Skip to main content
Top
Published in:

28-10-2023 | Original Paper

Representation Matters: Review and Examination of Demographic Matching Effects on Organizational Outcomes

Authors: DaHee Shon, Elissa L. Perry, Joshua Elmore, David B. Mendelsohn

Published in: Journal of Business and Psychology | Issue 3/2024

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Research suggests that the extent to which there is a demographic match between employees and important stakeholder groups (e.g., customers, managers) can influence relevant organizational outcomes. However, demographic matching at the organizational level is understudied, and there remains uncertainty regarding how it should be conceptualized and operationalized. To address these gaps, the current research reviews and organizes the different ways of conceptualizing and operationalizing demographic matching, and how they are similar to and different from each other. In doing so, we demonstrate how different research questions necessitate different analytical approaches, namely: a representativeness index, polynomial regression with response surface methodology (RSM) using demographic group proportions, and polynomial regression with RSM using a diversity-as-variety measure. Based on the data from nearly one thousand higher education institutions in the U.S., we found significantly positive matching effects when students and faculty have similar racioethnic proportional compositions, but not necessarily when they have matching levels of racioethnic variety. Additionally, matching effects were found to be stronger among White faculty and students than among minority faculty and students. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications of the study results are discussed.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
1
Given that this listwise deletion approach can be prone to bias and less accuracy (e.g., Newman, 2014; Roth, 1994), we also ran the analyses using multivariate imputation techniques, which are known to be less biased and less error-prone (Newman, 2014). We generated three imputed datasets using mice package in R to compare model performance between them and found comparable results to the current findings across all hypotheses.
 
2
While some may argue that Asians should not be considered a minority in U.S. higher education, they only represent around 5% of the student population on average, which is lower than the share of Black and Hispanic students. Recent reports find that Asians are less likely than White faculty to hold full-time faculty positions (Espinosa, Turk, Taylor, & Chessman, 2019). Research also shows that Asian students struggle to persist through four years of undergraduate education due to stress related to minority status and associated expectations (e.g., having to prove their abilities) (Wei, Ku, & Liao, 2011). As a result, we included Asians in the creation of the minority proportions.
 
3
We chose the outcomes from 2015, because a four-year lag represents a typical number of years to observe the effects of predictor variables on student outcomes at four-year degree-granting institutions. However, in line with prior research that also used 5- and/or 6-year lags (Hosch, 2008; Williford, Chapman, & Kahrig, 2001), we ran additional analyses using the outcome data from 2016 and 2017. We found very similar patterns of results across the analyses testing our hypotheses.
 
Literature
go back to reference Abawi, Z., & Eizadirad, A. (2020). Bias-free or biased hiring? Racialized teachers’ perspectives on educational hiring practices in Ontario. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 193, 18–31. Abawi, Z., & Eizadirad, A. (2020). Bias-free or biased hiring? Racialized teachers’ perspectives on educational hiring practices in Ontario. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 193, 18–31.
go back to reference Aguirre, A. (2000). Women and Minority Faculty in the Academic Workplace: Recruitment, Retention, and Academic Culture. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, 27(6). Jossey-Bass Higher and Adult Education Series. Jossey-Bass. Aguirre, A. (2000). Women and Minority Faculty in the Academic Workplace: Recruitment, Retention, and Academic Culture. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, 27(6). Jossey-Bass Higher and Adult Education Series. Jossey-Bass.
