Skip to main content
Top
Published in:

23-05-2018

Revisiting the relationship between traffic congestion and the economy: a longitudinal examination of U.S. metropolitan areas

Authors: Wesley E. Marshall, Eric Dumbaugh

Published in: Transportation | Issue 1/2020

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Conventional transportation practices typically focus on alleviating traffic congestion affecting motorists during peak travel periods. One of the underlying assumptions is that traffic congestion, particularly during these peak periods, is harmful to a region’s economy. This paper seeks to answer a seemingly straightforward question: is the fear of the negative economic effects of traffic congestion justified, or is congestion merely a nuisance with little economic impact? This research analyzed 30 years of data for 89 US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) to evaluate the economic impacts of traffic congestion at the regional level. Employing a two-stage, least squares panel regression model, we controlled for endogeneity using instrumental variables and assessed the association between traffic congestion and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) as well as between traffic congestion and job growth for an 11-year time period. We then investigated the relationship between traffic congestion and per capita income for those same 11 years as well as for the thirty-year time period (1982–2011) when traffic congestion data were available. Controlling for the key variables found to be significant in the existing literature, our results suggest that the potential negative impact of traffic congestion on the economy does not deserve the attention it receives. Economic productivity is not significantly negatively impacted by high levels of traffic congestion. In fact, the results suggest a positive association between traffic congestion and per capita GDP as well as between traffic congestion and job growth at the MSA level. There was a statistically insignificant effect on per capita income. There may be valid reasons to continue the fight against congestion, but the idea that congestion will stifle the economy does not appear to be one of them.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Footnotes
1
The Durbin Wu–Hausman results for our traffic congestion variable are included in Table 2.
With vehicle miles traveled variable: for Model 1, Durbin p = 0.5034 and Wu–Hausman p = 0.5096; for Model 2, Durbin p = 0.2259 and Wu–Hausman p = 0.2322; and for Model 3, Durbin p = 0.2769 and Wu–Hausman p = 0.2844.
With the population density variable: for Model 1, Durbin p = 0.7809 and Wu–Hausman p = 0.7837; for Model 2, Durbin p = 0.4317 and Wu–Hausman p = 0.4375; and for Model 3, Durbin p = 0.2769 and Wu–Hausman p = 0.2844.
With both the VMT and population density variables, these results tell us that instrumentation is not necessary.
 
2
The results of the Durbin–Wu–Hausman tests of endogeneity are shown at the bottom of Table 2, and significant p values indicate that the variables in question are endogenous and need to be corrected.
 
Literature
go back to reference Ahangari, H., Outlaw, J., Atkinson-Palombo, C., Garrick, N.W.: An Investigation into the Impact of Fluctuations in Gasoline Prices and Macroeconomic Conditions on Road safEty in Developed Countries. Transportation Reserach Board Annual Meeting, Washington DC (2014) Ahangari, H., Outlaw, J., Atkinson-Palombo, C., Garrick, N.W.: An Investigation into the Impact of Fluctuations in Gasoline Prices and Macroeconomic Conditions on Road safEty in Developed Countries. Transportation Reserach Board Annual Meeting, Washington DC (2014)
go back to reference Anas, A., Xu, R.: Congestion, land use, and job dispersion: A general equilibrium model. J. Urban Econ. 45, 451–473 (1999) Anas, A., Xu, R.: Congestion, land use, and job dispersion: A general equilibrium model. J. Urban Econ. 45, 451–473 (1999)
go back to reference Andolfatto, D., Ferrall, C., Gomme, P.: Human Capital Theory and the Life-Cycle Pattern of Learning and Earning, Income and Wealth. In: University, S.F. (ed.) Burnaby, BC, Canada (2000) Andolfatto, D., Ferrall, C., Gomme, P.: Human Capital Theory and the Life-Cycle Pattern of Learning and Earning, Income and Wealth. In: University, S.F. (ed.) Burnaby, BC, Canada (2000)
