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Published in:
2013 | OriginalPaper | Chapter
50. Reversible Watermarking Based on Prediction-Error Expansion for 2D Vector Maps
Authors : Mingqin Geng, Yuqing Zhang, Puyi Yu, Yifu Gao
Published in: Emerging Technologies for Information Systems, Computing, and Management
Publisher: Springer New York
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Abstract
In order to increase the embedding capacity when one hides information in 2D vector maps in a reversible way, researchers present a novel algorithm based on prediction-error expansion. In two neighboring coordinate values, researchers use the latter as the predicted value of the former. The difference between the original value and the predicted one is the prediction error. Then, the prediction error is expanded to hide one watermark bit. To control the distortion, researchers preset a threshold. Only those satisfying the threshold condition are selected for embedding. The others are shifted so that the decoder can identify the marked coordinate values by the range that their prediction errors fall into. Experiment results show that bits per coordinate (bpc) on the test river map is 0.7. The algorithm has good performance in capacity and RMSE value. The proposed algorithm can be used in 2D vector maps for data integrity protection, etc.