Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Reinforcement of Timber Elements in Existing Structures Read chapter Read first chapter

2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Retrofitting of Traditional Timber Floors

Authors : Luis C. Neves, Ivan Giongo

Published in: Reinforcement of Timber Elements in Existing Structures

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Timber floors are a critical component of many historical and modern buildings. Due to incorrect design and construction, effects of deterioration, change in use, and/or functional requirements, these components frequently need to be retrofitted. This chapter reviews the need for retrofitting of existing timber floors and critically evaluates a range of methods to improve their strength and stiffness, both in-plane and out-of-plane. The review of the available literature shows that this is a very active area of research and, in spite of the enormous progress achieved in the last decades, suggests that new and better methods will be developed in the future.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter Reinforcement of Historic Timber Roofs
next chapter Reinforcement of Traditional Carpentry Joints
Literature
1.
Branco JM, Descamps T, Tsakanika E (2018) Repair and strengthening of traditional timber roof and floor structures. Strengthening and retrofitting of existing structures. Springer, Berlin, pp 113–138CrossRef
2.
Parisi MA, Piazza M (2007) Restoration and strengthening of timber structures: principles, criteria, and examples. Pract Periodical Struct Des Constr 12(4):177–185CrossRef
3.
Parisi MA, Piazza M (2015) Seismic strengthening and seismic improvement of timber structures. Constr Build Mater 97:55–66CrossRef
4.
Grubbs A, Hueste M, Bracci JM (2007) Seismic rehabilitation of wood diaphragms in unreinforced masonry buildings. Texas A&M University
5.
Binda L, Penazzi D, Valuzzi MR, Cardani G, Baronio G, Modena C (2000) Behavior of historic masonry buildings in seismic areas: lessons learned from the Umbria-Marche earthquake. Proceedings of the 12th international brick/block masonry conference, Madrid, Spain, pp 217–235
6.
Spence R, D’Ayala D (1999) Damage assessment and analysis of the 1997 umbria-marche earthquakes. Struct Eng Int 9(3):229–233CrossRef
7.
Dizhur D et al (2011) Performance of masonry buildings and churches in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Bull N Z Soc Earthq Eng 44(4):279–296
8.
D’Ayala D, Paganoni S (2011) Assessment and analysis of damage in L’Aquila historic city centre after 6th April 2009. Bull Earthq Eng 9(1):81–104CrossRef
9.
Penna A, Morandi P, Rota M, Manzini CF, da Porto F, Magenes G (2013) Performance of masonry buildings during the Emilia 2012 earthquake. Bull Earthq Eng 12(5):2255–2273CrossRef
10.
Sorrentino L, Cattari S, da Porto F, Magenes G, Penna A (2018) Seismic behaviour of ordinary masonry buildings during the 2016 central Italy earthquakes. Bull Earthq Eng 17:5583–5607CrossRef
11.
Baldessari C, Piazza M, Tomasi R (2009) The refurbishment of existing timber floors: characterization of the in-plane behaviour. Protection of historical buildings: proceedings of the international conference on protection of historical buildings, PROHITECH 09, Rome, Italy, 21–24 June 2009, pp 255–260
12.
ATC (Applied Technology Council) (1981) Guidelines for the design of horizontal wood diaphragms. Berkeley, CA: ATC
13.
Rizzi E, Giongo I, Ingham J, Dizhur D (2019) Testing and modelling of retrofitted timber diaphragms loaded in-plane. J Struct Eng 146(2)
14.
Donà C, De Maria A (2011) (eds) Manuale delle murature storiche. ISBN: 884960403 (in Italian)
15.
Circolare 21 gennaio (2019) n.7 C.S.LL.PP, Istruzioni per l’applicazione dell’”Norme tecniche per le costruzioni” di cui al decreto ministeriale 17 gennaio 2018. Ministry of Infrastructures and Transportation, (in Italian)
16.
De Benedictis R, De Felice G, Giuffrè A (1993) Anti-seismic renewal of a building. In: Giuffrè (ed) Safety and preservation of historical city centre. Editrice Laterza, Bari (In Italian)
17.
Marini A, Giuriani E (2006) Transformation of wooden roof pitches into antiseismic shear resistance diaphragms, structural analysis of historical constructions, New Delhi
18.