go back to reference Ali, M., Metz, I., & Kulik, C. T. (2015). Retaining a diverse workforce: The impact of gender-focused human resource management. Human Resource Management Journal, 25(4), 580–599.CrossRef Ali, M., Metz, I., & Kulik, C. T. (2015). Retaining a diverse workforce: The impact of gender-focused human resource management. Human Resource Management Journal, 25(4), 580–599.CrossRef
go back to reference Anglin, D. M., & Wade, J. C. (2007). Racial socialization, racial identity, and Black students’ adjustment to college. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13(3), 207–215.PubMedCrossRef Anglin, D. M., & Wade, J. C. (2007). Racial socialization, racial identity, and Black students’ adjustment to college. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13(3), 207–215.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Avery, D. R., & McKay, P. F. (2006). Target practice: An organizational impression management approach to attracting minority and female job applicants. Personnel Psychology, 59, 157–187.CrossRef Avery, D. R., & McKay, P. F. (2006). Target practice: An organizational impression management approach to attracting minority and female job applicants. Personnel Psychology, 59, 157–187.CrossRef
go back to reference Avery, D. R., Mckay, P. F., Tonidandel, S., Volpone, S. D., & Morris, M. A. (2012). Is there method to the madness? Examining how racioethnic matching influences retail store productivity. Personnel Psychology, 65(1), 167–199.CrossRef Avery, D. R., Mckay, P. F., Tonidandel, S., Volpone, S. D., & Morris, M. A. (2012). Is there method to the madness? Examining how racioethnic matching influences retail store productivity. Personnel Psychology, 65(1), 167–199.CrossRef
go back to reference Benner, A. D., Graham, S., & Mistry, R. S. (2008). Discerning direct and mediated effects of ecological structures and processes on adolescents’ educational outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 44(3), 840.PubMedCrossRef Benner, A. D., Graham, S., & Mistry, R. S. (2008). Discerning direct and mediated effects of ecological structures and processes on adolescents’ educational outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 44(3), 840.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bettinger, E. P., & Long, B. T. (2005). Do faculty serve as role models? The impact of instructor gender on female Students. American Economic Review, 95(2), 152–157.CrossRef Bettinger, E. P., & Long, B. T. (2005). Do faculty serve as role models? The impact of instructor gender on female Students. American Economic Review, 95(2), 152–157.CrossRef
go back to reference Biemann, T., & Kearney, E. (2010). Size does matter: How varying group sizes in a sample affect the most common measures of group diversity. Organizational Research Methods, 13(3), 582–599.CrossRef Biemann, T., & Kearney, E. (2010). Size does matter: How varying group sizes in a sample affect the most common measures of group diversity. Organizational Research Methods, 13(3), 582–599.CrossRef
go back to reference Blau, P. (1977). Inequality and heterogeneity. Free Press. Blau, P. (1977). Inequality and heterogeneity. Free Press.
go back to reference Brief, A. P., Umphress, E. E., Dietz, J., Burrows, J. W., Butz, R. M., & Scholten, L. (2005). Community matters: Realistic group conflict theory and the impact of diversity. Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 830–844.CrossRef Brief, A. P., Umphress, E. E., Dietz, J., Burrows, J. W., Butz, R. M., & Scholten, L. (2005). Community matters: Realistic group conflict theory and the impact of diversity. Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 830–844.CrossRef
go back to reference Brooks, R. (2005). Measuring university quality. The Review of Higher Education, 29(1), 1–21.CrossRef Brooks, R. (2005). Measuring university quality. The Review of Higher Education, 29(1), 1–21.CrossRef
go back to reference Byrne, D. (1971). The attraction paradigm. Academic Press. Byrne, D. (1971). The attraction paradigm. Academic Press.
go back to reference Chattopadhyay, P., Tluchowska, M., & George, E. (2004). Identifying the ingroup: A closer look at the influence of demographic dissimilarity on employee social identity. Academy of Management Review, 29(2), 180–202.CrossRef Chattopadhyay, P., Tluchowska, M., & George, E. (2004). Identifying the ingroup: A closer look at the influence of demographic dissimilarity on employee social identity. Academy of Management Review, 29(2), 180–202.CrossRef
go back to reference Choi, S. (2017). Workforce diversity and job satisfaction of the majority and the minority: Analyzing the asymmetrical effects of relational demography on Whites and racial/ethnic minorities. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 37(1), 84–107.CrossRef Choi, S. (2017). Workforce diversity and job satisfaction of the majority and the minority: Analyzing the asymmetrical effects of relational demography on Whites and racial/ethnic minorities. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 37(1), 84–107.CrossRef
go back to reference Cohen, A., Nahum-Shani, I., & Doveh, E. (2010). Further insight and additional inference methods for polynomial regression applied to the analysis of congruence. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45(5), 828–852.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cohen, A., Nahum-Shani, I., & Doveh, E. (2010). Further insight and additional inference methods for polynomial regression applied to the analysis of congruence. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45(5), 828–852.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Connelly, B. L., Certo, S. T., Ireland, R. D., & Reutzel, C. R. (2011). Signaling theory: A review and assessment. Journal of Management, 37(1), 39–67.CrossRef Connelly, B. L., Certo, S. T., Ireland, R. D., & Reutzel, C. R. (2011). Signaling theory: A review and assessment. Journal of Management, 37(1), 39–67.CrossRef
go back to reference Delery, J. E., & Shaw, J. D. (2001). The strategic management of people in work organizations: Review, synthesis, and extension In Research in personnel and human resources management (pp. 165–197). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Delery, J. E., & Shaw, J. D. (2001). The strategic management of people in work organizations: Review, synthesis, and extension In Research in personnel and human resources management (pp. 165–197). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
