Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Basic Concepts Read chapter Read first chapter

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

17. Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater

Authors : Rajandrea Sethi, Antonio Di Molfetta

Published in: Groundwater Engineering

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

In order to decrease the health risk deriving from a contamination event, a number of cleanup and corrective actions, collectively called remediation, can be implemented. Remediation can be applied directly at the site of contamination (in situ) or off site (ex situ), in which case the contaminated environmental component is physically extracted and treated in dedicated facilities at the surface. There are three main remedial approaches, generally categorized as: containment, which aims at preventing the migration of the contamination and hence the exposure of sensitive targets; active restoration, which entails removing or treating the contamination; and natural attenuation, which relies on naturally occurring biological, chemical and physical degradation or transformation processes that convert contaminants into harmless compounds. This Chapter reviews the main containment and remedial strategies available for the management of a groundwater contamination event, and provides valuable information to support the choice of the most suitable approach. The presented strategies include: free product recovery for light non-aqueous phase liquid removal; vacuum enhanced extraction; subsurface containment; pump and treat; air- and bio-sparging; permeable reactive barriers; in situ flushing; in situ oxidation; in situ bioremediation. Applicability, design options and operating conditions, as well as advantages and drawbacks of the presented methods are illustrated.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter Human Health Risk Assessment
Literature
1.
S. Arrhenius, Über die Dissociationswärme und den Einuss der Temperatur auf den Dissociationsgrad der Elektrolyte. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 4U, 96–116 (1889)
2.
M.J. Baedecker, W. Back, Hydrogeological Processes and Chemical Reactions at a Landfill, en. Ground Water 17, 429–437 (1979)CrossRef
3.
C. Bianco, T. Tosco, R. Sethi, A 3-dimensional micro- and nanoparticle transport and filtration model (MNM3D) applied to the migration of carbon-based nanomaterials in porous media, eng. J. Contam. Hydrol. 193, 10–20 (2016)CrossRef
4.
C. Bianco, J.E. Patiño Higuita, T. Tosco, A. Tiraferri, R. Sethi, Controlled Deposition of Particles in Porous Media for Effective Aquifer Nanoremediation, eng. Sci. Rep. 7, 12992 (2017)
5.
D. Bolster, M. Barahona, M. Dentz, D. Fernandez-Garcia, X. Sanchez-Vila, P. Trinchero, C. Valhondo, D.M. Tartakovsky, Probabilistic risk analysis of groundwater remediation strategies. Water Resour. Res. 45(6), 74 (2009)CrossRef
6.
D.W. Blowes, C.J. Ptacek, S.G. Benner, C.W.T. McRae, T.A. Bennett, R.W. Puls, Treatment of inorganic contaminants using permeable reactive barriers. J. Contam. Hydrol. 45(1–2), 123–137 (2000)CrossRef
7.
J.R. Boulding, J.S. Ginn, Practical Handbook of Soil, Vadose Zone, and Ground-Water Contamination: Assessment, Prevention, and Remediation, Second Edition, en, 2nd edn. (CRC Press, USA, 2004)
8.
P.M. Bradley, Dichloroethene and vinyl chloride degradation potential in wetland sediments at Twin Lakes and Pen Branch, Savannah River National Laboratory, South Carolina, U.S. Geological Survey open-file report 2007-1028. Title from PDF title screen (viewed on Mar. 14, 2007). Includes bibliographical references (p. 12). (U.S. Geological Survey, Savannah River National Laboratory, Reston, Va (US), 2007)
9.
A. Brun, P. Engesgaard, T.H. Christensen, D. Rosbjerg, Modelling of transport and biogeochemical processes in pollution plumes: Vejen landfill. Denmark. J. Hydrol. 256, 228–247 (2002)CrossRef
10.
D. O’Carroll, B. Sleep, M. Krol, H. Boparai, C. Kocur, Nanoscale zero valent iron and bimetallic particles for contaminated site remediation. Adv. Water Resour. 51, 104–122 (2013)CrossRef
11.
F.H. Chapelle, P.B. McMahon, N.M. Dubrovsky, R.F. Fujii, E.T. Oaksford, D.A. Vroblesky, Deducing the distribution of terminal electron- accepting processes in hydrologically diverse groundwater systems, en. Water Resour. Res. 31, 359–371 (1995)CrossRef
