2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter
Hint
Swipe to navigate through the chapters of this book
Published in:
Economics and Law of Artificial Intelligence
Risk is a tool which makes possible the decision-maker to get knowledge about the event with destructive effects and so, the decision-maker via the analysis of risk makes the event more certain and obtaining control on it. Moreover, risk is the net negative influence of the exercise of vulnerability, regarding both the prospect and the effect of occurrence. Risk management is the procedure of identifying risk, assessing risk, and taking steps to moderate risk to a tolerable point. Furthermore, Risk sharing or risk controlling are central justifications for joining strategic alliances. Credit risk surfaces from the prospective that one participant to a financial tool is triggering a financial loss for the other participant by neglecting to discharge an obligation. Managing risk is one of the key objectives of companies operating globally and managers normally correlate risk with negative result.
Please log in to get access to this content
To get access to this content you need the following product:
Advertisement
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
Gellert R., ‘Understanding Data Protection as Risk Regulation’, p. 8, Peel, J. (2010). Science and Risk Regulation in International Law. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Gellert R., ‘Understanding Data Protection as Risk Regulation’, Journal of Internet Law, vol. 18(11), (2015), p. 8.
Regulation 2016/679, the new General Data Protection Regulation entered into force in May 2018.
European Commission High Level Group on Artificial Intelligence (2019) Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI.
https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai. C. Cath, S. Wachter, B. Mittelstadt, M. Taddeo, L. Floridi (2017) Artificial Intelligence and the ‘Good Society’: The US, EU, and UK approach. Sci. Eng. Ethics 2017, 1–24.
White Paper On Artificial Intelligence – A European approach to excellence and trust Brussels, 19.2.2020 COM(2020) 65 final. European Commission, ‘Communication on Building Trust in Human-Centric AI’ COM (2019) 168.
Emre Kazim, Adriano Koshiyama, Lack of Vision A Comment on the EU’s White Paper on Artificial Intelligence,
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3558279 p. 1.
Koops BJ, ‘The trouble with European data protection law’, International Data Privacy Law, 2014, Vol. 4, No. 4, p. 250.
Regulation 2016/679, the new General Data Protection Regulation entered into force in May 2018.
Recital 6 of GDPR.
Recital 5 of GDPR.
Spina A., ‘A Regulatory Mariage de Figaro: Risk Regulation, Data Protection, and Data Ethics’, European Journal of Risk Regulation, 8 (2017).
Matthew R. A. Heiman The GDPR and the Consequences of Big Regulation, 47 Pepp. L. Rev. 945 (2020) Available at:
https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/plr/vol47/iss4/3 p. 945.
European Commission, ‘Statement by First Vice-President Timmermans, Vice-President Dombrovskis and Commissioner Jourovà on the adoption by the European Parliament of the 5th Anti-Money Laundering Directive’, (2018). The Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive (Directive 2018/843) has been adopted on the 19th of April 2018, this new version of the Directive amended the previous one (Directive 2015/849).
Klinke A. and Renn O., ‘A new approach to risk evaluation and management-risk-based, precaution-based, and discourse-based strategies’, Risk Analysis, Vol. 22(6), (2002), p. 1071.
Quelle C., ‘Enhancing Compliance under the General Data Protection Regulation. The risky Upshot of the Accountability- and Risk-based Approach’, European Journal of Risk Regulation, 2018, p. 3. Gumzej N., ‘Law and Technology in Data Processing: Risk-Based Approach in EU Data Protection Law and Implementation Challenges in Croatia’, MIPRO, (2017), p. 1427. Quelle C., ‘The ‘risk revolution’ in EU data protection law: We can’t have our cake and eat it, too’, Tilburg Law School, Legal Studies Research Paper Series, (2017), p. 9. CIPL, ‘Risk, High Risk, Risk Assessments and Data Protection Impact Assessments under the GDPR’, GDPR Interpretation and Implementation Project, (2016), p. 12–13.
Kloza D., Van Dijk N., Gellert R., Böröcz I., Tanas A., Mantovani E. and Quinn P., ‘Data protection impact assessments in the European Union: complementing the new legal framework towards a more robust protection of individuals’, d.pia.lab Policy Brief No. 1/2017, (2017), p. 3. European Commission, Commission Staff Working Paper, Sec(2012) 72 Final, (2012), p. i, quote. The DPIA was defined by the EU Commission as: “… a process whereby a conscious and systematic effort is made to assess privacy risks to individuals in the collection, use and disclosure of their personal data. DPIAs help identify privacy risks, foresee problems and bring forward solutions.”