go back to reference Drach-Zahavy, A., & Trogan, R. (2013). Opposites attract or attack? The moderating role of diversity climate in the team diversity–interpersonal aggression relationship. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(4), 449.PubMedCrossRef Drach-Zahavy, A., & Trogan, R. (2013). Opposites attract or attack? The moderating role of diversity climate in the team diversity–interpersonal aggression relationship. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(4), 449.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Dwyer, S., Richard, O. C., & Chadwick, K. (2003). Gender diversity in management and firm performance: The influence of growth orientation and organizational culture. Journal of Business Research, 56(12), 1009–1019.CrossRef Dwyer, S., Richard, O. C., & Chadwick, K. (2003). Gender diversity in management and firm performance: The influence of growth orientation and organizational culture. Journal of Business Research, 56(12), 1009–1019.CrossRef
go back to reference Eagly, A. H. (2016). When passionate advocates meet research on diversity, does the honest broker stand a chance? Journal of Social Issues, 72(1), 199–222.CrossRef Eagly, A. H. (2016). When passionate advocates meet research on diversity, does the honest broker stand a chance? Journal of Social Issues, 72(1), 199–222.CrossRef
go back to reference Edwards, J. R. (1993). Problems with the use of profile similarity indices in the study of congruence in organizational research. Personnel Psychology, 46(3), 641–665.CrossRef Edwards, J. R. (1993). Problems with the use of profile similarity indices in the study of congruence in organizational research. Personnel Psychology, 46(3), 641–665.CrossRef
go back to reference Edwards, J. R. (1994). The study of congruence in organizational behavior research: Critique and a proposed alternative. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 58(1), 51–100.CrossRef Edwards, J. R. (1994). The study of congruence in organizational behavior research: Critique and a proposed alternative. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 58(1), 51–100.CrossRef
go back to reference Edwards, J. R., & Parry, M. E. (1993). On the use of polynomial regression equations as an alternative to difference scores in organizational research. Academy of Management Journal, 36(6), 1577–1613.CrossRef Edwards, J. R., & Parry, M. E. (1993). On the use of polynomial regression equations as an alternative to difference scores in organizational research. Academy of Management Journal, 36(6), 1577–1613.CrossRef
go back to reference Esters, L. L., & Strayhorn, T. L. (2013). Demystifying the contributions of public land-grant historically Black colleges and universities: Voices of HBCU Presidents. Negro Educational Review, 64, 1–4. Esters, L. L., & Strayhorn, T. L. (2013). Demystifying the contributions of public land-grant historically Black colleges and universities: Voices of HBCU Presidents. Negro Educational Review, 64, 1–4.
go back to reference Fairlie, R. W., Hoffmann, F., & Oreopoulos, P. (2014). A community college instructor like me: Race and ethnicity interactions in the classroom. American Economic Review, 104(8), 2567–2591.CrossRef Fairlie, R. W., Hoffmann, F., & Oreopoulos, P. (2014). A community college instructor like me: Race and ethnicity interactions in the classroom. American Economic Review, 104(8), 2567–2591.CrossRef
go back to reference Gioia, D., & Thomas, J. (1996). Identity, image, and issue interpretation: Sensemaking during strategic change in academia. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(3), 370–403.CrossRef Gioia, D., & Thomas, J. (1996). Identity, image, and issue interpretation: Sensemaking during strategic change in academia. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(3), 370–403.CrossRef
go back to reference Gonzalez, J. A. (2013). Matchmaking: Community and business unit racial/ethnic diversity and business unit performance. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(21), 4063–4081.CrossRef Gonzalez, J. A. (2013). Matchmaking: Community and business unit racial/ethnic diversity and business unit performance. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(21), 4063–4081.CrossRef
go back to reference Gonzalez, J. A., & Denisi, A. S. (2009). Cross-level effects of demography and diversity climate on organizational attachment and firm effectiveness. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 30(1), 21–40.CrossRef Gonzalez, J. A., & Denisi, A. S. (2009). Cross-level effects of demography and diversity climate on organizational attachment and firm effectiveness. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 30(1), 21–40.CrossRef
go back to reference Guest, D. E. (1997). Human resource management and performance: A review and research agenda. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8(3), 263–276.CrossRef Guest, D. E. (1997). Human resource management and performance: A review and research agenda. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8(3), 263–276.CrossRef
go back to reference Harrison, D. A., & Klein, K. J. (2007). What’s the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32(4), 1199–1228.CrossRef Harrison, D. A., & Klein, K. J. (2007). What’s the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32(4), 1199–1228.CrossRef
go back to reference Herring, C. (2009). Does diversity pay? Race, gender, and the business case for diversity. American Sociological Review, 74, 208–224.CrossRef Herring, C. (2009). Does diversity pay? Race, gender, and the business case for diversity. American Sociological Review, 74, 208–224.CrossRef
go back to reference Hosch, B. J. (2008). Institutional and student characteristics that predict graduation and retention rates[Conference presentation]. The North East Association for Institutional Research, Providence, RI. Hosch, B. J. (2008). Institutional and student characteristics that predict graduation and retention rates[Conference presentation]. The North East Association for Institutional Research, Providence, RI.
