Renewable Energy Optimization, Planning and Control

Table of Contents

1. Frontmatter

2. Chapter 1. A Socio Inspired Technique in Nuclear Power Plant for Load Frequency Control by Using Cohort Intelligence Optimization-Based PID Controller

   D Murugesan, K Jagatheesan, Anand J Kulkarni, Pritesh Shah

   Abstract

   Cohort intelligence optimization (CIO) technique is investigated in this article for tuning of proportional integral derivative (PID) controller for load supervision of single region nuclear power plant. To prove the performance improvement of the proposed CIO controller-based power plant, the response is analyzed with conventional, Ziegler Nichols, and particle swarm optimization technique (PSO)-based PID controller, while tuning the decision variables of PID controller by using the CIO technique, the appropriate determination of cost/objective function is most important. In this work different cost function are analyzed to know the supremacy based on the CIO technique. The CIO-PID controller strategy gives improved solutions to the extent of an objective function, computing time, function assessments, and dynamic system response-based ITAE objective function. Finally, proposed techniques-based PID controller gives improved dynamic response for 1, 2, 5, and 10% robustness validation. Also, sensitivity assessment of ± 25 to ± 50% nominal parameters changes applied to know the reasonability of the proposed methodology.

3. Chapter 2. Seamless and Smooth Power Sharing, Voltage, and Frequency Control of Islanded Microgrid with Droop Cum Supervisory Controller

   Md. Shahnawaz Chisty, Ikbal Ali, Mohd Faizan

   Abstract

   This paper describes and analyzes the control of microgrid when it becomes isolated. In most cases, the microgrid is connected to the grid and has certain local loads. When a grid side anomaly occurs, the microgrid is isolated from the main grid, which is designated as Microgrid in Islanded Mode. In these circumstances, the microgrid would have to be powerful enough to run reliably. For steady, seamless, and unsupervised functioning of the microgrid in islanded operation, a droop control, and a supervisory control are employed. In this research, a MATLAB simulation of the control approach in island mode is performed, and the simulation results are examined. Once the microgrid is in Islanding Mode, the findings demonstrate that inverter-based DERs may effectively share electricity while ensuring a stable functioning.

4. Chapter 3. Genetic Algorithm for Economic Load Dispatch with Microgrid to Save Environment by Reduction of CO2 Emission

   Leena Daniel, Krishna Teerth Chaturvedi, Mohan Kolhe

   Abstract

   The continuous reduction in fossil fuel resources, the Distributed Generation Technologies have recently fascinated more attention. Microgrid technologies are also employed to join such sources into the main network by pointedly enhancing energy utilization through local production and load control. As a result, quality and reliability have improved. Most of such network studies focus on operating and investment expenses but ignore the environmental impact. An optimization model is developed based on these two criteria to estimate the feasibility and environmental involvement of microgrid. Renewable energy sources have a high penetration rate in this model. The genetic algorithm is utilized to perform hourly optimizations on microgrid in order to achieve environmental benefits as well as financial gains.

5. Chapter 4. An Electric Vehicle Integration in Distributed Generation with an Island Detection Technique to Meet Critical Load and Non-critical Load

   Mohd Faizan, Ikbal Ali, Md. Shahnawaz Chisty

   Abstract

   With the inception of microgrid idea, as well as the rising penetration of distributed generation (DG), renewable energy usage, and the instigation of the microgrid concept have manipulated the form of traditional electric power networks. By constructing a microgrid, most of the new power system networks are transitioning into the DG model, which integrates renewable and non-renewable energy resources. Islanding detection is a daunting problem in distributed generation, raising a number of security and safety concerns. In this paper, we have integrated parked electric vehicle (PEV) with microgrid operating in an islanding mode along with DGs. Paper also discusses the critical and non-critical loads in islanded operation with passive islanding detection technique. A parked EV along with other DGs can be connected to the critical load and run independently (stand-alone). The microgrid works as an autonomous power island that is electrically disconnected from the main utility network while in stand-alone mode. A smooth islanding detection is thus required for effective and dependable microgrid functioning. In this paper, a diesel set of 1MVA and integrated EV storage battery are used while working in islanding mode. This paper also elaborates its future scope in the global energy market in the prospective varied applications.