Committee of Experts on the Evaluation of Anti-Money Laundering Measures and the Financing of Terrorism, ‘Risk-based approach’, Council of Europe Portal. (
https://www.coe.int/en/web/moneyval/implementation/risk-based-approach).
FATF, ‘Guidance for A Risk-Based Approach’, (2014), p. 3–6.
Quelle, ‘Privacy, Proceduralism and Self-Regulation in Data Protection Law’, (2017), p. 106. Koops BJ, ‘The trouble with European data protection law’, International Data Privacy Law, Vol. 4(4), (2014), p. 254. Gonçalves ME, ‘The EU data protection reform and the challenges of big data: remaining uncertainties and ways forward’, Information & Communications Technology Law, (2017), p. 15.
King G, Anti-Money Laundering: An Overview, in King G, Walker C., Gurule J, The Palgrave Handbook of Criminal and terrorism Financing Law, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018). Van Duyne P.C, Harvey J. Gelemerova L, A ‘Risky’ Risk Approach: Proportionality in ML/TF Regulation, in King G., Walker C., Gurule J, The Palgrave Handbook of Criminal and terrorism Financing Law, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).
Data Policy, Facebook,
https://www.facebook.com/about/privacy Daniel J. Solove & Woodrow Hartzog, The FTC and the New Common Law of Privacy, 114 Colum. L. Rev. 583 (2014). (the FTC has a role in bringing civil actions against entities that engage in unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce under 15 U.S.C.S. § 45 (LEXIS through Pub. L. 116-72)).
Gen. Data Protection Reg. 2016/679 of Apr. 27, 2016.
Allyson W. Haynes, Online Privacy Policies: Contracting Away Control over Personal Information?, 111 PENN ST. L. REV. 587, 594 (2007). In re JetBlue Corp. Privacy Litig., 379 F. Supp. 2d (E.D.N.Y. 2005); Dyer v. Northwest Airlines Corps., 334 F. Supp. 2d (D.N.D. 2004); In re Nw. Airlines Privacy Litig., 2004 WL 1278459 (D. Minn. 2004); Daniels v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 2011 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 4510 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2001); Loeffler v. Ritz-Carlton Hotel Co., No. 2:06-CV-0333-ECR-LRL, 2006 WL 1796008 (D. Nev. 2006).
Specht v. Netscape, 306 F.3d 17 (2d Cir. 2002); Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble, Inc., 763 F.3d 1171 (9th Cir. 2014); In re
Zappos.com, Inc., Customer Data Security Breach Litig., 893 F. Supp. 2d 1058 (D. Nev. 2012); Hubbert v. Dell Corp., 835 N.E. 2d 113 (Ill. App. Ct. 5th Dist. 2005). ProCD Inc. v. Zeidenberg, 86 F.3d 1447 (7th Cir. 1996) (discussing the analogous case of shrinkwrap contracts, which are included within the sealed package of a new product, and which have been enforced when there was an opportunity to walk away).
Feldman v. Google, Inc., 513 F. Supp. 2d 229 (E.D. Pa. 2007).
Concise Oxford Dictionary.
Dowie J. Against risk. Risk Decision and Policy 1999;4(1):57–73.
Miller, K. D. (1992). A framework for integrated risk management in international business.
Journal of International Business Studies, 23(2): 311–33 I.
Miller, K. D. (1992). A framework for integrated risk management in international business.
Journal of International Business Studies, 23(2): 311–33 I. p. 311.
Devlin, G. & Bleackley, M. (1988). Strategic alliances–Guidelines for success.
Long Range Planning, 21(5):18–23.
Kogut, B. (1988). Joint ventures: Theoretical and empirical perspectives.
Strategic Management Journal, 9:319–332.
Deeds, D. L. & Hill, C. W. L. (1996). Strategic alliances and the rate of new product development: An empirical study of entrepreneurial biotechnology firms.
Journal of Business Venturing, 11:41–55.
Grant, R. M. (1995).
Contemporary strategy analysis: Concepts, techniques, applications (2nd ed). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
Bunea-Bontaş, C., Basic Principles of Hedge Accounting, Economy. Transdisciplinarity. Cognition Review, no. 1/2009, p. 173,
http://www.ugb.ro/etc/etc_1_2009.pdf.
Czuszak, J., An integrative approach to credit risk measurement and management, RMA Journal, June, 2002, p. 2,
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0ITW/is_9_84/ai_n14897131/pg_2.
Ernst & Young, Market risk capital set to Increase, Prudential standards Update, February 2009, p. 1,
http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/PS_Update_-_MktRisk_Capital_Increase.
