1999) Determination of the plasticity index from flow index. Geotech Test J 22(2):175–181
go back to reference Srinivasa Murthy BR, Nagaraj TS and Vatsala A (1986). Critical reappraisal of empirical shear strength equations. In: Proc. Asian regional Sym. On Geotech. Problems and practices in found. Eng. Colombo, Sri Lanka 1:248–292 Srinivasa Murthy BR, Nagaraj TS and Vatsala A (1986). Critical reappraisal of empirical shear strength equations. In: Proc. Asian regional Sym. On Geotech. Problems and practices in found. Eng. Colombo, Sri Lanka 1:248–292
go back to reference Stone KJ, Kyambadde BS (2007) Determination of strength and index properties of fine-grained soils using a soil minipenetrometer. J Geotech Geoenviron 133(6):667–673 Stone KJ, Kyambadde BS (2007) Determination of strength and index properties of fine-grained soils using a soil minipenetrometer. J Geotech Geoenviron 133(6):667–673
go back to reference Stróżyk J and Tankiewicz M (2013). Undrained shear strength of the heavily consolidated clay. Annals of Warsaw University of life sciences-SGGW. Land Reclam, 45(2), 207–216 Stróżyk J and Tankiewicz M (2013). Undrained shear strength of the heavily consolidated clay. Annals of Warsaw University of life sciences-SGGW. Land Reclam, 45(2), 207–216
go back to reference Tanaka H (2002) Re-examination of established relations between index properties and soil parameters. In: Proc. of coastal geotechnical engineering in practice, Vol. 2, 3–25 Tanaka H (2002) Re-examination of established relations between index properties and soil parameters. In: Proc. of coastal geotechnical engineering in practice, Vol. 2, 3–25
go back to reference Terzaghi K, Peck RB, Mesri G (1996) Soil mechanics in engineering practice, 3rd edn. John Wiley & Sons, New York Terzaghi K, Peck RB, Mesri G (1996) Soil mechanics in engineering practice, 3rd edn. John Wiley & Sons, New York
go back to reference Tsuchida T (1999) Development and use of foamed treated soil in port and airport project. Rep Port Harbour Res Inst 38(2):131–167 (in Japanese) Tsuchida T (1999) Development and use of foamed treated soil in port and airport project. Rep Port Harbour Res Inst 38(2):131–167 (in Japanese)
go back to reference Tsuchida T, Watabe Y, Kang MS (2002) Evaluation of structure and mechanical properties of Pleistocene clay in Osaka Bay. Port Airport Res Inst Rep 41(2):45–91 Tsuchida T, Watabe Y, Kang MS (2002) Evaluation of structure and mechanical properties of Pleistocene clay in Osaka Bay. Port Airport Res Inst Rep 41(2):45–91
go back to reference Tsurugasaki K, Miyake M, Baba S, Sumida H (2009) Experiments of underwater clay current by drum centrifuge. In: Proc. of the 44th Japan National Conference on Geotechnical Engineering (Yokohama), 243–244 (in Japanese) Tsurugasaki K, Miyake M, Baba S, Sumida H (2009) Experiments of underwater clay current by drum centrifuge. In: Proc. of the 44th Japan National Conference on Geotechnical Engineering (Yokohama), 243–244 (in Japanese)
go back to reference Uppal HL, Aggarwal HR (1958). A new method of determining the liquid limit of soils. Bulletin 19, Central Road Research Inst., New Delhi, India Uppal HL, Aggarwal HR (1958). A new method of determining the liquid limit of soils. Bulletin 19, Central Road Research Inst., New Delhi, India
go back to reference Vardanega PJ, Haigh SK (2017) Discussion of “water content ratio: an effective substitute for liquidity index for prediction of shear strength of clays” by Beshy Kuriakose, Benny Mathews Abraham, A Sridharan and Babu T Jose. Geotech Geol Eng 35(6):3039–3044 Vardanega PJ, Haigh SK (2017) Discussion of “water content ratio: an effective substitute for liquidity index for prediction of shear strength of clays” by Beshy Kuriakose, Benny Mathews Abraham, A Sridharan and Babu T Jose. Geotech Geol Eng 35(6):3039–3044
go back to reference Vijayvergiya VN, Ghazzaly OJ (1973) Prediction of swelling potential of natural clays. In: Proc. of the 3rd international research and engineering conference on expansive clays, Haifa, 227-236 Vijayvergiya VN, Ghazzaly OJ (1973) Prediction of swelling potential of natural clays. In: Proc. of the 3rd international research and engineering conference on expansive clays, Haifa, 227-236
go back to reference Wasti Y, Bezirci MH (1986) Determination of the consistency limits of soils by the fall cone test. Can Geotech J 23(2):241–246 Wasti Y, Bezirci MH (1986) Determination of the consistency limits of soils by the fall cone test. Can Geotech J 23(2):241–246
go back to reference Whyte IL (1982) Soil plasticity and strength – a new approach using extrusion. Ground Eng 15(1):16–24 Whyte IL (1982) Soil plasticity and strength – a new approach using extrusion. Ground Eng 15(1):16–24