go back to reference Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J., & Baer, J. C. (2012). How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms. Academy of Management Journal, 55(6), 1264–1294.CrossRef Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J., & Baer, J. C. (2012). How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms. Academy of Management Journal, 55(6), 1264–1294.CrossRef
go back to reference Joshi, E., Doan, S., & Springer, M. G. (2018). Student-teacher race congruence: New evidence and insight from Tennessee. AERA Open, 4(4), 1–25. Joshi, E., Doan, S., & Springer, M. G. (2018). Student-teacher race congruence: New evidence and insight from Tennessee. AERA Open, 4(4), 1–25.
go back to reference Kearney, E., Gebert, D., & Voelpel, S. C. (2009). When and how diversity benefits teams: The importance of team members’ need for cognition. Academy of Management Journal, 52(3), 581–598.CrossRef Kearney, E., Gebert, D., & Voelpel, S. C. (2009). When and how diversity benefits teams: The importance of team members’ need for cognition. Academy of Management Journal, 52(3), 581–598.CrossRef
go back to reference King, E., Dawson, J., West, M. A., Gilrane, V. L., Peddie, C. I., & Bastin, L. (2011). Why organizational and community diversity matter: Representativeness and the emergence of incivility and organizational performance. The Academy of Management Journal, 54(6), 1103–1118. King, E., Dawson, J., West, M. A., Gilrane, V. L., Peddie, C. I., & Bastin, L. (2011). Why organizational and community diversity matter: Representativeness and the emergence of incivility and organizational performance. The Academy of Management Journal, 54(6), 1103–1118.
go back to reference King, E., Dawson, J., Jensen, J., & Jones, K. (2017). A socioecological approach to relational demography: How relative representation and respectful coworkers affect job attitudes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32(1), 1–19.CrossRef King, E., Dawson, J., Jensen, J., & Jones, K. (2017). A socioecological approach to relational demography: How relative representation and respectful coworkers affect job attitudes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32(1), 1–19.CrossRef
go back to reference Kingsley, J. D. (1944). Representative bureaucracy: An interpretation of the British civil service. Antioch Press. Kingsley, J. D. (1944). Representative bureaucracy: An interpretation of the British civil service. Antioch Press.
go back to reference Kirkman, B. L., Tesluk, P. E., & Rosen, B. (2004). The impact of demographic heterogeneity and team leader-team member demographic fit on team empowerment and effectiveness. Group & Organization Management, 29(3), 334–368.CrossRef Kirkman, B. L., Tesluk, P. E., & Rosen, B. (2004). The impact of demographic heterogeneity and team leader-team member demographic fit on team empowerment and effectiveness. Group & Organization Management, 29(3), 334–368.CrossRef
go back to reference Komarraju, M., Musulkin, S., & Bhattacharya, G. (2010). Role of student–faculty interactions in developing college students’ academic self-concept, motivation, and achievement. Journal of College Student Development, 51(3), 332–342.CrossRef Komarraju, M., Musulkin, S., & Bhattacharya, G. (2010). Role of student–faculty interactions in developing college students’ academic self-concept, motivation, and achievement. Journal of College Student Development, 51(3), 332–342.CrossRef
go back to reference Kotey, B., & Sheridan, A. (2004). Changing HRM practices with firm growth. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 11(4), 474–485.CrossRef Kotey, B., & Sheridan, A. (2004). Changing HRM practices with firm growth. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 11(4), 474–485.CrossRef
go back to reference Kumar, R., Karabenick, S. A., & Burgoon, J. N. (2015). Teachers’ implicit attitudes, explicit beliefs, and the mediating role of respect and cultural responsibility on mastery and performance-focused instructional practices. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(2), 533–545.CrossRef Kumar, R., Karabenick, S. A., & Burgoon, J. N. (2015). Teachers’ implicit attitudes, explicit beliefs, and the mediating role of respect and cultural responsibility on mastery and performance-focused instructional practices. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(2), 533–545.CrossRef
go back to reference Lawrence, B. S. (1997). Perspective—The black box of organizational demography. Organizational Science, 8(1), 1–22.CrossRef Lawrence, B. S. (1997). Perspective—The black box of organizational demography. Organizational Science, 8(1), 1–22.CrossRef