Jobst, A. A., Consistent Quantitative Operational Risk Measurement and Regulation: Challenges of Model Specification, Data Collection, and Loss Reporting, IMF Working Paper, WP/07/254, 2007, p. 3, 5,
http://www.continuitycentral.com/news03623.htm.
Article 88 Directive 2013/36/EU of 26 June 2013 on access to the activity of credit institutions and the prudential supervision of credit institutions and investment firms, amending Directive 2002/87/EC and repealing Directives 2006/48/EC and 2006/49/EC.
Amrollah Amini, Mostafa Emami, Alireza Emami
, Capital Adequacy And Risk Management – Premises For Strengthening Financial System Stability
www.ssrn.com.
Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H. & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust.
Academy of Management Review 150.
Ghoshal, Sumantra. 1987. Global strategy: An organizing framework. Strategic Management Journal, 8: 425–40.
March, James G. & Zur Shapira. 1987. Managerial perspectives on risk and risk taking. Management Science, 33: 1404–18.
Miles, Raymond E. & Charles C. Snow. 1978. Organizational strategy’s structure, and process. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Oxelheim, Lars & Clas G. Wihlborg. 1987. Macroeconomic uncertainty: International risks and opportunities for the corporation. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Ghoshal, Sumantra. 1987. Global strategy: An organizing framework. Strategic Management Journal, 8: 425–40.
Eli Amir, Shai Levi & Tsafrir Livne, Do firms underreport information on cyber-attacks? Evidence from capital markets, Review of Accounting Studies volume 23, pages 1177–1206 (2018) (withheld cyber-attacks are associated with a decline of approximately 3.6% in equity values in the month the attack is discovered, and disclosed attacks with a substantially lower decline of 0.7%).
Tufano, P., 1998. Agency costs of corporate risk management. Financial Management 27, 67–77. DeMarzo, P., Duffie, D., 1995. Corporate incentives for hedging and hedge accounting. Review of Financial Studies 8, 743–771.
Smith, C.W. and Stulz, R.M., (1985) “The Determinants of Firms’ Hedging Policies.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 20, 4, 391–405.
Tufano, P. (1996) “Who Manages Risk? An Empirical Examination of Risk Management Practices in the Gold Mining Industry.” The Journal of Finance 51, 4, 1097–1137.
Gifford Pinchot & Elizabeth Pinchot, The End Of Bureaucracy And The Rise Of The Intelligent Organization 34 (1994). Robert Eli Rosen,
“We’re All Consultants Now”: How Change in Client Organizational Strategies Influences Change in the Organization of Corporate Legal Services, 44 Ariz. L. Rev. 637 (2002).
W. Chan Kim & Renee Mauborgne,
Strategy, Value Innovation and the Knowledge Economy, 40 SLOAN MGMT. REV. 41 (Mar. 22, 1999).
Kathy Thacker,
Project Teams Laboring at Warp Speed Often Hit the Wall, Author Says, DALLAS MORN. NEWS, May 14, 2002, at 3D. Miles Moffeit,
Enron Mishandled Billing, Overcharged Clients, Former Employees Say, Knight Ridder Wash. Bureau, Feb. 16, 2002.
Raymond E. Miles & W.E. Douglas Creed,
Organizational Forms and Managerial Philosophies: A Descriptive and Analytical Review, 17 Res. In Organizational Behav. 333, 362 (1995) (noting that all team members are expected to have “responsibilities with bottom-line implications.” To meet these, “they become partners in designing their own roles and expanding the nature of their contributions.”).
John E. Triantis, Creating Successful Acquisition And Joint Venture Projects: A Process And Team Approach 133 (1999) at 137.
Robert Eli Rosen,
As the Big 5 Become Multi-Disciplinary Practices, Opportunities Abound For Tax Executives, Tax Executive, at 147 (Mar. 1, 1999).
Richard D. Phillips,
Enron: The Risk Management Lessons, at 4,
at
www.cermas.gsu.edu/events/brownbag032102/phillips.pdf.
W.W. Bratton, “Enron and the dark side of shareholder value”,
Tulane Law Review, Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper n.035 2002 p. 8.
J. Kay “Why business loves capital market, even if it doesn’t need capital”,
Financial Times, 15 May 2013.
R. Waters “Inside Business: Real innovation needed to juice returns”,
Financial Times, 24 April 2013.
Kerr, Clark, John T. Dunlop, Frederick Harbison, and Charles A. Myers. [1960] 1964. Industrialism and Industrial Man. New York: Oxford University Press.