go back to reference Arnott, R.: Congestion tolling with agglomeration externalities. J. Urban Econ. 62, 187–203 (2007) Arnott, R.: Congestion tolling with agglomeration externalities. J. Urban Econ. 62, 187–203 (2007)
go back to reference ASCE: Infrastructure Report Card. American Society of Civil Engineers, Washington DC (2017) ASCE: Infrastructure Report Card. American Society of Civil Engineers, Washington DC (2017)
go back to reference Baum-Snow, N.: Did highways cause suburbanization? Quart. J. Econ. 122, 775–805 (2007) Baum-Snow, N.: Did highways cause suburbanization? Quart. J. Econ. 122, 775–805 (2007)
go back to reference Bertini, R.: You Are the Traffic Jam: An Examination of Congestion Measures. Transportation Research Board, Washington DC (2006) Bertini, R.: You Are the Traffic Jam: An Examination of Congestion Measures. Transportation Research Board, Washington DC (2006)
go back to reference Bilbao-Ubillos, J.: The costs of urban congestion: estimation of welfare losses arising from congestion on cross-town link roads. Transp. Res. A Policy Pract. 42, 1098–1108 (2008) Bilbao-Ubillos, J.: The costs of urban congestion: estimation of welfare losses arising from congestion on cross-town link roads. Transp. Res. A Policy Pract. 42, 1098–1108 (2008)
go back to reference Boarnet, M.G.: Infrastructure services and the productivity of public capital: The case of streets and highways. Natl. Tax J. 50, 39–57 (1997) Boarnet, M.G.: Infrastructure services and the productivity of public capital: The case of streets and highways. Natl. Tax J. 50, 39–57 (1997)
go back to reference Bobbitt-Zeher, D.: The gender income gap and the role of education. Sociol. Educ. 80, 1–22 (2007) Bobbitt-Zeher, D.: The gender income gap and the role of education. Sociol. Educ. 80, 1–22 (2007)
go back to reference Cervero, R.: Jobs-housing balance revisited—trends and impacts in the San Francisco Bay Area. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 62, 492–511 (1996) Cervero, R.: Jobs-housing balance revisited—trends and impacts in the San Francisco Bay Area. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 62, 492–511 (1996)
go back to reference Cervero, R.: Induced travel demand: research design, empirical evidence, and normative policies. J. Plan. Lit. 17, 3–20 (2002) Cervero, R.: Induced travel demand: research design, empirical evidence, and normative policies. J. Plan. Lit. 17, 3–20 (2002)
go back to reference Cervero, R., Duncan, M.: Which reduces vehicle travel more: jobs-housing balance or retail-housing mixing? J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 72, 475–490 (2006) Cervero, R., Duncan, M.: Which reduces vehicle travel more: jobs-housing balance or retail-housing mixing? J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 72, 475–490 (2006)
go back to reference Cervero, R., Hansen, M.: Induced travel demand and induced road investment—a simultaneous equation analysis. J. Transp. Econ. Policy 36, 469–490 (2002) Cervero, R., Hansen, M.: Induced travel demand and induced road investment—a simultaneous equation analysis. J. Transp. Econ. Policy 36, 469–490 (2002)
go back to reference Chatman, D.G., Noland, R.B.: Transit Service, Physical Agglomeration and Productivity in US Metropolitan Areas. Urban Studies 51, 917–937 (2014) Chatman, D.G., Noland, R.B.: Transit Service, Physical Agglomeration and Productivity in US Metropolitan Areas. Urban Studies 51, 917–937 (2014)
go back to reference Copeland, L.: Cities Afraid of Death by Congestion. USA Today, March 1 (2007) Copeland, L.: Cities Afraid of Death by Congestion. USA Today, March 1 (2007)
go back to reference Crane, R., Chatman, D.G.: Traffic and sprawl : evidence from U.S. commuting from 1985–1997. Plan. Mark. 6, 14–22 (2003) Crane, R., Chatman, D.G.: Traffic and sprawl : evidence from U.S. commuting from 1985–1997. Plan. Mark. 6, 14–22 (2003)
go back to reference Detotto, C., Otranto, E.: Does crime affect economic growth? Kyklos 63, 330–345 (2010) Detotto, C., Otranto, E.: Does crime affect economic growth? Kyklos 63, 330–345 (2010)