6. Chapter 5. Green Communications: A Review of the Current Situation

   C. Nithyanandam, K. Siva, V. Senthil Murugan, K. Sriharrish

   Abstract

   This paper reviews the recent studies conducted on green networking and communication for next-generation networks with adverse effect on the climate. Technological advancements will follow suit as smartphone usage grows. Communication technology must become more energy-efficient as a result. The paper presents a literature review on energy efficiency, mobile communications footprint, and energy consumption within ICT devices in green communication networks.

7. Chapter 6. PV System Design and Solar Generation Implementation

   Manish Mwango, Yugvansh Shrey, Harpreet Singh Bedi, Javed Dhillon

   Abstract

   Energy may be quite valuable in today's technology development. Therefore, we need to improve the electricity device and find out the cause of power loss. Industrialization may result in a rise in inductive load usage, which will reduce the performance of energy-saving devices. Therefore, we must improve the power aspect using a suitable method for automated electricity aspect rectification. This study designs and simulates an automatic energy factor adjustment that is enhanced by the use of capacitors. Line voltage and line cutting-edge are read by an automatic energy component correction device to determine the power thing. This article discusses a simulation using MATLAB and Simulink that includes setting up a new diode equivalent circuit model of a solar cell and analysing the replicated latest information (I-V). The purpose of this work it to design a complete stable, reliable, and working DC-based test system for future research.

8. Chapter 7. CoviDistBand: IoT-Based Wearable Smart Band to Ensure Social Distancing

   Vraj Bhatt, Jaimin Topiwala, Smita Agrawal, Parita Oza

   Abstract

   COVID-19 has spread worldwide, and this pandemic has ruined the routine lifestyle of human beings. It is impossible to live in isolation forever, but one can keep themselves safe by maintaining proper social distancing. In this paper, we proposed a novel IoT-based solution to keep a safe distance. We developed an IoT smart wearable device that can wear to the user, and it will buzz whenever social distancing rules are broken. At the same time, the human position coordinates of the alert event are noticed and redirected to UI, and it will also show in Google Map. The device is tested manually, working accurately, which is used to maintain social distance in large gatherings like healthcare centers, schools, stadiums, playgrounds, and other places.

9. Chapter 8. Gesture Recognition Glove for Speech and Hearing Impaired People

   M. Neela Harish, S. Poonguzhali

   Abstract

   Communication is an essential need for every person in society. This socializing can be in audio, video and text forms. Gestures are the natural expressions of communication to facilitate a specific meaning. These gestures are combined with facial expressions to form a tool for the speech impaired and the hearing impaired which is known as Sign language. It varies according to the country’s native language as American Sign Language, British Sign Language, Japanese Sign Language, Indian Sign Language, etc. The researches in the field of SL recognition have been increased tremendously in the last 10 decades. This paper mainly aims at developing a Human Machine Interface based on gestures. Indian Sign Language is a visual-gestural language used to bridge the gap of differences within society and speech and hearing impaired, exclusion of translators and independent expressiveness. This system is designed with a wearable glove utilizing ten flex sensors and two accelerometers to recognize the words in the sign language vocabulary. The classified results are sent to voice module, where the voice corresponding to the gesture is played back through a speaker. The results of the first version of glove without accelerometers had an accuracy of 74.12%. The accuracy was improved to 97.2% in the second version by the placement of accelerometers over the back side of palm on both hands. Both the versions were verified with datasets varying with gender and signer. The proposed glove excels the existing gloves on constraints of sign misclassification, expenses and others related to image-based gesture recognition. Future extensions of this glove would be modification for other country’s sign language recognition or gesture-based controlled devices.