Useem, Michael. 1996. Investor Capitalism: How Money Managers are Changing the Face of Corporate America. New York: Basic Books.
Thomsen, Steen, and Torben Pedersen. 1996. “Nationality and Ownership Structures: The 100 Largest Companies in Six European Nations.” Management International Review 36(2):149–166.
Jensen, M.C. (1986) Agency Costs of Free Cash-Flow, Corporate Finance, and Takeovers, American Economic Review 76(2), 323–329.
Krämer, R. and Lipatov, V. (2012) Opportunities to Divert, Firm Value, and Taxation: Theory and Evidence from European Firms, FinanzArchiv/Public Finance Analysis 68(1), 17–47.
Koethenbürger, M. and Stimmelmayr, M. (2010) Corporate Deductibility Provisions and Managerial Incentives, mimeo.
Robert Krämer, Vilen Lipatov The Effect of Corporate Taxation and Ownership on Raising Shareholder Capital CESIFO Working Paper NO. 4436.
Khanna, T., Kogan, J. and Palepu, K. (2006) Globalization and dissimilarities in corporate governance: A cross-country analysis,
The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88: 69–90.
Hansmann, H. and Kraakman, R. (2001) The end of history for corporate law,
Georgetown Law Journal, 89: 439–68.
DiMaggio, P. J. and Powell, W. W. (1983) The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields,
American Sociological Review, 48: 147–60.
Kogut, B., Walker, G. and Anand, J. (2002) Agency and institutions: National divergences in diversification behavior,
Organization Science, 13: 162–78.
Aguilera, R. V. and Jackson, G. (2003) The cross-national diversity of corporate governance: Dimensions and determinants,
Academy of Management Review, 28: 447–65.
Hermes, N., Postma, T. J. B. M. and Zivkov, O. (2006) Corporate governance codes in the European Union: Are they driven by external or domestic forces?
International Journal of Managerial Finance, 2: 280–301.
Coffee, J. C. (1999) The future as history: The prospects for global convergence in corporate governance and its implications,
Northwestern University Law Review, 93: 641–707.
Khanna, T. and Palepu, K. (2004) Globalization and convergence in corporate governance: Evidence from Infosys and the Indian software industry,
Journal of International Business Studies, 35: 484–507.
Acharya, V., M. Gabarro, and P. Volpin, 2013, Competition for Managers, Corporate Governance and Incentive Compensation, Working Paper. Acharya, V., S. Myers, and R. Rajan, 2011, The Internal Governance of Firms, The Journal of Finance LXVI, 689–720.
Perotti, E. and P. Volpin, 2007, “Politics, Investor Protection and Competition,” working paper. Perotti, E. and E. von Thadden, 2006, “The Political Economy of Corporate Control and Labor Rents,” Journal of Political Economy 114, 145–174.
Franklin Allen, Elena Carletti, Robert Marquez Stakeholder Capitalism, Competition and Firm Value at:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2346430.
Sabrina T. Howell, Firm type variation in the cost of risk management Journal of Corporate Finance 64 (2020) 101691 p. 21.
Zielonka, J. (2007). Plurilateral Governance in the Enlarged European Union.
Journal of Common Market Studies,
45(1), 187–209.
Miroslav Nedelchev, Good Practices in Corporate Governance: One-Size-Fits-All vs. Comply-or-Explain
www.sciedu.ca/ijba P79 2013 International Journal of Business Administration Vol. 4, No. 6.
Davies, M., & Schlitzer, B. (2008). The impracticality of an international “one size fits all” corporate governance code of best practice,
Managerial Auditing Journal,
23(6), 532–544.
Bhide, A., 1993. The hidden costs of stock market liquidity. Journal of Financial Economics 34, 31–51.
Maug, E., 1998. Large shareholders as monitors: Is there a trade-off between liquidity and control? Journal of Finance 53, 65–98.
Edmans, A., Fang, V. W., Zur, E., 2012. The effect of liquidity on governance, University of Minnesota.
Kerry Backa, Tao Lib, Alexander Ljungqvistc Liquidity and Governance at:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2350362.
Adams, R. B. 2012. Governance and the Financial Crisis.
International Review of Finance. 12(1):7–28.
The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission Report. 2011, Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., United States of America.
Turnbull, S. 2008. The theory and practice of government de-regulation. In: J. Choi and S. Dow-Anvari (Eds.),
International Finance Review: Institutional approach to global corporate governance. Emerald Publishing, Bingley, UK, (9): a117–139.
A Renders & A Gaeremynck, ‘Corporate Governance, Principal-Principal Agency Conflicts, and Firm Value in European Listed Companies’,
Corporate Governance: An International Review, vol. 20, no. 2, 2012, pp. 125–143, p. 127.