go back to reference DOJ & FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics [Online]. Clarksburg, WV: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. www.ucrdatatool.gov (2014) DOJ & FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics [Online]. Clarksburg, WV: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. www.​ucrdatatool.​gov (2014)
go back to reference Downs, A.: Stuck in Traffic. Brookings Institute, Washington DC (1992) Downs, A.: Stuck in Traffic. Brookings Institute, Washington DC (1992)
go back to reference Duranton, G., Turner, M.A.: The fundamental law of road congestion: evidence from US cities. Am. Econ. Rev. 101, 2616–2652 (2011) Duranton, G., Turner, M.A.: The fundamental law of road congestion: evidence from US cities. Am. Econ. Rev. 101, 2616–2652 (2011)
go back to reference Dutzik, T., Baxandall, P.: A new direction: our changing relationship with driving and the implications for America’s future. U.S. PIRG Education Fund, Washington DC (2013) Dutzik, T., Baxandall, P.: A new direction: our changing relationship with driving and the implications for America’s future. U.S. PIRG Education Fund, Washington DC (2013)
go back to reference Ewing, R. & Cervero, R.: Travel and the built environment—A synthesis. Land Development and Public Involvement in Transportation, pp. 87–114 (2001) Ewing, R. & Cervero, R.: Travel and the built environment—A synthesis. Land Development and Public Involvement in Transportation, pp. 87–114 (2001)
go back to reference Ewing, R., Pendall, R., Chen, D.: Measuring sprawl and its transportation impacts. Travel Demand Land Use 2003, 175–183 (2003) Ewing, R., Pendall, R., Chen, D.: Measuring sprawl and its transportation impacts. Travel Demand Land Use 2003, 175–183 (2003)
go back to reference Fernald, J.G.: Roads to prosperity? Assessing the link between public capital and productivity. Am. Econ. Rev. 89, 619–638 (1999) Fernald, J.G.: Roads to prosperity? Assessing the link between public capital and productivity. Am. Econ. Rev. 89, 619–638 (1999)
go back to reference Frank, L.D., Pivo, G.: Impacts of mixed use and density on utilization of three modes of travel: single-occupant vehicle, transit, and walking. Transp. Res. Rec. 1466, 44–52 (1994) Frank, L.D., Pivo, G.: Impacts of mixed use and density on utilization of three modes of travel: single-occupant vehicle, transit, and walking. Transp. Res. Rec. 1466, 44–52 (1994)
go back to reference Glaeser, E., Kahn, M.E.: Working Paper No. 9733: Sprawl and Urban Growth. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge (2003) Glaeser, E., Kahn, M.E.: Working Paper No. 9733: Sprawl and Urban Growth. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge (2003)
go back to reference Glaeser, E.L.: Cities, information, and economic growth. Cityscape 1, 9–47 (1994) Glaeser, E.L.: Cities, information, and economic growth. Cityscape 1, 9–47 (1994)
go back to reference Glaeser, E.L.: Are cities dying? J. Econ. Perspect. 12, 139–160 (1998) Glaeser, E.L.: Are cities dying? J. Econ. Perspect. 12, 139–160 (1998)
go back to reference Glaeser, E.L.: Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier. Penguin Press, New York (2011) Glaeser, E.L.: Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier. Penguin Press, New York (2011)
go back to reference Glaeser, E.L., Kallal, H.D., Scheinkman, J.A., Shleifer, A.: Growth in cities. J. Polit. Econ. 100, 1126–1152 (1992) Glaeser, E.L., Kallal, H.D., Scheinkman, J.A., Shleifer, A.: Growth in cities. J. Polit. Econ. 100, 1126–1152 (1992)
go back to reference Glaeser, E.L., Kohlhase, J.E.: Cities, regions and the decline of transport costs. Pap. Reg. Sci. 83, 197–228 (2004) Glaeser, E.L., Kohlhase, J.E.: Cities, regions and the decline of transport costs. Pap. Reg. Sci. 83, 197–228 (2004)
go back to reference Glaeser, E.L., Kolko, J., Saiz, A.: Consumer city. J. Econ. Geogr. 1, 27–50 (2001) Glaeser, E.L., Kolko, J., Saiz, A.: Consumer city. J. Econ. Geogr. 1, 27–50 (2001)