12.
D. Cheng, J. He, Isolation and characterization of “Dehalococcoides” sp. Strain MB, which dechlorinates tetrachloroethene to trans-1,2- Dichloroethene, en. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 5910–5918 (2009)CrossRef
13.
T.P. Clement, Y. Sun, B.S. Hooker, J.N. Petersen, Modeling multispecies reactive transport in ground water. Groundwater Monit. Rem. 18(2), 79–92 (1998)CrossRef
14.
R.M. Cohen, J. Mercer, R.M. Greenwald, M.S. Beljin, Design guide-lines for conventional pump-and-treat system, EPA Ground Water Issue (United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC, 1997)
15.
R. Cohen, A.H. Vincent, J. Mercer, C.R. Faust and C. Spalding, Methods for monitoring pump-and-treat performance. Research report, Rep. EPA/600/R-94/123 102 pp. (1994)
16.
S. Comba, R. Sethi, Stabilization of highly concentrated suspensions of iron nanoparticles using shear-thinning gels of xanthan gum. Water Res. 43, 3717–3726 (2009)CrossRef
17.
J.W. Delleur, Handbook of Groundwater Engineering, en (CRC Press, USA, 2006)CrossRef
18.
H.-J. Diersch, FEFLOW: Finite element modeling of flow, mass and heat transport in porous and fractured media (Springer, 2014)
19.
A. Di Molfetta, R. Sethi, Barriere reattive permeabili, Italian, in Bonifica di siti contaminati. Caratterizzazione e tecnologie di risanamento, L. Bonomo, Collana di istruzione scientifica (McGraw-Hill Education, 2005)
20.
A. Di Molfetta, R. Sethi, Clamshell excavation of a permeable reactive barrier, en. Environ. Geol. 50, 361–369 (2006)CrossRef
21.
A. Di Molfetta, M. Rolle, R. Sethi, Modello cinetico per la descrizione della zonazione redox in acquiferi contaminati a valle di discariche. Siti Contaminati 3, 98–111 (2004)
22.
M.E. Dolan, P.L. McCarty, Methanotrophic chloroethene transformation capacities and 1,1-dichloroethene transformation product toxicity, eng. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 2741–2747 (1995)CrossRef
23.
P.A. Domenico, F.W. Schwartz, Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology, en (Wiley, New York, 1998)
24.
M. Elsner, M. Chartrand, N. VanStone, G. Lacrampe Couloume, B. Sherwood Lollar, Identifying abiotic chlorinated ethene degradation: characteristic isotope patterns in reaction products with nanoscale zero-valent iron. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 5963–5970 (2008)CrossRef
25.
D.E. Fennell, I. Nijenhuis, S.F. Wilson, S.H. Zinder, M.M. Häggblom, Dehalococcoides ethenogenes strain 195 reductively dechlorinates diverse chlorinated aromatic pollutants, eng. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 2075–2081 (2004)CrossRef
26.
C.W. Fetter, Applied Hydrogeology, English, 4th edn. (Pearson Education, Long Grove, Ill, 2014)
27.
A.R. Gavaskar, Design and construction techniques for permeable reactive barriers. J. Hazard. Mater. 68, 41–71 (1999)CrossRef
28.
R.W. Gillham, J. Vogan, L. Gui, M. Duchene, J. Son, Iron barrier walls for chlorinated solvent remediation, en, inIn Situ Remediation of Chlorinated Solvent Plumes, SERDP/ESTCP Environmental Remediation Technology (Springer, New York, NY, 2010), pp. 537–571
29.
S. Grubb, Analytical model for estimation of steady-state capture zones of pumping wells in confined and unconfined aquifers, en. Ground Water 31, 27–32 (1993)CrossRef
30.
T.C. Hazen, Cometabolic bioremediation, en, in Handbook of Hydro- Carbon and Lipid Microbiology, ed. by K.N. Timmis (Springer, Berlin, 2010), pp. 2505–2514CrossRef
31.
A.W. Harbaugh, E.R. Banta, M.C. Hill, M.G. McDonald, MODFLOW-2000, The U. S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model-User Guide to Modularization Concepts and the Ground-Water Flow Process. Open-file Report (U.S. Geological Survey, 2000), pp. 134
32.
C. Holliger, G. Schraa, A.J. Stams, A.J. Zehnder, A highly purified enrichment culture couples the reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene to growth, en. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 2991–2997 (1993)
33.
G.D. Hopkins, L. Semprini, P.L. McCarty, Microcosm and in situ field studies of enhanced biotransformation of trichloroethylene by phenolutilizing microorganisms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 2277–2285 (1993)