go back to reference Wood DM (1985) Some fall-cone tests. Géotechnique 35(1):64–68 Wood DM (1985) Some fall-cone tests. Géotechnique 35(1):64–68
go back to reference Wroth CP, Wood DM (1978) The correlation of index properties with some basic engineering properties of soils. Can Geotech J 15(2):137–145 Wroth CP, Wood DM (1978) The correlation of index properties with some basic engineering properties of soils. Can Geotech J 15(2):137–145
go back to reference Wyatt JB (2009) Sensitivity and clay mineralogy of weathered tephra-derived soil materials in the Tauranga region. Master Thesis. The University of Waikato, New Zealand Wyatt JB (2009) Sensitivity and clay mineralogy of weathered tephra-derived soil materials in the Tauranga region. Master Thesis. The University of Waikato, New Zealand
go back to reference Yafrate NJ, DeJong JT (2005) Considerations in evaluating the remoulded undrained shear strength from full-flow penetrometer cycling. In: Gourvenec S, Cassidy M (eds) Proc. of Int. Symp. On Frontiers in offshore Geotecnics (ISFOG). Taylor & Francis, Rotterdam, pp 991–997 Yafrate NJ, DeJong JT (2005) Considerations in evaluating the remoulded undrained shear strength from full-flow penetrometer cycling. In: Gourvenec S, Cassidy M (eds) Proc. of Int. Symp. On Frontiers in offshore Geotecnics (ISFOG). Taylor & Francis, Rotterdam, pp 991–997
go back to reference Yafrate NJ, DeJong JT (2007) Influence of penetration rate on measured resistance with full flow penetrometers in soft clay. In: Advances in Measurement and Modeling of Soil Behavior (Geo-Denver 2007), 1–10 Yafrate NJ, DeJong JT (2007) Influence of penetration rate on measured resistance with full flow penetrometers in soft clay. In: Advances in Measurement and Modeling of Soil Behavior (Geo-Denver 2007), 1–10
go back to reference Yang SL, Kvalstad T, Solheim A, Forsberg CF (2006) Parameter studies of sediments in the Storegga Slide region. Geo-Mar Lett 26(4):213–224 Yang SL, Kvalstad T, Solheim A, Forsberg CF (2006) Parameter studies of sediments in the Storegga Slide region. Geo-Mar Lett 26(4):213–224
go back to reference Yilmaz I (2000) Evaluation of shear strength of clayey soils by using their liquidity index. Bull Eng Geol Environ 59(3):227–229 Yilmaz I (2000) Evaluation of shear strength of clayey soils by using their liquidity index. Bull Eng Geol Environ 59(3):227–229
go back to reference Yilmaz I (2004). Relationships between liquid limit, cation exchange capacity, and swelling potentials of clayey soils. Eurasian Soil Sci 37(5):506–512 Yilmaz I (2004). Relationships between liquid limit, cation exchange capacity, and swelling potentials of clayey soils. Eurasian Soil Sci 37(5):506–512
go back to reference Youssef MS, El Ramli AH, El Demery M (1965) Relationship between shear strength, consolidation, liquid limit and plastic limit for remolded clays. In: Proc. of the 6th Int. Conf. On soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Montreal, Vol. 1, 126–129 Youssef MS, El Ramli AH, El Demery M (1965) Relationship between shear strength, consolidation, liquid limit and plastic limit for remolded clays. In: Proc. of the 6th Int. Conf. On soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Montreal, Vol. 1, 126–129
go back to reference Yudhbir, Shukla R (1991) Water content - cone penetration behaviour of fine-grained soils. In: Proceedings of Geo-Coast ‘91, pp 141–146 Yudhbir, Shukla R (1991) Water content - cone penetration behaviour of fine-grained soils. In: Proceedings of Geo-Coast ‘91, pp 141–146
go back to reference Zentar R, Abriak NE, Dubois V (2009) Fall cone test to characterize shear strength of organic sediments. J Geotech Geoenviron 135(1):153–157 Zentar R, Abriak NE, Dubois V (2009) Fall cone test to characterize shear strength of organic sediments. J Geotech Geoenviron 135(1):153–157
go back to reference Zhang Y, Qu Y, Liu G, Wu S (2003) Engineering geological properties of Miocene hard clays along the middle line of the north-south diversion water project in China. Bull Eng Geol Environ 62(3):213–219 Zhang Y, Qu Y, Liu G, Wu S (2003) Engineering geological properties of Miocene hard clays along the middle line of the north-south diversion water project in China. Bull Eng Geol Environ 62(3):213–219
Metadata
Title
Relationships between undrained shear strength, liquidity index, and water content ratio of clays
Authors
Satoru Shimobe
Giovanni Spagnoli
Publication date
08-06-2020
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment / Issue 9/2020
Print ISSN: 1435-9529
Electronic ISSN: 1435-9537
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-01844-5

Other articles of this Issue 9/2020

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 9/2020 Go to the issue