A Demb & F Neubauer,
The Corporate Board: Confronting the Paradoxes, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992, p. 187. Report of the HIH Royal Commission,
The Failure of HIH Insurance, 2003, section 6.2.5.
Denis, Diane, and John J. Mc Connell. 2003. “International Corporate Governance.”
Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 38(1): 1–36.
Djankov, Simeon, Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, and Andrei Shleifer. 2006. “The Law and Economics of Self-Dealing.” NBER Working Paper 11883.
G20 Declaration Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy (Washington, D.C.: 15 November 2008, at 3-4; G20 Declaration on Further Steps to Strengthen the Financial System (London: 4–5 September 2009); G-20 Toronto Summit Declaration (Toronto, 26–27 June 2010) at 6-7; G20 Cannes Summit Final Declaration (Cannes, 4 November 2011) at 9-10; IOSCO, Final Report on the Subprime Crisis May 2008).
Eddy O. Wymeersch, Risk in Financial Institutions – Is It Managed?, Ghent University Financial Law Institute Working Paper No. 2012-04,
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1988926 (2012) (‘[a]ll this has led to a new perception where ‘risk’ is the master of the game’). Recitals 25, 30 of and new Article 122a as inserted by Directive 2009/111/EC of 16 September 2009 amending Directives 2006/48/EC, 2006/49/EC and 2007/64/EC as regards banks affiliated to central institutions, certain own funds items, large exposures, supervisory arrangements, and crisis management (‘CRD II’); Recitals 1-2, 8-9, 16-17, & 45 of Directive 2010/76/EU of 24 November 2010 amending Directives 2006/48/EC and 2006/49/EC as regards capital requirements for the trading book and for re-securitisations, and the supervisory review of remuneration policies (‘CRD III’); Recitals 54, 57, 62, & 66, & Articles 74(1) & 76, CRD IV, as well as many detailed provisions of the CRR (e.g. Articles 20 (6), 49 (1)(d), & 103(b)).
Reflection Group on the Future of EU Company Law (2011), 39–42. P44.
Reflection Group on the Future of EU Company Law (2011), 39–42.
http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/accounting/non-financial_reporting/index_en.htm.
Action Plan: European company law and corporate governance – a modern legal framework for more engaged shareholders and sustainable companies, COM (2012) 740 final, 5-6. at 6 (‘boards should give broader consideration to the entire range of risks faced by their company. Extending the reporting requirements with regard to non-financial parameters would help in establishing a more comprehensive risk profile of the company, enabling more effective design of strategies to address those risks. This additional focus on non-financial aspects would encourage companies to adopt a sustainable and long-term strategic approach to their business. In order to encourage companies to … give greater consideration to non-financial risks, the Commission will make in 2013 a proposal to strengthen disclosure requirements with regard to … risk management through amendment of the accounting Directive[s].’).
European Commission, Greenpaper promoting a European framework for Corporate Social Responsibility, 18 July 2001, COM (2001) 366 final, 6; European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – A renewed EU strategy 2011-14 for Corporate Social Responsibility 25 October 2011, COM (2011) 681 final, 7.
Hopt, Klaus J., and Leyens, Patrick C., (2004), Board Models in Europe – Recent Developments of Internal Corporate Governance Structures in Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Italy,
ECGI Law Working Paper, No. 18/2004.
Erkens, David., Hung, Mingyi., and Matos, Pedro., (2010), Corporate Governance in the 2007-2008 Financial Crisis: Evidence from Financial Institutions Worldwide,
SSRN Working paper Series.
Dermine, J., (2013), Bank Corporate Governance, Beyond the Global Banking Crisis,
Financial Markets, Institutions & Instruments, Vol. 22, Issue 5.
Bekiaris, M., Koutoupis, A.G., and Efthymiou, T., (2013), Economic Crisis Impact on Corporate Governance and Internal Audit: The Case of Greece,
Corporate Ownership & Control, Vol. 11, Issue 1.
Giroud, Xavier, and Holger M. Mueller, 2011, Corporate governance, product market competition, and equity prices, Journal of Finance 66, 563–600.
Nocera, J. (2009). Risk mismanagement.
New York Times, 4.
Li, P. (2009).
How can corporate governance control enterprise’s financial risk?
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1523519.
Kirkpatrick, G. (2009, February 27).
The corporate governance lessons from the financial crisis (Annual Report). Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Rose, P. (2010, June 25).
Regulating risk by strengthening corporate governance (Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper No. 130).
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1630122.
