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2014 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

1. Review of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and Related Technologies for Mobile Applications

Author : Timothy V. Johnson

Published in: Urea-SCR Technology for deNOx After Treatment of Diesel Exhausts

Publisher: Springer New York

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Abstract

This chapter will provide an overview of the major legislative and technology developments related to SCR for mobile applications. Regulatory initiatives are moving forward in all markets in the light-duty (LD), heavy-duty (HD), and non-road (NR) (agriculture and construction) sectors. NOx regulations are quite tight, forcing deNOx aftertreatment in all US LD diesel applications, and most HD and NR applications in the US, Europe, and Japan. CO2 regulations are also tightening worldwide, driving deNOx technologies on diesel engines. Knowledge of engine technologies will help define required deNOx aftertreatment needs. In the HD sector, because of the fuel consumption versus NOx trade-off, deNOx means deCO2. As such, 98 % selective catalytic reduction (SCR) deNOx to result in elimination of EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) and minimum operating cost and CO2 emissions is desired. The situation is similar on the LD side. Once SCR is added to the vehicle to meet the NOx regulations, it will likely be used to maximum efficiency in the context of consumer acceptance of ammonia consumption and replacement. On-board ammonia delivery systems for the SCR catalyst principally comprises liquid urea and gaseous ammonia types. Liquid ammonia systems are in their third generation of cost reduction and simplification. The gaseous ammonia system is attractive in LD applications due to the heavy weighting of cold start emissions in the regulations, and the ability to deliver ammonia at low exhaust temperatures. The field of catalysts, including oxidation catalysts, SCR catalysts, and ammonia slip catalysts is very dynamic. Oxidation catalysts are used to generate NO2 for better low-temperature performance of certain SCR catalysts (like Fe-zeolites). However, they can have undesirable N2O emissions, and NO2 production decreases with palladium content, when replacing platinum. Zeolite SCR catalysts are evolving beyond the copper and iron varieties into other formulations with better low-temperature and/or high-temperature performance. Vanadia catalysts have made recent impressive gains in high-temperature durability. High-efficient SCR systems generally are run with excess ammonia. Ammonia slip catalysts (ASC) are becoming more selective towards nitrogen, minimizing N2O, and NOx by-product formation. Finally, system design considerations are discussed, as well as emerging technologies. The author closes with comments on the future outlook and opportunities.

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next chapter SCR Technology for Off-highway (Large Diesel Engine) Applications
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Metadata
Title
Review of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and Related Technologies for Mobile Applications
Author
Timothy V. Johnson
Copyright Year
2014
Publisher
Springer New York
Book
Urea-SCR Technology for deNOx After Treatment of Diesel Exhausts

Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-8070-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4899-8071-7

Copyright Year: 2014

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8071-7_1

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