go back to reference Leonard, J. S., Levine, D. I., & Joshi, A. (2004). Do birds of a feather shop together? The effects on performance of employees’ similarity with one another and with customers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(6), 731–754.CrossRef Leonard, J. S., Levine, D. I., & Joshi, A. (2004). Do birds of a feather shop together? The effects on performance of employees’ similarity with one another and with customers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(6), 731–754.CrossRef
go back to reference Lindsey, A. P., Avery, D. R., Dawson, J. F., & King, E. B. (2017). Investigating why and for whom management ethnic representativeness influences interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(11), 1545–1563.PubMedCrossRef Lindsey, A. P., Avery, D. R., Dawson, J. F., & King, E. B. (2017). Investigating why and for whom management ethnic representativeness influences interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(11), 1545–1563.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Llamas, J. D., Nguyen, K., & Tran, A. G. (2021). The case for greater faculty diversity: Examining the educational impacts of student-faculty racial/ethnic match. Race Ethnicity and Education, 24(3), 375–391.CrossRef Llamas, J. D., Nguyen, K., & Tran, A. G. (2021). The case for greater faculty diversity: Examining the educational impacts of student-faculty racial/ethnic match. Race Ethnicity and Education, 24(3), 375–391.CrossRef
go back to reference McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., & Morris, M. A. (2008). Mean racial-ethnic differences in employee sales performance: The moderating role of diversity climate. Personnel Psychology, 61(2), 349–374.CrossRef McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., & Morris, M. A. (2008). Mean racial-ethnic differences in employee sales performance: The moderating role of diversity climate. Personnel Psychology, 61(2), 349–374.CrossRef
go back to reference McLeod, P. L., Lobel, S. A., & Cox, T. H. (1996). Ethnic diversity and creativity in small groups. Small Group Research, 27(2), 248–264.CrossRef McLeod, P. L., Lobel, S. A., & Cox, T. H. (1996). Ethnic diversity and creativity in small groups. Small Group Research, 27(2), 248–264.CrossRef
go back to reference Miller, T., & Triana, M. D. C. (2009). Demographic diversity in the boardroom: Mediators of the board diversity—firm performance relationship. Journal of Management Studies, 46(5), 755–786.CrossRef Miller, T., & Triana, M. D. C. (2009). Demographic diversity in the boardroom: Mediators of the board diversity—firm performance relationship. Journal of Management Studies, 46(5), 755–786.CrossRef
go back to reference Min, S. (2016). The relations of a school's organizational climate to adolescents' school bond in racially diverse schools (Publication no. 10189400)[Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. Min, S. (2016). The relations of a school's organizational climate to adolescents' school bond in racially diverse schools (Publication no. 10189400)[Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
go back to reference Mohammed, S., & Angell, L. C. (2003). Personality heterogeneity in teams: Which differences make a difference for team performance? Small Group Research, 34(6), 651–677.CrossRef Mohammed, S., & Angell, L. C. (2003). Personality heterogeneity in teams: Which differences make a difference for team performance? Small Group Research, 34(6), 651–677.CrossRef
go back to reference Montgomery, R., & Montgomery, B. L. (2012). Graduation rates at historically black colleges and universities: An underperforming performance measure for determining institutional funding policies. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 60, 93–109.CrossRef Montgomery, R., & Montgomery, B. L. (2012). Graduation rates at historically black colleges and universities: An underperforming performance measure for determining institutional funding policies. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 60, 93–109.CrossRef
go back to reference Moore-Jones, P. J. (2022). Self-segregation, sense of belonging, and social support: An inquiry into the practices and perceptions of Chinese graduate students at an American Mid-Atlantic University. Journal of Global Education and Research, 6(1), 1–12.CrossRef Moore-Jones, P. J. (2022). Self-segregation, sense of belonging, and social support: An inquiry into the practices and perceptions of Chinese graduate students at an American Mid-Atlantic University. Journal of Global Education and Research, 6(1), 1–12.CrossRef