Parisi MA, Chesi C (2014) Seismic vulnerability of traditional buildings: the effect of roof-masonry walls interaction. NCEE 2014—10th U.S. national conference on earthquake engineering: frontiers of earthquake engineering 2014. Anchorage, USA
19.
Senaldi I, Magenes G, Penna A, Galasco A, Rota M (2014) The effect of stiffened floor and roof diaphragms on the experimental seismic response of a full-scale unreinforced stone masonry building. J Earthq Eng 18(3):407–443CrossRef
20.
Brignola A, Pampanin S, Podestà S (2009) Evaluation and control of the in-plane stiffness of timber floors for the performance-based retrofit of URM buildings. Bull NZ Soc Earthq Eng 42(3):204
21.
Nakamura H, Derakhshan G, Magenes MC (2017) Griffith, influence of diaphragm flexibility on seismic response of unreinforced masonry buildings. J Earthq Eng 21(6):935–960
22.
Scotta R, Trutalli D, Marchi L, Pozza L (2018) Seismic performance of URM buildings with in-plane non-stiffened and stiffened timber floors. Eng Struct 167:683–694CrossRef
23.
Spencer RJS, Oliveira CS, D’Ayala D, Papa F, Zuccaro G (2000) The performance of strengthened masonry buildings in recent European earthquakes. In: Proceedings of 12th WCEE conference, Auckland
24.
Doglioni F (2000) Handbook (guidelines) for the design of adjustment interventions, seismic strengthening, and renewal of architectural treasures damaged during the Umbria-Marche earthquake in 1997. Official Bulletin of Marche Region, Ancona (in Italian)
25.
Hsiao JK, Tezcan J (2012) Seismic retrofitting for chord reinforcement for unreinforced masonry historic buildings with flexible diaphragms. Pract Periodical Struct Design Const ASCE 17(3):102–109CrossRef
26.
Brignola A, Podestà A, Pampanin S (2008) In-plane stiffness of wooden floor. In: Proceedings of the New Zealand society for earthquake engineering conference. University of Canterbury, Canterbury, New Zealand
27.
Schiro G, Giongo I, Ingham J, Dizhur D (2018) Lateral performance of as-built and retrofitted timber diaphragm fastener connections. J Mater Civil Eng 30(1)
28.
Wilson A, Quenneville PJH, Moon FL, Ingham JM (2014) Lateral performance of nail connections from century old timber floor diaphragms. ASCE J Mater Civil Eng 26(1):202–205
29.
European Committee for Standardization (2014) EN 1995-1-1:2004 + A2:2014: Eurocode 5—design of timber structures, Part 1-1, general—common rules and rules for buildings. CEN, Brussels, Belgium
30.
ASCE (2017) Seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing buildings. ASCE 41-17. Reston, VA: ASCE
31.
ABK–TR–03 (1981) Methodology for mitigation of seismic hazards in existing unreinforced masonry buildings: diaphragm testing, ABK
32.
NZSEE (New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering) (2017) Assessment and improvement of the structural performance of buildings in earthquakes. NZSEE, Wellington, New Zealand
33.
Wilson A, Quenneville PJH, Ingham JM (2014) In-plane orthotropic behaviour of timber floor diaphragms in unreinforced masonry buildings. ASCE J Struct Eng 140(1):04013038
34.
Giongo I, Dizhur D, Tomasi R, Ingham JM (2014) Field testing of flexible timber diaphragms in an existing vintage URM building. ASCE J Struct Eng 141(1)
35.
Giongo I, Schiro G, Tomasi R, Dizhur D, Ingham J (2015) Seismic assessment procedures for flexible timber diaphragms. In: Historical earthquake-resistant timber framing in the mediterranean area
36.
Giongo I, Wilson A, Dizhur DY, Derakhshan H, Tomasi R, Griffith MC, Quenneville P, Ingham J (2014) Detailed seismic assessment and improvement procedure for vintage flexible timber diaphragms. NZSEE Bull 47:97–118
37.
Rizzi E, Capovilla M, Giongo I, Piazza M (2017) Numerical study on the in-plane behaviour of existing timber diaphragms strengthened with diagonal sheathing, SHATIS’17. In: International conference on structural health assessment of timber structures, Instanbul, Turkey
38.
Rizzi E, Capovilla M, Piazza M, Giongo I (2019) In-plane behaviour of timber diaphragms retrofitted with CLT panels. In: Aguilar R et al (eds) Structural analysis of historical constructions, RILEM Bookseries 18:1613–1622
39.