go back to reference Gordon, P., Kumar, A., Richardson, H.W.: Congestion, changing metropolitan structure, and city size in the United-States. Int. Reg. Sci. Rev. 12, 45–56 (1989) Gordon, P., Kumar, A., Richardson, H.W.: Congestion, changing metropolitan structure, and city size in the United-States. Int. Reg. Sci. Rev. 12, 45–56 (1989)
go back to reference Graham, D.J.: Variable returns to agglomeration and the effect of road traffic congestion. J. Urban Econ. 62, 103–120 (2007) Graham, D.J.: Variable returns to agglomeration and the effect of road traffic congestion. J. Urban Econ. 62, 103–120 (2007)
go back to reference Grant-Muller, S., Laird, J.: International Literature Review of the Costs of Road Traffic Congestion with the Main Focus on the Different Methods Used to Measure the Costs of Congestion. Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, Scotland (2007) Grant-Muller, S., Laird, J.: International Literature Review of the Costs of Road Traffic Congestion with the Main Focus on the Different Methods Used to Measure the Costs of Congestion. Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, Scotland (2007)
go back to reference Greene, W.H.: Econometric Analysis. Prentice Hall, Boston (2012) Greene, W.H.: Econometric Analysis. Prentice Hall, Boston (2012)
go back to reference Harris, T.F., Ioannides, Y.M.: Productivity and Metropolitan Density. Tufts University, Medford, MA (2000) Harris, T.F., Ioannides, Y.M.: Productivity and Metropolitan Density. Tufts University, Medford, MA (2000)
go back to reference Hartgen, D.T., Fields, M.G., Layzell, A.L., San Jose, E.: How Employers View Traffic Congestion: Results of National Survey. Transportation Research Record, pp. 56–66 (2012) Hartgen, D.T., Fields, M.G., Layzell, A.L., San Jose, E.: How Employers View Traffic Congestion: Results of National Survey. Transportation Research Record, pp. 56–66 (2012)
go back to reference Highway Research Board: Urban Traffic Congestion. National Academy of Science, National Research Council, Washington DC (1954) Highway Research Board: Urban Traffic Congestion. National Academy of Science, National Research Council, Washington DC (1954)
go back to reference Hymel, K.: Does traffic congestion reduce employment growth? J. Urban Econ. 65, 127–135 (2009) Hymel, K.: Does traffic congestion reduce employment growth? J. Urban Econ. 65, 127–135 (2009)
go back to reference Jorgensen, R.E.: Influence of expressways in diverting traffic from alternate routes and in generating new traffic. Highw. Res. Board Proc. 27, 322–330 (1947) Jorgensen, R.E.: Influence of expressways in diverting traffic from alternate routes and in generating new traffic. Highw. Res. Board Proc. 27, 322–330 (1947)
go back to reference Katz, B., Bradley, J.: The Metropolitan Revolution: How Cities and Metros are Fixing Our Broken Politics and Fragile Economy. Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC (2013) Katz, B., Bradley, J.: The Metropolitan Revolution: How Cities and Metros are Fixing Our Broken Politics and Fragile Economy. Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC (2013)
go back to reference Klaer, J., Northrup, B.: Effects of GDP on Violent Crime. Georgia Tech, Atlanta (2014) Klaer, J., Northrup, B.: Effects of GDP on Violent Crime. Georgia Tech, Atlanta (2014)
go back to reference Kriger, D., Miller, C., Baker, M., Joubert, F.: Costs of urban congestion in Canada—A model-based approach. Transp. Res. Record, 94–100 (2007) Kriger, D., Miller, C., Baker, M., Joubert, F.: Costs of urban congestion in Canada—A model-based approach. Transp. Res. Record, 94–100 (2007)
go back to reference Levinson, D., Marshall, W., Axhausen, K.: Elements of Access. Network Design Lab, Sydney (2017) Levinson, D., Marshall, W., Axhausen, K.: Elements of Access. Network Design Lab, Sydney (2017)
go back to reference Levinson, D., Wu, Y.: The rational locator reexamined: are travel times still stable? Transportation 32, 187–202 (2005) Levinson, D., Wu, Y.: The rational locator reexamined: are travel times still stable? Transportation 32, 187–202 (2005)
go back to reference Levinson, D.M., Kumar, A.: The rational locator—why travel-times have remained stable. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 60, 319–332 (1994) Levinson, D.M., Kumar, A.: The rational locator—why travel-times have remained stable. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 60, 319–332 (1994)