go back to reference Morgeson, F. P., & Hofmann, D. A. (1999). The structure and function of collective constructs: Implications for multilevel research and theory development. Academy of Management Review, 24(2), 249–265.CrossRef Morgeson, F. P., & Hofmann, D. A. (1999). The structure and function of collective constructs: Implications for multilevel research and theory development. Academy of Management Review, 24(2), 249–265.CrossRef
go back to reference Newman, D. A. (2014). Missing data: Five practical guidelines. Organizational Research Methods, 17(4), 372–411.CrossRef Newman, D. A. (2014). Missing data: Five practical guidelines. Organizational Research Methods, 17(4), 372–411.CrossRef
go back to reference Olsen, J. E., & Martins, L. L. (2016). Racioethnicity, community makeup, and potential employees’ reactions to organizational diversity management approaches. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(5), 657–672.PubMedCrossRef Olsen, J. E., & Martins, L. L. (2016). Racioethnicity, community makeup, and potential employees’ reactions to organizational diversity management approaches. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(5), 657–672.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Perry, E. L., Kulik, C. T., Mendelsohn, D. B., & Shon, D. (2022). Faculty gender diversity, institutional performance, and the role of diversity climate. Research in Higher Education, 63, 1204–1236.CrossRef Perry, E. L., Kulik, C. T., Mendelsohn, D. B., & Shon, D. (2022). Faculty gender diversity, institutional performance, and the role of diversity climate. Research in Higher Education, 63, 1204–1236.CrossRef
go back to reference Pitts, D. W. (2005). Diversity, representation, and performance: Evidence about race and ethnicity in public organizations. Journal of Public Administration Research & Theory, 15(4), 615–631.CrossRef Pitts, D. W. (2005). Diversity, representation, and performance: Evidence about race and ethnicity in public organizations. Journal of Public Administration Research & Theory, 15(4), 615–631.CrossRef
go back to reference Pitts, D. W. (2007). Representative bureaucracy, ethnicity, and public schools: Examining the link between representation and performance. Administration & Society, 39(4), 497–526.CrossRef Pitts, D. W. (2007). Representative bureaucracy, ethnicity, and public schools: Examining the link between representation and performance. Administration & Society, 39(4), 497–526.CrossRef
go back to reference Powell, B. A., Gilleland, D. S., & Pearson, L. C. (2012). Expenditures, efficiency, and effectiveness in U.S. undergraduate higher education: A national benchmark model. The Journal of Higher Education, 83(1), 102–127.CrossRef Powell, B. A., Gilleland, D. S., & Pearson, L. C. (2012). Expenditures, efficiency, and effectiveness in U.S. undergraduate higher education: A national benchmark model. The Journal of Higher Education, 83(1), 102–127.CrossRef
go back to reference Price, J. (2010). The effect of instructor race and gender on student persistence in STEM fields. Economics of Education Review, 29(6), 901–910.CrossRef Price, J. (2010). The effect of instructor race and gender on student persistence in STEM fields. Economics of Education Review, 29(6), 901–910.CrossRef
go back to reference Price, D. V., & Tovar, E. (2014). Student engagement and institutional graduation rates: Identifying high-impact educational practices for community colleges. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 38(9), 766–782.CrossRef Price, D. V., & Tovar, E. (2014). Student engagement and institutional graduation rates: Identifying high-impact educational practices for community colleges. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 38(9), 766–782.CrossRef
go back to reference Pucciarelli, F., & Kaplan, A. (2016). Competition and strategy in higher education: Managing complexity and uncertainty. Business Horizons, 59(3), 311–320.CrossRef Pucciarelli, F., & Kaplan, A. (2016). Competition and strategy in higher education: Managing complexity and uncertainty. Business Horizons, 59(3), 311–320.CrossRef
go back to reference Ragins, B. R., Gonzalez, J. A., Ehrhardt, K., & Singh, R. (2012). Crossing the threshold: The spillover of community racial diversity and diversity climate to the workplace. Personnel Psychology, 65, 755–787.CrossRef Ragins, B. R., Gonzalez, J. A., Ehrhardt, K., & Singh, R. (2012). Crossing the threshold: The spillover of community racial diversity and diversity climate to the workplace. Personnel Psychology, 65, 755–787.CrossRef
go back to reference Raikes, M. H., Berling, V. L., & Davis, J. M. (2012). To dream the impossible dream: College graduation in four years. Christian Higher Education, 11(5), 310–319.CrossRef Raikes, M. H., Berling, V. L., & Davis, J. M. (2012). To dream the impossible dream: College graduation in four years. Christian Higher Education, 11(5), 310–319.CrossRef