Valluzzi MR, Garbin E, dalla Benetta M, Modena C (2013) Experimental characterization of timber floors strengthened by in-plane improvement techniques. Adv Mater Res 778:682–689
40.
Gattesco N, Macorini L (2008) High reversibility technique for in-plane stiffening of wooden floors. Structural analysis of historic construction. Taylor & Francis, London
41.
Gattesco N, Macorini L (2014) In-plane stiffening techniques with nail plates or CFRP strips for timber floors in historical masonry buildings. Constr Build Mater 58:64–76CrossRef
42.
Gattesco N, Macorini L (2006) Strengthening and stiffening ancient wooden floors with flat steel profiles. Struct Anal Hist Const, New Delhi
43.
Valluzzi MR, Garbin E, Dalla Benetta M, Modena C (2010) In-plane strengthening of timber floors for the seismic improvement of masonry buildings. In: Ceccotti A, Van de Kuilen JW (eds) 11th world conference on timber engineering WCTE 2010, Riva del Garda, Italy, 20–24 June 2010
44.
Corradi M, Speranzini E, Borri A, Vignoli A (2006) In-plane shear reinforcement of wood beam floors with FRP. Composites: Part B37:310–319
45.
Brignola A, Pampanin S, Podestà S (2012) Experimental evaluation of the in-plane stiffness of timber diaphragms. Earthq Spectra 28(4):1687–1709CrossRef
46.
Giongo I, Dizhur D, Tomasi R, Ingham JM (2013) In plane assessment of existing timber diaphragms in URM buildings via quasi static and dynamic in situ tests. Adv Mater Res 778:495–502CrossRef
47.
Gubana A, Melotto M (2018) Experimental tests on wood-based in-plane strengthening solutions for the seismic retrofit of traditional timber floors. Constr Build Mater 191:290–299CrossRef
48.
Branco JM, Kekeliak M, Lourenço PB (2014) In-plane stiffness of traditional timber floors strengthened with CLT. RILEM Bookseries 9:725–737
49.
Schiro G, Rizzi E, Piazza M (2017) Interventions aimed at reducing the excessive deformability of timber floors: strengthening and stiffening techniques according to the new Italian code (NTC). In: Proceedings of the XVII ANIDIS (Italian national association of earthquake engineering) conference, Pistoia, Italy (in Italian)
50.
Binda L, Gambarotta L, Lagomarsino S, Modena C (1999) A multilevel approach to the damage assessment and the seismic improvement of masonry buildings in Italy. In: Bernardini A (ed) Seismic damage to masonry buildings, Balkema, Rotterdam
51.
Steinberg E, Selle R, Faust T (2003) Connectors for timber-lightweight concrete composite structures. J Struct Eng 129(11):1538–1545CrossRef
52.
Santos P, Martins C, Skinner J, Harris R, Dias A, Godinho L (2015) Modal frequencies of a reinforced timber-concrete composite floor: testing and modeling. J Struct Eng 141(11):04015029CrossRef
53.
Möhler K (1956) Űber das tragverhalten von biegeträgern und druckstützen mit zusammengesetzten querschnitten und nachgiebigen verbindungsmitteln, Habilitation Thesis, TU-Karlsruhe (in German)
54.
Frangi A, Fontana M (2003) Elasto-plastic model for timber-concrete composite beams with ductile connection. Struct Eng Int 13(1):47–57CrossRef
55.
Yeoh D, Fragiacomo M, De Franceschi M, Heng Boon K (2011) State of the art on timber-concrete composite structures: literature review. J Struct Eng 137(10):1085–1095
56.
Fragiacomo M, Yeoh D (2010) Design of timber-concrete composite beams with notched connections. In: Meeting forty-three of the working commission W18-timber structures, CIB
57.
Otero-Chans D, Estévez-Cimadevila J, Suárez-Riestra F, Martín-Gutiérrez E (2018) Experimental analysis of glued-in steel plates used as shear connectors in timber-concrete-composites. Eng Struct 170:0141-0296
58.
Van der Linden M (1999) Timber–concrete composite floors. PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology
59.
Dias A, Jorge F (2011) The effect of ductile connectors on the behaviour of timber–concrete composite beams. Eng Struct 33:3033–3042CrossRef
60.