Lang, W. W., & Jagtiani, J. A. (2010). The mortgage and financial crises: The role of credit risk management and corporate governance.
Atlantic Economic Journal,
38(2), 295–316.
Modigliani, F. and Miller, M.H. (1958), “The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment,”
American Economic Review, 48, 261–297.
DeMarzo, Peter, and Darrel Duffie, 1995. Corporate incentives for hedging and hedge accounting. Review of Financial Studies 8(3), 743–771.
Eisdorfer, Assaf, 2008. Empirical evidence of risk shifting in financially distressed firms. Journal of Finance 63(2), 609–637. Purnanandam, Amiyatosh, 2008. Financial distress and corporate risk management: Theory and evidence. Journal of Financial Economics 87(3), 706–739.
Cheng, S. 2008. Board size and the variability of corporate performance. Journal of Financial Economics 87, 157–176.
Pathan, S., 2009. Strong boards, CEO power and bank risk-taking. Journal of Banking and Finance 33, 1340–1350.
Vivian W. Taia, Yi-Hsun Lai, Tung-Hsiao Yang, Min-Teh Yu Corporate Hedging and Corporate Governance: The Role of the Board and the Audit Committee
www.ssrn.com P 18.
Action Plan: European company law and corporate governance – a modern legal framework for more engaged shareholders and sustainable companies, COM(2012) 740 final, 5-6.
Steven Schwarcz,
Systemic Risk, 97 GEO. L.J. 193, 198 (2008) (‘These consequences could include (a chain of) financial institution and/or market failures.’).
Monica Billio et al., Econometric measures of Systemic Risk in the Finance and Insurance, NBER Working Paper Series 16223, 1 (July 2010)
www.nber.org/papers/w16223.
A. Sinan Cebenoyan & Philip E. Strahan,
Risk Management, Capital Structure and Lending at Banks, 28 J. BANK. FIN. 19,
passim (2004).
Luca Enriques, Dirk Zetzsche The Risky Business of Regulating Risk Management in Listed Companies 10/2013
IFS – Propter Homines Chair Working Paper 002/2013 p31. Center for Business and Corporate Law Research Paper Series (CBC-RPS)
http://iur.duslaw.eu/de 0052/2013 at:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2344314.
March, James G. & Zur Shapira. 1987. Managerial perspectives on risk and risk taking. Management Science, 33: 1404–18.
Frank H. Knight, Risk, Uncertainty And Profit (1921). Michel Crouhy, Dan Galai, & Robert Mark, The Essentials Of Risk Management 88 (2006). at 9-10 (encouraging firms to address the issue openly: ‘Transparency about what we know and what we don’t know, far from undermining credibility, helps to build trust and confidence.’).
Miles, Raymond E. & Charles C. Snow. 1978. Organizational strategy, structure, and process. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Galbraith, Jay R. 1977. Organization design. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
Dionne, G., Hammami, K., Gauthier, G., Maurice, M., Simonato, J.G., 2010. Default risk in corporate yield spreads. Financial Management 39, 707–731. Crouhy, M., Mark, R., Galai D., 2000. Risk Management, New York: McGraw Hill.
Diamond, D., 1984. Financial intermediation and delegated monitoring. Review of Economic Studies 51, 393–414.
Froot, K.A., Stein, J.C., 1998. Risk management: Capital budgeting, and capital structure policy for financial institutions: An integrated approach. Journal of Financial Economics 47, 55–82. Froot, K.A., Scharfstein, D.S., Stein, J.C., 1993. Risk management: Coordinating corporate investment and financing policies. The Journal of Finance 48, 1629–1658.
Allayannis, G., Weston, J.P., 2001. The use of foreign currency derivatives and firm market value. Review of Financial Studies 14, 243–276.
Minton, B.A., Schrand, C., 1999. The impact of cash flow volatility on discretionary investment and the costs of debt and equity financing. Journal of Financial Economics 54, 423–460.
Sinan Cebenoyan, Philip E. Strahan, Risk management, capital structure and lending at banks. Journal of Banking & Finance 28 (2004) 19–43.
Sinan Cebenoyan, Philip E. Strahan, Risk management, capital structure and lending at banks. Journal of Banking & Finance 28 (2004) 19–43, p. 41.
Froot, K.A. and O’Connell, P.G.J. (1997), “On the Pricing of Intermediated Risks: Theory and Application to Catastrophe Reinsurance” NBER Working Paper No. 6011.
Modigliani, F. and Miller, M.H. (1958), “The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment,”
American Economic Review, 48, 261–297.