go back to reference Richard, O. C., Murthi, B. P. S., & Ismail, K. (2007). The impact of racial diversity on intermediate and long-term performance: The moderating role of environmental context. Strategic Management Journal, 28, 1213–1233.CrossRef Richard, O. C., Murthi, B. P. S., & Ismail, K. (2007). The impact of racial diversity on intermediate and long-term performance: The moderating role of environmental context. Strategic Management Journal, 28, 1213–1233.CrossRef
go back to reference Richard, O. C., Stewart, M. M., McKay, P. F., & Sackett, T. W. (2017). The impact of store-unit–community racial diversity congruence on store-unit sales performance. Journal of Management, 43(7), 2386–2403.CrossRef Richard, O. C., Stewart, M. M., McKay, P. F., & Sackett, T. W. (2017). The impact of store-unit–community racial diversity congruence on store-unit sales performance. Journal of Management, 43(7), 2386–2403.CrossRef
go back to reference Riordan, C. M. (2000). Relational demography within groups: Past developments, contradictions, and new directions. In G. R. Ferris (Ed.), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management 19 (pp. 131–173). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.CrossRef Riordan, C. M. (2000). Relational demography within groups: Past developments, contradictions, and new directions. In G. R. Ferris (Ed.), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management 19 (pp. 131–173). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.CrossRef
go back to reference Rjosk, C., Richter, D., Lüdtke, O., & Eccles, J. S. (2017). Ethnic composition and heterogeneity in the classroom: Their measurement and relationship with student outcomes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 109(8), 1188.CrossRef Rjosk, C., Richter, D., Lüdtke, O., & Eccles, J. S. (2017). Ethnic composition and heterogeneity in the classroom: Their measurement and relationship with student outcomes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 109(8), 1188.CrossRef
go back to reference Rocha, R. R., & Hawes, D. P. (2009). Racial diversity, representative bureaucracy, and equity in multiracial school districts. Social Science Quarterly, 90(2), 326–344.CrossRef Rocha, R. R., & Hawes, D. P. (2009). Racial diversity, representative bureaucracy, and equity in multiracial school districts. Social Science Quarterly, 90(2), 326–344.CrossRef
go back to reference Rosenbaum, M. S. (2005). The symbolic servicescape: Your kind is welcomed here. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 4(4), 257–267.CrossRef Rosenbaum, M. S. (2005). The symbolic servicescape: Your kind is welcomed here. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 4(4), 257–267.CrossRef
go back to reference Roth, P. L. (1994). Missing data: A conceptual review for applied psychologists. Personnel Psychology, 47(3), 537–560.CrossRef Roth, P. L. (1994). Missing data: A conceptual review for applied psychologists. Personnel Psychology, 47(3), 537–560.CrossRef
go back to reference Schönbrodt, F. D., Humberg, S., & Nestler, S. (2018). Testing similarity effects with dyadic response surface analysis. European Journal of Personality, 32(6), 627–641.CrossRef Schönbrodt, F. D., Humberg, S., & Nestler, S. (2018). Testing similarity effects with dyadic response surface analysis. European Journal of Personality, 32(6), 627–641.CrossRef
go back to reference Shanock, L. R., Baran, B. E., Gentry, W. A., Pattison, S. C., & Heggestad, E. D. (2010). Polynomial regression with response surface analysis: A powerful approach for examining moderation and overcoming limitations of difference scores. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 543–554.CrossRef Shanock, L. R., Baran, B. E., Gentry, W. A., Pattison, S. C., & Heggestad, E. D. (2010). Polynomial regression with response surface analysis: A powerful approach for examining moderation and overcoming limitations of difference scores. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 543–554.CrossRef
go back to reference Shin, J. C. (2010). Impacts of performance-based accountability on institutional performance in the U.S. Higher Education, 60, 47–68.CrossRef Shin, J. C. (2010). Impacts of performance-based accountability on institutional performance in the U.S. Higher Education, 60, 47–68.CrossRef
go back to reference Shulman, L. S. (2001). The Carnegie classification of institutions of higher education. Carnegie Publication. Shulman, L. S. (2001). The Carnegie classification of institutions of higher education. Carnegie Publication.