go back to reference Litman, T.: Congestion Costing Critique. Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria (2014) Litman, T.: Congestion Costing Critique. Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria (2014)
go back to reference Lomax, T., Turner, S., Shunk, G.: NCHRP Report 398: Quantifying Congestion. National Academy Press, Washington DC (1997) Lomax, T., Turner, S., Shunk, G.: NCHRP Report 398: Quantifying Congestion. National Academy Press, Washington DC (1997)
go back to reference Manson, S., Schroeder, J., Riper, D.V., Ruggles, S.: PUMS National Historical Geographic Information System: Version 12.0. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (2017) Manson, S., Schroeder, J., Riper, D.V., Ruggles, S.: PUMS National Historical Geographic Information System: Version 12.0. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (2017)
go back to reference Manville, M., King, D.A., Smart, M.J.: The driving downturn: a preliminary assessment. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 83, 14p (2017) Manville, M., King, D.A., Smart, M.J.: The driving downturn: a preliminary assessment. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 83, 14p (2017)
go back to reference Marrocu, E., Paci, R., Usai, S.: Productivity growth in the old and new europe: the role of agglomeration externalities. J. Reg. Sci. 53, 418–442 (2013) Marrocu, E., Paci, R., Usai, S.: Productivity growth in the old and new europe: the role of agglomeration externalities. J. Reg. Sci. 53, 418–442 (2013)
go back to reference Marshall, W.E., Garrick, N.W.: Effect of street network design on walking and biking. Transp. Res. Rec., 103–115 (2010) Marshall, W.E., Garrick, N.W.: Effect of street network design on walking and biking. Transp. Res. Rec., 103–115 (2010)
go back to reference Marshall, W.E., Garrick, N.W.: Does street network design affect traffic safety? Accid. Anal. Prev. 43, 769–781 (2011) Marshall, W.E., Garrick, N.W.: Does street network design affect traffic safety? Accid. Anal. Prev. 43, 769–781 (2011)
go back to reference McDonald, N.C.: Active transportation to school—trends among US schoolchildren, 1969–2001. Am. J. Prev. Med. 32, 509–516 (2007) McDonald, N.C.: Active transportation to school—trends among US schoolchildren, 1969–2001. Am. J. Prev. Med. 32, 509–516 (2007)
go back to reference Mondschein, A., Brumbaugh, S., Taylor, B.D.: Congestion and Accessibility: What’s the Relationship?. Institute of Transport Studies, Los Angeles (2010) Mondschein, A., Brumbaugh, S., Taylor, B.D.: Congestion and Accessibility: What’s the Relationship?. Institute of Transport Studies, Los Angeles (2010)
go back to reference Morris, E.: From horse power to horsepower. Access 30, 2–9 (2007) Morris, E.: From horse power to horsepower. Access 30, 2–9 (2007)
go back to reference Murnane, R.J.: Educating urban children. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge (2008) Murnane, R.J.: Educating urban children. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge (2008)
go back to reference NCHRP: Synthesis 311: performance measures of operational effectiveness for highway segments and systems. Transportation Research Board, Washington DC (2003) NCHRP: Synthesis 311: performance measures of operational effectiveness for highway segments and systems. Transportation Research Board, Washington DC (2003)
go back to reference Noland, R., Quddus, M.: A spatially disaggregate analysis of road casualties in England. Accid. Anal. Prev. 36, 973–984 (2004) Noland, R., Quddus, M.: A spatially disaggregate analysis of road casualties in England. Accid. Anal. Prev. 36, 973–984 (2004)
go back to reference Noland, R.B.: Relationships between highway capacity and induced vehicle travel. Transp. Res. A Policy Pract. 35, 47–72 (2001) Noland, R.B.: Relationships between highway capacity and induced vehicle travel. Transp. Res. A Policy Pract. 35, 47–72 (2001)
go back to reference Noland, R.B.: Transport planning and environmental assessment: implications of induced travel effects. Int. J. Sustain. Transp. 1, 1–28 (2007) Noland, R.B.: Transport planning and environmental assessment: implications of induced travel effects. Int. J. Sustain. Transp. 1, 1–28 (2007)