34.
ITRC, Permeable Reactive Barrier: Technology Update, Technical report (The Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC) PRB Technology Update Team, 2011)
35.
IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the “Gold book”), 2nd edition (Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A.Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1997)
36.
I. Javandel, C.-F. Tsang, Capture-zone type curves: a tool for aquifer cleanup, en. Ground Water 24, 616–625 (1986)CrossRef
37.
B.-E. Jugder, H. Ertan, M. Lee, M. Manefield, C.P. Marquis, Reductive dehalogenases come of age in biological destruction of organohalides. Trends Biotechnol. 33, 595–610 (2015)CrossRef
38.
W. Kinzelbach, Groundwater modelling: an introduction with sample programs in BASIC, First. Developments in Water Science, vol. 25 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986)
39.
L.R. Krumholz, R. Sharp, S.S. Fishbain, A freshwater anaerobe coupling acetate oxidation to tetrachloroethylene dehalogenation, eng. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 4108–4113 (1996)
40.
S. Kuppusamy, T. Palanisami, M. Megharaj, K. Venkateswarlu, R. Naidu, Ex-situ remediation technologies for environmental pollutants: a critical perspective, en, in Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 236 (Springer, Cham, 2016), pp. 117–192
41.
S. Kuppusamy, T. Palanisami, M. Megharaj, K. Venkateswarlu, R. Naidu, In-situ remediation approaches for the management of contaminated sites: a comprehensive overview, en, in Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 236 (Springer, Cham, 2016), pp. 1–115
42.
M.D. LaGrega, P.L. Buckingham, J.C. Evans, Hazardous Waste Management, English, Reissue edn. (Waveland Pr Inc, Long Grove, Ill., 2010)
43.
F.E. Löffler, K.M. Ritalahti, S.H. Zinder, Dehalococcoides and Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Solvents, en, in Bioaugmentation for Groundwater Remediation, SERDP ESTCP Environmental Remediation Technology (Springer, New York, 2013), pp. 39–88
44.
D.R. Lovley, J.C. Woodward, F.H. Chapelle, Stimulated anoxic biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons using Fe(III) ligands, en. Nature 370, 128–131 (1994)CrossRef
45.
J.K. Magnuson, R.V. Stern, J.M. Gossett, S.H. Zinder, D.R. Burris, Reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene to ethene by a two component enzyme pathway. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 1270–1275 (1998)
46.
L. Maldi, Pump and Treat come metodo di trattamento di acquiferi contaminate da metalli, Italian, PhD master thesis (Politecnico di Torino, Torino, 2002)
47.
M. Manassero, C. Deangeli, “Incapsulamento”, Italian, in Bonifica di siti contaminati. Caratterizzazione e tecnologie di risanamento, L. Bonomo, Collana di istruzione scientifica (McGraw-Hill Education, 2005)
48.
A. Mayer, S.M. Hassanizadeh, Soil and Groundwater Contamination: Nonaqueous Phase Liquids-Principles and Observations, Water Resources Monograph 17 (American Geophysical Union, Washington, 2005)CrossRef
49.
X. Maymó-Gatell, Y.-T. Chien, J.M. Gossett, S.H. Zinder, Isolation of a bacterium that reductively dechlorinates tetrachloroethene to ethene, en. Science 276, 1568–1571 (1997)CrossRef
50.
N. Moraci, P.S. Calabró, Heavy metals removal and hydraulic performance in zero-valent iron/pumice permeable reactive barriers. J. Environ. Manag. 91(11), 2336–2341 (2010)CrossRef
51.
52.
D. Pedretti, M. Masetti, T. Marangoni, G.P. Beretta, Slurry wall containment performance: Monitoring and modeling of unsaturated and saturated flow. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184(2), 607–624 (2012)CrossRef
53.
T. Phenrat, G.V. Lowry, Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron Particles for Environmental Restoration. From Fundamental Science to Field Scale Engineering Applications (2019)
54.
M. Rolle, Biorecupero di acquiferi contaminati da solventi clorurati, Ph.D thesis (Politecnico di Torino, Torino (Italy), 2002)
55.
D.S. Roote, In situ flushing, Technology Overview Report (Groundwater Remediation Technologies Analysis Center, 1997)
56.
R.L. Satkin, P.B. Bedient, Effectiveness of various aquifer restoration schemes under variable hydrogeologic conditions, en. Groundwater 26, 488–498 (1988)CrossRef