go back to reference Spence, M. (2002). Signaling in retrospect and the informational structure of markets. The American Economic Review, 92, 434–459.CrossRef Spence, M. (2002). Signaling in retrospect and the informational structure of markets. The American Economic Review, 92, 434–459.CrossRef
go back to reference Styron, R., Jr. (2010). Student satisfaction and persistence: Factors vital to student retention. Research in Higher Education Journal, 6, 1. Styron, R., Jr. (2010). Student satisfaction and persistence: Factors vital to student retention. Research in Higher Education Journal, 6, 1.
go back to reference Tamam, E. (2013). Interracial bridging social capital among students of a multicultural university in Malaysia. Journal of College Student Development, 54(1), 85–97.CrossRef Tamam, E. (2013). Interracial bridging social capital among students of a multicultural university in Malaysia. Journal of College Student Development, 54(1), 85–97.CrossRef
go back to reference Tinto, V. (1975). Dropout from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research. Review of Educational Research, 45(1), 89–125.CrossRef Tinto, V. (1975). Dropout from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research. Review of Educational Research, 45(1), 89–125.CrossRef
go back to reference Tsui, A. S., & O’Reilly, C. A. (1989). Beyond simple demographic effects: The importance of relational demography in superior-subordinate dyads. Academy of Management Journal, 32(2), 402–423.CrossRef Tsui, A. S., & O’Reilly, C. A. (1989). Beyond simple demographic effects: The importance of relational demography in superior-subordinate dyads. Academy of Management Journal, 32(2), 402–423.CrossRef
go back to reference Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Blackwell. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Blackwell.
go back to reference Turner, C. S. V., González, J. C., & Wood, J. L. (2008). Faculty of color in academe: What 20 years of literature tells us. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 1(3), 139–168.CrossRef Turner, C. S. V., González, J. C., & Wood, J. L. (2008). Faculty of color in academe: What 20 years of literature tells us. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 1(3), 139–168.CrossRef
go back to reference Van Knippenberg, D., De Dreu, C. K., & Homan, A. C. (2004). Work group diversity and group performance: An integrative model and research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6), 1008–1022.PubMedCrossRef Van Knippenberg, D., De Dreu, C. K., & Homan, A. C. (2004). Work group diversity and group performance: An integrative model and research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6), 1008–1022.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Watkins, M. B., Simmons, A., & Umphress, E. (2019). It’s Not Black and White: Toward a Contingency Perspective on the Consequences of Being a Token. Academy of Management Perspectives, 33(3), 334–365.CrossRef Watkins, M. B., Simmons, A., & Umphress, E. (2019). It’s Not Black and White: Toward a Contingency Perspective on the Consequences of Being a Token. Academy of Management Perspectives, 33(3), 334–365.CrossRef
go back to reference Watson, W. E., Johnson, L., & Zgourides, G. D. (2002). The influence of ethnic diversity on leadership, group process, and performance: An examination of learning teams. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26(1), 1–16.CrossRef Watson, W. E., Johnson, L., & Zgourides, G. D. (2002). The influence of ethnic diversity on leadership, group process, and performance: An examination of learning teams. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26(1), 1–16.CrossRef
go back to reference Wei, M., Ku, T. Y., & Liao, K. Y. H. (2011). Minority stress and college persistence attitudes among African American, Asian American, and Latino students: Perception of university environment as a mediator. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17(2), 195.PubMedCrossRef Wei, M., Ku, T. Y., & Liao, K. Y. H. (2011). Minority stress and college persistence attitudes among African American, Asian American, and Latino students: Perception of university environment as a mediator. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17(2), 195.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Williams, K. Y., & O’Reilly, C. A. (1998). Demography and diversity in organizations: A review of 40 years of research. Research in Organizational Behavior, 20, 77–140. Williams, K. Y., & O’Reilly, C. A. (1998). Demography and diversity in organizations: A review of 40 years of research. Research in Organizational Behavior, 20, 77–140.
go back to reference Williford, A. M., Chapman, L. C., & Kahrig, T. (2001). The university experience course: A longitudinal study of student performance, retention, and graduation. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice., 2(4), 327–340.CrossRef Williford, A. M., Chapman, L. C., & Kahrig, T. (2001). The university experience course: A longitudinal study of student performance, retention, and graduation. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice., 2(4), 327–340.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Representation Matters: Review and Examination of Demographic Matching Effects on Organizational Outcomes
Authors
DaHee Shon
Elissa L. Perry
Joshua Elmore
David B. Mendelsohn
Publication date
28-10-2023
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Business and Psychology / Issue 3/2024
Print ISSN: 0889-3268
Electronic ISSN: 1573-353X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-023-09913-8

Premium Partner