Renewable Energy Scenarios in Future Indian Smart Cities

Energy fuels the life on the earth. All the fundamental components existing in this biosphere needs energy for their survival. Everything, directly or indirectly, depends on the sun’s energy. Humans and animals need the sun’s heat and light for surviving. Plants need it to conduct the process of photosynthesis. Later when the remanent of these animals and plants is fossilized for millions of years, it results in the creation of various types of fossil fuels depending on the type of fossil, the amount of pressure and heat. These fossil fuels are a great source of energy, but they are finite, the time taken for their formation is a lot as compared to the rate at which they are being used in day-to-day life, making them a non-renewable source of energy. Using fossil fuels like burning coal, using crude oil, petroleum, and natural gas leads to the release of greenhouse gases, giving rise to climate change and environmental degradation. Apart from non-replenishable energy, there is renewable energy derived from renewable sources of energy, as they are naturally replenished on a human timescale like solar energy, hydro energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, and wind energy. Renewable energy is also referred to as clean energy because of its low carbon emission quality. Energy conservation and efficiency are becoming major goals, the world needs to work upon. A lot of energy is wasted on daily basis, which is to be conserved, not only for cutting costs but also for sustainable use of our natural resources.

Energy is essential for the continuation and development of human existence at every stage. The majority of a nation’s energy requirements may be satisfied by commercial sources such as fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), hydroelectric electricity, and nuclear power. These are treated as the three primary sources for the commercial energy sources. Solar energy from the sun is all around us every day, much like the air we breathe. The sun’s life-giving qualities of warmth and light have long been appreciated by us. Solar energy may now be utilized for specific purposes inside homes and businesses thanks to advancements in technology. The pace at which energy is demanded is steadily and alarmingly increasing year after year. With solar technology, we can collect energy from the sun for immediate use. Heat is one method in which solar energy may be stored, and the light of the sun can be harnessed to provide electricity for a business or a residence. Because solar radiation varies across the country, system performance assumptions should be dependent on location and orientation. This work provides a brief overview of factors to be considered for the study energy resources.

Looking at what’s already been done may inform us which approaches have been tried and tested, which have been successful, and which have been met with resistance in the past. You’ll therefore be in a stronger position to choose a technique that provides reliable responses to your research questions. Learning about the existing information in the subject requires that you first review the literature. It’s a crucial part of the learning process, playing a role in every stage. It has been determined that the capacity to do labour is the essence of energy. Thermal energy, electrical energy, gravitational energy, luminous energy, chemical energy, nuclear energy, and so on are only a few examples of the many various manifestations of energy. The motion of an object is the driving force behind the distinction between kinetic and potential energy. The first rule of thermodynamics, or the conservation of energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but that it can be transformed from one form of energy to another. Let’s pretend an apple possesses potential energy while it hangs from a tree; this energy would be converted to kinetic energy when the fruit fell. The potential energy created by the arrangement of subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom is called nuclear energy. In a similar vein, the kinetic energy of water is harnessed and transformed into electricity, which is then used to power appliances and provide thermal and visual comfort. Humans get the kinetic energy they need to do work from the chemical energy they get from the food they eat.

The data on solar radiation may be used to calculate the amount of energy that is delivered by the sun to the surface of the planet at a certain place and during a particular time. These kinds of data are essential for effectively researching solar energy. Because of the high cost and limited capacity of physically in-situ data harvesting of solar radiation, we are unable to get a regular dataset that is also made accessible to the public. As a result, we need to develop alternative ways to acquire this data. The current part of the investigation involves doing an in-depth analysis of solar energy modelling approaches, which are arranged following the kind of information they provide. In addition to this, a variety of models and methods that were created or sponsored by a variety of organizations to evaluate, analyse, and optimize energy efficiency and renewable energy systems have also been included. Some of these tools may be used on a worldwide scale, on a regional scale, on a local scale, or for a particular purpose. These approaches provide a scientific solution to the issue at hand while also shedding light on how scientific research is carried out as a discipline. In addition to that, a variety of different data processing methods were developed and put into practice to deal with the raw data or intermediate data that were produced during the process of modelling. Following that, all the data for the region’s sample solar maps were integrated and plotted or otherwise created. In a word, what we did was study the many methods that a researcher may use to investigate this kind of research challenge, in addition to the reasoning behind those methods. The researcher must be familiar with not only the study methodologies and procedures, but also the ideas since similar aspects of different problems might provide unique challenges.