go back to reference Paci, R., Usai, S.: Externalities, Knowledge, Spillovers and the Spatial Distribution of Innovation. Cagliari, Solter (2000) Paci, R., Usai, S.: Externalities, Knowledge, Spillovers and the Spatial Distribution of Innovation. Cagliari, Solter (2000)
go back to reference Portes, A., Rumbaut, R.N.G.: Immigrant America: a portrait. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California (2014) Portes, A., Rumbaut, R.N.G.: Immigrant America: a portrait. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California (2014)
go back to reference Public Works Administration: National System of Interstate Highways. Public Works Administration, Washington DC (1947) Public Works Administration: National System of Interstate Highways. Public Works Administration, Washington DC (1947)
go back to reference Public Works Administration: Interstate and Defense Highways Map. Public Works Administration, Washington DC (1957) Public Works Administration: Interstate and Defense Highways Map. Public Works Administration, Washington DC (1957)
go back to reference Rajamani, J., Bhat, C.R., Handy, S., Knaap, G., Song, Y.: Assessing impact of urban form measures on nonwork trip mode choice after controlling for demographic and level-of-service effects. Travel Demand Land Use 2003, 158–165 (2003) Rajamani, J., Bhat, C.R., Handy, S., Knaap, G., Song, Y.: Assessing impact of urban form measures on nonwork trip mode choice after controlling for demographic and level-of-service effects. Travel Demand Land Use 2003, 158–165 (2003)
go back to reference Rappaport, J.: Moving to nice weather. Reg. Sci. Urban Econ. 37, 375–398 (2007) Rappaport, J.: Moving to nice weather. Reg. Sci. Urban Econ. 37, 375–398 (2007)
go back to reference Redman, A., Sai, A.: Opportunities in an Urbanizing World. Credit Suisse Research Institute, Zurich (2012) Redman, A., Sai, A.: Opportunities in an Urbanizing World. Credit Suisse Research Institute, Zurich (2012)
go back to reference Ribeiro, A., Antunes, A.P., Paez, A.: Road accessibility and cohesion in lagging regions: empirical evidence from Portugal based on spatial econometric models. J. Transp. Geogr. 18, 125–132 (2010) Ribeiro, A., Antunes, A.P., Paez, A.: Road accessibility and cohesion in lagging regions: empirical evidence from Portugal based on spatial econometric models. J. Transp. Geogr. 18, 125–132 (2010)
go back to reference Roddy, H.J.: Complete geography, American Book Company, New York, Cincinnati etc (1902) Roddy, H.J.: Complete geography, American Book Company, New York, Cincinnati etc (1902)
go back to reference Roman, J. The Puzzling Relationship Between Crime and the Economy. Citylab (2013) Roman, J. The Puzzling Relationship Between Crime and the Economy. Citylab (2013)
go back to reference Rose, H., Betts, J.R.: The effect of high school courses on earnings. Rev. Econ. Stat. 86, 497–513 (2004) Rose, H., Betts, J.R.: The effect of high school courses on earnings. Rev. Econ. Stat. 86, 497–513 (2004)
go back to reference Safirova, E., Gillingham, K., Houde, S.: Measuring marginal congestion costs of urban transportation: Do networks matter? Transp. Res. A Policy Pract. 41, 734–749 (2007) Safirova, E., Gillingham, K., Houde, S.: Measuring marginal congestion costs of urban transportation: Do networks matter? Transp. Res. A Policy Pract. 41, 734–749 (2007)
go back to reference Schrank, D., Eisele, B., Lomax, T.: Urban Mobility Report. Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station (2012) Schrank, D., Eisele, B., Lomax, T.: Urban Mobility Report. Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station (2012)
go back to reference Schrank, D., Eisele, B., Lomax, T., Bak, J.: Urban Mobility Scorecard. Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station (2015) Schrank, D., Eisele, B., Lomax, T., Bak, J.: Urban Mobility Scorecard. Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station (2015)
go back to reference Sciara, G.-C.: Planning for unplanned pork. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 78, 17p (2012) Sciara, G.-C.: Planning for unplanned pork. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 78, 17p (2012)