Sebastian WM, Piazza M, Harvey T, Webster T (2018) Forward and Reverse shear transfer in beech LVL-concrete composites with singly inclined coach screw connectors. Eng Struct 175:231–244CrossRef
61.
Sebastian WM, Mudie J, Cox G, Piazza M, Tomasi R, Giongo I (2016) Insight into mechanics of externally indeterminate hardwood-concrete composite beams. Constr Build Mater 102(2):1029–1048CrossRef
62.
Ceccotti A (2002) Composite concrete-timber structures. Prog Struct Mat Eng 4(3):264–275CrossRef
63.
Fragiacomo M (2006) Long-term behavior of timber–concrete composite beams. II: Numerical analysis and simplified evaluation. J Struct Eng 132(1):23–33
64.
Schänzlin J (2015) Zum Langzeitverhalten von Brettstapel-Beton-Verbunddecken. PhD thesis, Institut für Konstruktion und Entwurf, University of Stuttgart
65.
Dias A, Schänzlin J, Dietsch P (eds) (2018) Design on timber-concrete composite structures—a state-of-the-art report by COST action FP1402/WG 4. Shaker Verlag Aachen
66.
Dias A, Skinner J, Crews K, Tannert T (2016) Timber-concrete-composites increasing the use of timber in construction. Eur J Wood Wood Prod 74(3):443–451CrossRef
67.
Pizzo B, Smedley D (2015) Adhesives for on-site bonding: characteristics, testing and prospects. Constr Build Mater 97:67–77CrossRef
68.
Raftery G, Harte A, Rodd P (2009) Bonding of FRP materials to wood using thin epoxy gluelines. Int J Adhes Adhes 29:580–588CrossRef
69.
Schober K, Harte AM, Kliger R, Jockwer R, Xu Q, Chen J-F (2015) FRP reinforcement of timber structures, construction and building materials. Special Issue Reinforcement Timber Struct 97:106–118
70.
Hollaway L, Teng J (2008) Strengthening and rehabilitation of civil infrastructures using fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, UKCrossRef
71.
Greco A, Maffezzoli A, Casciaro G, Caretto F (2014) Mechanical properties of basalt fibers and their adhesion to polypropylene matrices. Compos B Eng 67:233–238CrossRef
72.
Nowak TP, Jasienko J, Czepizak D (2013) Experimental tests and numerical analysis of historic bent timber elements reinforced with CFRP strips. Constr Build Mater 40:197–206CrossRef
73.
Kliger R, Johansson M, Crocetti R (2008) Strengthening timber with CFRP or steel plates—short and long-term performance. In: Proceedings of world conference on timber engineering, Miyazaki, Japan
74.
Borri A, Corradi M, Grazini A (2005) A method for flexural reinforcement of old wood beams with CFRP materials. Compos B Eng 36:143–153CrossRef
75.
Li YF, Xie YM, Tsai MJ (2009) Enhancement of the flexural performance of retrofitted wood beams using CFRP composite sheets. Const Build Mater 23:411–422CrossRef
76.
Johns KC, Lacroix S (2000) Composite reinforcement of timber in bending. Can J Civ Eng 27:899–906CrossRef
77.
Valluzzi MR, Nardon F, Garbin E, Panizza M (2016) Multi-scale characterization of moisture and thermal cycle effects on composite-to-timber strengthening. Const Build Mater 102:1070–1083CrossRef
78.
Hoseinpour H, Valluzzi MR, Garbin E, Panizza M (2018) Analytical investigation of timber beams strengthened with composite materials. Const Build Mater 191:1242–1251
79.
CNR-DT 201/2005 (2005) Instructions for strengthening interventions on timber structures by using fiber reinforced composites (in Italian)
80.
CNR-DT 200/2004 (2004) Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening existing structures: materials, RC structures, prestressed RC structures, masonry structures
81.
Martin A, Tingley D (2000) Fire resistance of FRP reinforced glulam beams. In: World conference on timber engineering, Whistler Resort, British Columbia, Canada
82.
Haghani R, Al-Emrani M (2014) A new method and device for application of bonded prestressed FRP laminates. In: Proceedings of the second international conference on advances in civil and structural engineering, Kuala Lampur, Malaysia
83.
Negrão J, Brunner M, Lehmann M (2008) Pre-stressing of timber. In: Richter K, Cruz H (eds) COST E34—bonding of wood—WG1: bonding on site—core document
84.