Investors, consumers, and even suppliers are worried about PV technology. Few studies have estimated solar insolation annually. When building a PV system, it’s important to determine the quantity of accessible sunlight. Sun radiation is measured by solar radiance and insolation. Solar radiance is measured in kW/m². Solar radiance ranges from 0 to 1 kW/m² throughout the day. Location and weather affect solar brightness. Daily global and/or direct radiation measurements determine sun radiance, pyranometers, and/or pyrheliometers monitor global radiation (measuring direct radiation). This information comes from well-established sources accumulated over two decades. Solar insolation is more typically employed in system design than solar irradiance. Sun insolation is the total solar energy received at a particular place during a certain period (kW/m² /day). Solar insolation and solar irradiance both measure power density (for solar insolation, “hours” in the numerator and “day” in the denominator are time measurements), but solar insolation is instantaneous solar irradiance averaged over a particular period. Solar insolation data are utilized for basic PV system design, whereas solar radiance data are used for sophisticated PV system performance calculations. Solar insolation may be represented in several units than MJ/m²/year.

Analysing and characterizing the swing in solar insolation across space and time require a technique known as spatio-temporal and hyper-temporal variability analysis. Multiple measurements of a quantity provide different values. Spatial variability. The range measures spatial variability. Identifying regional fluctuations in solar insolation and their impacts on energy production may be helpful in specialized energy management systems. It's the study of unpredictability in science. In this portion, we looked at the techniques a researcher uses to examine a topic, including variability and reasoning. The researcher must know research and analytical methodologies. Researchers must know how to undertake variability analysis and employ research techniques. They must also know which techniques or processes are significant, what they mean and why. Researchers must grasp the assumptions behind certain approaches and the criteria for determining whether certain techniques and procedures are acceptable.

A feasibility study is a sensible way for any investor to find out if a project they're thinking about funding is likely to fail and produce little to no money. Would they still contemplate investing a single dime? Millionaire investors are divided on this type of informed decision-making. Therefore, smart investors in solar power projects want a solar feasibility analysis before putting a single shovel in the ground. The first thing you should do is do a solar feasibility analysis. A solar feasibility assessment is not necessary before starting a photovoltaic project, of course. It is a person’s right to spend several thousand dollars on solar power equipment. However, if their land is not in a good location for solar power, they may not get a return on their investment. They might not even be able to recuperate their equipment expenditures. Furthermore, putting such equipment on a property may be against zoning and permission rules. Investing in solar electricity is not a cut-and-dry proposition, contrary to common opinion. A comprehensive study is necessary, which includes the following due diligence services (a) Financial Modelling—Estimate and validate project ROI, (b) Project Costing—Complete a thorough budget analysis encompassing project, labour, and materials, (c) Site Analysis—Determine whether the area is suitable for solar power projects, (d) Costs of Interconnection—Identify possible interconnection costs and issues, and (e) Engineering Review—Before obtaining permissions, the engineering must be thoroughly reviewed. Whatever the results of the solar feasibility study reveal, one thing is certain: investing without first learning more is not just a risk, but it may also be disastrous. A recent study on renewable energy resources is one of the keys aims for recent improvements in big centres to make them less reliant on imported energy by developing and producing solar power locally. This section introduces the smart grid methodology, which is used to examine the viability of smart solar grid system design.

Energy is a key variable in today’s world, and it is important for any society’s socioeconomic well-being and stability. Concerns about the insecurity and fragility of fossil fuel supply, as well as the numerous and varied ways in which they harm our environment, have prompted a gradual but steady shift in the existing energy balance. Increased reliance on renewable energy sources is required for long-term growth. Solar energy, which has been used since the dawn of time, is now gaining traction as the “future” fuel, with enormous potential to supply the world's energy demands at any given time. Understanding the sun's energy pattern on Earth is needed to utilize it. Solar resources change geographically and temporally across Earth's surface. Solar applications start with a resource evaluation. Designing and modelling solar projects need solar data. Solar radiation measurement is expensive. Due to a dearth of ready-to-use solar radiation data, radiation must be estimated. Solar applications need diffuse and direct components to calculate radiation received by sloped surfaces. This emphasizes the need of calculating any of them from globally measured radiation to get the third component as the difference. These gadgets come in many forms. This work aimed to create realistic, basic diffuse radiation models. Adding meteorological elements to clearness index-diffuse ratio models improved the estimate. Renewable energy sources create power with a low input of carbon dioxide (CO₂) or other greenhouse gases (GHG) to the environment, as well as no damaging discharge on water or land. Solar, wind, hydro, and biomass are renewable energy sources with huge potential.