Engle, R. F. (1982), “Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity with Estimates of the Variance of United Kingdom Inflation,”
Econometrica, 50, 987–1007. Engle, R.F., Lilien, D.M., and Robins, R.P. (1987), “Estimating Time Varying Risk Premia in the Term Structure: The ARCH-M Model,”
Econometrica, 55, 391–407.
Neil Gunningham & Darren Sinclair,
Organizational Trust and the Limits of Management-Based Regulation, 43 L. & SOC. REV. 865,
passim (2009). Christopher D. Stone, Where The Law Ends: The Social Control Of Corporate Behavior, 120-1 (1975).
Article 13, 44 and Recitals 11-18 of the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 231/2013 of 19 December 2012 supplementing Directive 2011/61/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to exemptions, general operating conditions, depositaries, leverage, transparency and supervision.
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (‘BCBS’), The internal ratings-based approach, Bank for International Settlement (2001),
http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbsca05.pdf.
BCBS,
Basel III: A global regulatory framework for more resilient banks and banking systems, Bank for International Settlement (rev., 2011), available at
http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs189.htm.
Articles 77 and 78 of CRD IV and Articles 142-191 Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of 26 June 2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms and amending Regulation (EU) No 648/2012. Ian Ayres & John Braithwaite, Responsive Regulation. Transcending The Deregulation Debate Ch. 4 (1992).
European Commission,
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Council Directives 78/660/EEEC and 83/449/EEC as regards disclosure of non-financial and diversity information by certain large companies and groups, Com (2013) 207 final (16 April 2013). European Commission,
Corporate governance in financial institutions and remuneration policies (Green Paper), COM(2010) 284, 7;
EU corporate governance framework, Green Paper, COM(2011) 164/3, at p. 3 & 10.
Christoph van der Elst,
Risk management in corporate law and corporate governance, in Corporate Governance And The Global Financial Crisis: International Perspectives 215, 236 (William Sun, Jim Stewart & David Pollard eds. 2011).
Marijn van Daelen, Christoph van der Elst & Arco van de Ven,
Risk Management Interconnections in Law, Accounting and Tax, in Risk Management And Corporate Governance 198, at 216-217 & 226 (Marijn van Daelen & Christoph van der Elst eds, 2010).
Michel Crouhy, Dan Galai, & Robert Mark, The Essentials Of Risk Management 88 (2006).
Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of 26 June 2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms and amending Regulation (EU) No 648/2012. Article 4 (1) No. 52 CRR.
Gary Stoneburner, Alice Goguen, and Alexis Feringa, Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems
Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST Special Publication 800-30.
Whidbee, David, and Mark Whoar, 1999, Derivatives activities and managerial incentives in the banking industry,
Journal of Corporate Finance 5, 251–276.
COSO, Internal Control — Integrated Framework: Executive Summary (May 2013),
http://www.coso.org/documents/990025P_Executive_Summary_final_may20_e.pdf.
Michel Crouhy, Dan Galai, & Robert Mark, The Essentials Of Risk Management 88 (2006). at 9-10 (encouraging firms to address the issue openly: ‘Transparency about what we know and what we don’t know, far from undermining credibility, helps to build trust and confidence.’).
Eric Gerding,
The Outsourcing of Financial Regulation to Risk Models and the Global Financial Crisis: Code, Crash, and Open Source, 84 Wash. L. Rev. 127, 137 (2009); with regard to credit default swaps Christopher Brown & Cheng Hao,
Treating Uncertainty as Risk: The Credit Default Swap and the Paradox of Derivatives, 46:2 J. ECON. ISSUES 303 (2012); Michael Power, Organized Uncertainty. Designing A World Of Risk Management 5-6 (2007).
Linda Allen, Jacob Boudoukh, & Anthony Saunders, Understanding Market, Credit, And Operational Risk – The Value At Risk Approach 176-7 (2004) (for VaR); for CoVaR Tobias Adrian & Markus K. Brunnermeier, CoVaR, FRB of New York Staff Report No. 348 (2011),
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1269446, at 8.
Charles S. Tapiero, The Future of Financial Engineering, NYU Pol’y Research Paper (2013),
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2259232.
Marcelo G. Cruz, Modeling, Measuring And Hedging Operational Risk 169-70 (2002, Repr. 2008).
Linda Allen, Jacob Boudoukh, & Anthony Saunders, Understanding Market, Credit, And Operational Risk – The Value At Risk Approach 176-7 (2004).
Dolde, W., 1993, The trajectory of corporate financial risk management, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 6, Fall, 33–41.