10. Chapter 9. Simulation and Analysis of Rural Energy Systems Based on Multi-criteria Decision-Making Methods

    Sukanta Roga, A. S. Harshini, Bhavana S. Aterugu, Duddupudi P. N. Veni, Pothuri Chandana, Harshitha Ramavath, Saket B. S. Pandey, Chiranjib Bhowmik, Yogesh Kumar

    Abstract

    The aim of this study is to analyze and simulate the rural energy systems using multi-criteria decision-making approaches. Firstly, study identifies the all the criteria such as; cost, sustainability, reliability, durability, social acceptance, efficiency, and safety factor from various literature and reports. Then all the alternatives are highlighted likely; wind, solar, biogas, firewood, and micro-hydro, etc. Thereafter, a hierarchy is developed keeping in mind the goal is at the top layer, criteria at the second layer and alternatives at the final one, respectively. In this study WSM and WPM two multi-criteria decision-making approaches are utilized to select and evaluate the optimum energy system. Result shows that wind energy is the optimum system followed by others.

11. Chapter 10. Assessment of Sessional Solar Energy Using PVsyst and SAM

    Sukanta Roga, Ajmira Lokesh, Sashwat Jain, Araveti A. N. Vinay, Rishabh Chauhan, Challa Karthik, Soumyabrata Das, Yogesh Kumar

    Abstract

    The purpose of this paper is to present an assessment of energy production from a photovoltaic system over its first year of operation, along with a financial model for the system. In order to meet the modern era's needs, they are on the verge of exhausting our fossil fuels, natural gas, and coal resources. The use of solar energy is one of the vast renewable energy resources. Solar energy is one of the most abundant sources of renewable energy Photovoltaic systems (PVsyst) software has gained much popularity in this era due to its high accuracy and sustainability. Simulation software called system advisory model (SAM) is widely used to estimate the economic value of solar energy. Data set generated by HB-2, VNIT Nagpur, under different climatic and operating conditions is considered a PV system-generated data set. They have used a long-term data set taken from Meteonorm 8.0 source. SAM software was used to analyze the cost, savings, and economic data from the PVsyst system model. PVsyst simulation results showed specific energy production of 1535 kWh/kW/year. Simulated results show that without the system, the usage cost was $104,614, and with it, it was $62,512, with a simple payback period of 10.6 years. Solar energy assessment has become more accessible and robust through software such as PVsyst and SAM, which are proven reliable for estimation and valuable for case studies in developing countries.

12. Chapter 11. Power Generation Using Municipal Solid Waste: A Review

    Amit Atri, Anita Khosla, Lalit Prakash

    Abstract

    With increasing urbanization and the improvement in lifestyle there is an increase in electricity consumption and to fulfil that higher amount of resources are needed. Much dependence on fossil fuels for electricity generation is affecting the environment and their limited availability is promoting the search for alternative fuels. Increasing urban population is producing higher amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Due to improper management of MSW, most of the developing countries across the globe are facing huge problems–socially, medically, financially and environmentally. Depending on the type of waste material, different types of techniques are suitable for its treatment. Electric power generation using MSW gives a sustainable solution to both of these issues, i.e. waste management as well as increasing electricity demand. This paper reviews various techniques available both traditional and new for obtaining fuels and generating electric power using MSW with minimized adverse effects on the environment with special consideration in the Indian scenario 250 words.

13. Chapter 12. Solar Power Probabilistic Prediction Using Random Forest Regressor

    Jaskaran Singh Sohal, Vasudha Hegde, B. Smitha

    Abstract

    Variation in the energy from renewable energy resources like wind and solar energy sources have major issues in the way the power grid is handled as the output from the plant varies randomly in the short term. Predicting the energy output can reduce the challenges by proper planning the operation of the grid. In this direction, solar power forecasting by various models is gaining much importance. This paper proposes a solar power probabilistic prediction by using Random Forest Regressor model to generate prediction of the solar plant power output. The model performed satisfactorily with R2_score metric above 96% for the given data for two solar plants.