go back to reference Sundquist, E., Mccahill, C.: For the first time in a decade, U.S. per capita highway travel ticks up. State Smart Transportation Initiative, Madison (2015) Sundquist, E., Mccahill, C.: For the first time in a decade, U.S. per capita highway travel ticks up. State Smart Transportation Initiative, Madison (2015)
go back to reference Sweet, M.: Does traffic congestion slow the economy? J. Plan. Lit. 26, 391–404 (2011) Sweet, M.: Does traffic congestion slow the economy? J. Plan. Lit. 26, 391–404 (2011)
go back to reference Sweet, M.: Do firms flee traffic congestion? J. Transp. Geogr. 35, 10p (2014a) Sweet, M.: Do firms flee traffic congestion? J. Transp. Geogr. 35, 10p (2014a)
go back to reference Sweet, M.: Traffic congestion’s economic impacts: evidence from US metropolitan regions. Urban Stud. 51, 2088–2110 (2014b) Sweet, M.: Traffic congestion’s economic impacts: evidence from US metropolitan regions. Urban Stud. 51, 2088–2110 (2014b)
go back to reference Tsai, Y.H.: Quantifying urban form: compactness versus ‘Sprawl’. Urban Stud. 42, 141–161 (2005) Tsai, Y.H.: Quantifying urban form: compactness versus ‘Sprawl’. Urban Stud. 42, 141–161 (2005)
go back to reference U. S. Census: Geographic Areas Reference Manual. U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington DC (1994) U. S. Census: Geographic Areas Reference Manual. U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington DC (1994)
go back to reference Weisbrod, G., Vary, D., Treyz, G.: NCHRP Report 463: Economic Implications of Congestion. National Academy Press, Washington DC (2001) Weisbrod, G., Vary, D., Treyz, G.: NCHRP Report 463: Economic Implications of Congestion. National Academy Press, Washington DC (2001)
go back to reference Weisbrod, G., Vary, D., Treyz, G.: Measuring economic costs of urban traffic congestion to business. Transp. Finance Econ. Econ. Dev. 2003, 98–106 (2003) Weisbrod, G., Vary, D., Treyz, G.: Measuring economic costs of urban traffic congestion to business. Transp. Finance Econ. Econ. Dev. 2003, 98–106 (2003)
go back to reference Wheaton, W.C.: Commuting, congestion, and employment dispersal in cities with mixed land use. J. Urban Econ. 55, 417–438 (2004) Wheaton, W.C.: Commuting, congestion, and employment dispersal in cities with mixed land use. J. Urban Econ. 55, 417–438 (2004)
go back to reference Woudsma, C., Jensen, J.F., Kanaroglou, P., Maoh, H.: Logistics land use and the city: a spatial-temporal modeling approach. Transp. Res. E-Logist. Transp. Rev. 44, 277–297 (2008) Woudsma, C., Jensen, J.F., Kanaroglou, P., Maoh, H.: Logistics land use and the city: a spatial-temporal modeling approach. Transp. Res. E-Logist. Transp. Rev. 44, 277–297 (2008)
go back to reference Wright, E.O.: Race, class, and income inequality. Am. J. Sociol. 83, 1368–1397 (1978) Wright, E.O.: Race, class, and income inequality. Am. J. Sociol. 83, 1368–1397 (1978)
go back to reference Zhu, P.Y., Brown, J.R.: Donor states and donee states: investigating geographic redistribution of the US federal-aid highway program 1974-2008. Transportation 40, 203–227 (2013) Zhu, P.Y., Brown, J.R.: Donor states and donee states: investigating geographic redistribution of the US federal-aid highway program 1974-2008. Transportation 40, 203–227 (2013)
go back to reference Zolnik, E.J.: The effects of sprawl on private-vehicle commuting distances and times. Environ. Plan. B-Plan. Des. 38, 1071–1084 (2011) Zolnik, E.J.: The effects of sprawl on private-vehicle commuting distances and times. Environ. Plan. B-Plan. Des. 38, 1071–1084 (2011)
Metadata
Title
Revisiting the relationship between traffic congestion and the economy: a longitudinal examination of U.S. metropolitan areas
Authors
Wesley E. Marshall
Eric Dumbaugh
Publication date
23-05-2018
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Transportation / Issue 1/2020
Print ISSN: 0049-4488
Electronic ISSN: 1572-9435
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-018-9884-5

Other articles of this Issue 1/2020

Transportation 1/2020 Go to the issue

Premium Partner