57.
H. Scholz-Muramatsu, A. Neumann, M. Meßmer, E. Moore, G. Diekert, Isolation and characterization of Dehalospirillum multivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a tetrachloroethene-utilizing, strictly anaerobic bacterium, en, Arch. Microbiol. 163, 48–56 (1995)
58.
R. Sethi, Barriere reattive permeabili a ferro zerovalente: modellazione dei fenomeni di trasporto e degradazione multicomponente, Italian, Ph.D thesis (Politecnico di Torino, Torino (Italy), 2004)
59.
R. Sethi, F.S. Freyria, S. Comba, A. Di Molfetta, Ferro nanoscopico per la bonifica di acquiferi contaminati. Geam. Geoingegneria Ambientale E Mineraria 3, 39–46 (2007)
60.
P.K. Sharma, P.L. McCarty, Isolation and characterization of a facultatively aerobic bacterium that reductively dehalogenates tetrachloroethene to cis-1,2-dichloroethene, eng. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 761–765 (1996)
61.
A. Tiraferri, K.L. Chen, R. Sethi, M. Elimelech, Reduced aggregation and sedimentation of zero-valent iron nanoparticles in the presence of guar gum. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 324, 71–79 (2008)CrossRef
62.
T. Tosco, R. Sethi, Transport of non-newtonian suspensions of highly concentrated micro- and nanoscale iron particles in porous media: A modeling approach. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 9062–9068 (2010)CrossRef
63.
T. Tosco, A. Tiraferri, R. Sethi, Ionic strength dependent transport of microparticles in saturated porous media: Modeling mobilization and immobilization phenomena under transient chemical conditions, eng. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 4425–4431 (2009)CrossRef
64.
T. Tosco, J. Bosch, R.U. Meckenstock, R. Sethi, Transport of ferrihydrite nanoparticles in saturated porous media: role of ionic strength and flow rate. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 4008–4015 (2012)CrossRef
65.
T. Tosco, M. Petrangeli Papini, C. Cruz Viggi, R. Sethi, Nanoscale zerovalent iron particles for groundwater remediation: a review. J. Clean. Prod., Emerg. Ind. Process. Water Manag. 77, 10–21 (2014)CrossRef
66.
A. Tsitonaki, B. Petri, M. Crimi, H. Mosbæk, R.L. Siegrist, P.L. Bjerg, In situ chemical oxidation of contaminated soil and groundwater using persulfate: A review. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 55–91 (2010)CrossRef
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
N. VanStone, M. Elsner, G. Lacrampe-Couloume, S. Mabury, B. Sherwood Lollar, Potential for identifying abiotic chloroalkane degradation mechanisms using carbon isotopic fractionation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 126–132 (2008)CrossRef
74.
E.D. Vecchia, M. Luna, R. Sethi, Transport in porous media of highly concentrated iron micro- and nanoparticles in the presence of xanthan gum, eng. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 8942–8947 (2009)CrossRef
75.
C.-B. Wang, W.-X. Zhang, Synthesizing nanoscale iron particles for rapid and complete dechlorination of TCE and PCBs. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 2154–2156 (1997)CrossRef
76.
R.J. Watts, A.L. Teel, Treatment of contaminated soils and groundwater using ISCO. Pract. Period. Hazard., Toxic, Radioact. Waste Manag. 10, 2–9 (2006)CrossRef
77.
A.D. Werner, M. Bakker, V.E.A. Post, A. Vandenbohede, C. Lu, B. Ataie-Ashtiani, C.T. Simmons, D.A. Barry, Seawater intrusion processes, investigation and management: recent advances and future challenges. Adv. Water Resour. 51, 3–26 (2013)CrossRef
78.
T. Zhang et al., In situ remediation of subsurface contamination: opportunities and challenges for nanotechnology and advanced materials. Environ Sci: Nano 6(5), 1283–1302 (2019)
79.
V. Zolla, F.S. Freyria, R. Sethi, A. Di Molfetta, Hydrogeochemical and biological processes affecting the long-term performance of an ironbased permeable reactive barrier, eng. J. Environ. Qual. 38, 897–908 (2009)CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater
Authors
Rajandrea Sethi
Antonio Di Molfetta
Copyright Year
2019
Book
Groundwater Engineering

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-20514-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-20516-4

Copyright Year: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20516-4_17