14. Chapter 13. Impact of COVID-19 on Renewable Power Generation in India

    Pankhuri Kaushik, Harpreet Kaur Channi

    Abstract

    The rapid increases of COVID-19 pandemic have affected India and including many countries. In spite of serious and frightful effects on health, as well as in air quality. COVID-19 has also been detected in air and as well as in samples of sewage across the globe. This Corona virus waves has snatched many lives and also effected industrial sector and energy sector as well. India is a most populated country, because of pandemic government of India has imposed a nation worldwide lockdown in last week of March 2020 due to which there was a huge effect on sustainable resources development and infrastructure of renewable energy. As lockdown started, all industrial and transportation sectors were closed, demand of energy has reduced but there is an energy demand which has a critical effect on generation of energy as well as grid. In this paper the consequences of Corona virus and its challenges on non-conventional energy in India has been discussed.

15. Chapter 14. Reference Model Design, Control and Reliability Analysis of PV Emulator

    Simmi Sharma, Dheeraj Joshi

    Abstract

    Photo-Voltaic Emulator (PVE) is a nonlinear power supply with voltage-current characteristics similar to those of a real PV panel. It provides a simpler and more efficient solution while maintaining output comparable to the considered PV panel in laboratory setup in a less expensive and faster mode. Based on the test bench requirements, this paper provides a framework to use during the design stage. This will be useful when installing solar panels in remote areas where testing is difficult. The closed loop control determines the operation of PVE on three main operating points. The work is original since it utilizes different reference models on the same PVE with conventional and hybrid controllers to improve performance indices.

16. Chapter 15. Smart Technologies in Indian Environment—A Critical Review

    Akash Mohi Uddin, Harpreet Kaur Channi

    Abstract

    India tries to satisfy the electricity needs of its rapidly expanding economy. The power industry’s restructuring has only exacerbated several issues for electrical engineers. The advanced perception for implementing a feasible smart grid (SG) at different stage in India’s electricity systems suggests that a modified automation technology can be used. Smart grids are being implemented to build operation of grid as more sophisticated and modish. When properly implemented, smart grid operations can reveal new channels and chances with major monetary repercussions. In the context of India’s evolving electricity market, this article discusses numerous smart grid efforts and their ramifications. Many instances of present technology of automatic mechanisms in country are used to illustrate many of the points made in the paper.

17. Chapter 16. Socio-Economic Analysis—Solar and Wind Energy in Indian Scenario

    Minakshi Katoch, Vineet Dahiya

    Abstract

    The second most populated country India strives to fulfill the nation's requirement. The densely populated country had given birth to pollution because of the rapidly growing urbanization and industrialization. The anthropocentric happening for the need has raised the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and resulted in the global warming challenge to society. The rise in unpredictable natured wind and solar energy generation is a challenge for grid management make RE forecasting mandatory energy sector. The exorbitant high prices of RE installation make it necessary to study the site before the deployment and know the energy predictions based on wind and solar availability. The paper gives an insight into RE status and various challenges in the RE sector. The paper also provides the information gathered from the open-source platform.

18. Chapter 17. An Overview of Blockchain Technology in Smart Grid

    Saurabh Singh Laledia, Harpreet Kaur Channi

    Abstract

    The increase in the use of renewable energy has opened up gates for new ideas and technologies to emerge. One such fresh concept to knock on the door for a while is blockchain technology. This technology is playing a significant role in changing the ethics of conventional transactions with its key features. Blockchain focuses on connecting information and data in such a way that any task or process performed on it becomes transparent as well as secure. With the implementation of blockchain in our conventional gird, consumers can buy and sell green energy directly from each other. This allows forming peer-to-peer network that results in the decentralization of electricity. Although the power of this technology is already known yet one of its crucial impacts is assumed to take place in the field of smart grid technology. This paper discusses the fundamental concepts and functionalities of a blockchain-based microgrid and provides information on peer-to-peer network for energy trade.