Kliger IR, Haghani R, Brunner M, Harte AM, Schober K (2016) Wood-based beams strengthened with FRP laminates: improved performance with pre-stressed systems. Eur J Wood Wood Prod 74(3):319–330CrossRef
85.
Piazza M (1994) Restoration of timber floors via a composite timber-timber solution. In: Proceedings of the technical workshop RILEM timber: a structural material from the past to the future
86.
Modena C, Valluzzi MR, Garbin E, da Porto F (2004) A strengthening technique for timber floors using traditional materials. In: Proceedings of the fourth international seminar on structural analysis of historical constructions, Padova, Italy, 10–13 Nov 2004, pp 911–921
87.
Valluzzi MR, Garbin E, Modena C (2007) Flexural strengthening of timber beams by traditional and innovative techniques. J Build Appraisal 3(2):125–143CrossRef
88.
Piazza M, Riggio M, Tomasi R, Giongo I (2010) Comparison of in situ and laboratory testing for the characterization of old timber beams before and after intervention. Adv Mater Res 133–134:1101–1106CrossRef
89.
Giongo I, Piazza M, Tomasi R (2012) Out of plane refurbishment techniques of existing timber floors by means of timber to timber composite structures. In: WCTE, world conference on timber engineering, Auckland, New Zealand
90.
Riggio M, Tomasi R, Piazza M (2014) Refurbishment of a traditional timber floor with a reversible technique: Importance of the investigation campaign for design and control of the intervention. Int J Architectural Heritage 8(1):74–93CrossRef
91.
Bejtka I, Blass HJ (2002) Joints with inclined screws. In: Proceedings from meeting thirty-five of the international council for building research studies and documentation, CIB, Working Commission W18—timber structure, Kyoto, Japan
92.
Tomasi R, Crosatti A, Piazza M (2010) Theoretical and experimental analysis of timber-to-timber joints connected with inclined screws. Constr Build Mater 24:1560–1571CrossRef
93.
Schiro G, Giongo I, Sebastian W, Riccadonna D, Piazza M (2018) Testing of timber screw-connections in hybrid configurations. Constr Build Mater 171:170–186CrossRef
94.
Giongo I, Piazza M, Tomasi R (2013) Investigation on the self tapping screws capability to induce internal stress in timber elements. Adv Mater Res 778:604–611CrossRef
95.
Giongo I, Schiro G, Riccadonna D (2019) Innovative pre-stressing and cambering of timber-to-timber composite beams. Compos Struct, p 226
96.
Giongo I, Schiro G, Walsh K, Riccadonna D (2019) Experimental testing of pre-stressed timber-to-timber composite (TTC) floors. Eng Struct 201:109808CrossRef
97.
Riccadonna D, Walsh K, Schiro G, Piazza M, Giongo I (2020) Testing of long-term behaviour of pre-stressed timber-to-timber composite (TTC) floors. Const Build Mater 236
98.
de Lima L, Costa AA, Rodrigues CF (2018) On the use of prestress for structural strengthening of timber beams: assessment with numerical support and experimental validation. Int J Arch Heritage 12(4):710–725
99.
Gubana A (2010) Experimental tests on timber-to-cross lam composite section beams. In: Proceedings of 11th world conference on timber engineering WCTE 2010, Riva del Garda, TN, Italy
100.
Hossain A, Popovski M, Tannert T (2018) Cross-laminated timber connections assembled with a combination of screws in withdrawal and screws in shear. Eng Struct 168:1–11CrossRef
101.
Sullivan K, Miller TH, Gupta R (2018) Behavior of cross-laminated timber diaphragm connections with self-tapping. Eng Struct 168:505–524CrossRef
102.
Roensmaens B, Van Parys L, Carpentier O, Descamps T (2018) Refurbishment of existing timber floors with screwed CLT panels. Int J Architectural Heritage 12(4):622–631CrossRef
103.
Roensmaens B, Van Parys L, Branco J, Descamps T (2019) Proposal of a CLT reinforcement of old timber floors. In: Aguilar R et al (2019) Structural analysis of historical constructions. RILEM Bookseries, p 18
Metadata
Title
Retrofitting of Traditional Timber Floors
Authors
Luis C. Neves
Ivan Giongo
Copyright Year
2021
Book
Reinforcement of Timber Elements in Existing Structures

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-67793-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-67794-7

Copyright Year: 2021

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67794-7_11