Froot, K.A., Scharfstein, D.S. et al. (1993) Risk Management: Coordinating Corporate Investment and Financing Policies.
Journal of Finance 48 (5).
Chang W.L, (2015), NIST big data interoperability framework, volume 1, definitions (NIST SP)-1500-1
https://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/big-data/ TechAmerica Foundation, Federal Big Data Commission, (2012), DEMYSTIFYING. BIG DATA: A Practical Guide to Transform the Business of Government. Paryasto.M, Alamsyah.A, Ruhardjo.B, (2014), Big data security management issues, 2nd International conference on information and communication technology”, p. 59–63.
Loyd B.D, Kannan D.K, (2017), Identifying Design patterns for risk management system using big data analytics, International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics, 305–312. Sun.M, Yang.W, Jiang.J, (2015), Big data: Risks and Regulatory Services, IEEE, 358–362. Chen.M, Chen.W, (2018), Testing of big data analytics by benchmark, IEEE international conference on software testing, Verification and validation workshops, 231–238.
Viktor Mayer-Schönberger & Kenneth Cukier, Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, And Think 12-14 (2013) (predicting that big data will not only be a new source of economic value but will also transform the organization of society).
Dilek Bülbül, Hendrik Hakenes, Claudia Lambert, What influences banks’ choice of credit risk management practices? Theory and evidence Journal of Financial Stability 40 (2019) 1–14 (Typically, by implementing both risk management instruments (advanced risk management), banks can diversify and fine-tune their portfolios. We find that credit portfolio modeling is more desirable when competition is high; it is also more desirable for higher sector concentration. Credit risk transfer is more desirable when competition is high and more desirable for lower sector concentration.) p. 11.
Lucio Fernandez-Arjona, Damir Filipovi´c, A machine learning approach to portfolio pricing and risk management for high-dimensional problems
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3588376.
Daron Acemoglu, Asuman Ozdaglar & Alireza Tahbaz-Salehi, Systemic Risk and Stability in Financial Networks, 105 AM. ECON. REV. 564, 564 (2015) (“Since the global financial crisis of 2008, the view that the architecture of the financial system plays a central role in shaping systemic risk has become conventional wisdom”). Ryan Bubb & Prasad Krishnamurthy, Regulating Against Bubbles: How Mortgage Regulation Can Keep Main Street And Wall Street Safe-From Themselves, 163 U. PA. L. REV. 1539, 1542 (2014) (describing how the shock hitting the real estate market had dramatic consequences on the U.S. economy).
John C. Coates IV, Cost-Benefit Analysis of Financial Regulation: Case Studies and Implications, 124 YALE L.J. 882, 894 (2014) (noting that “financial markets are tightly interconnected systems (hence the now mainstream phrase “systemic risk”). Sheri Markose, Simone Giansante & Ali Rais Shaghaghi, ‘Too Interconnected to Fail’ Financial Network of US CDS market: Topological fragility and systemic risk, 83 J. ECON. BEHAVIOR & ORG. 627, 627 (2012) (noting that “[t]he 2007 financial crisis which started as the US ‘sub-prime’ crisis, through a process of financial contagion led to the demise of major banks and also precipitated severe economic contraction the world over”). Alessandro Romano, Horizontal Shareholding: The End of Markets and the Rise of Networks (2018), available at
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3255948.
Luca Enriques Alessandro Romano Thom Wetzer, Network-Sensitive Financial Regulation, ECGI Working Paper Series in Law, Working Paper N° 451/2019 May 2019
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3387708.
Drehmann, M., and K. Nikolaou, 2013, “Funding liquidity risk: Definition and measurement”, Journal of Banking and Finance, 37, 2173–2182.
Perignon, C., D. Thesmar, and G. Vuillemey, 2018, “Wholesale Funding Dry-Ups”, Journal of Finance, 73(2), 575–617.
Alexander Bechtel Angelo Ranaldo Jan Wrampelmeyer, Liquidity Risk And Funding Cost, Working Papers On Finance No. 2019/03, Swiss Institute Of Banking And Finance (S/BF – HSG)
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3391129 P 34.
BlackRock, “Larry Fink’s 2018 Letter to CEOs: A Sense of Purpose,” available at:
https://www.blackrock.com/corporate/investor-relations/2018-larry-fink-ceo-letter.
Brandon Boze, Margarita KrivitsKi, david F. LarcKer, Brian tayan, and eva zLotnicKa, The Business Case for ESG Stanford Closer Look Series – CGRP77 May 23, 2019 at:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3393082.
William W. Bratton and Simone M. Sepe, Corporate Law And The Myth Of Efficient Market Control,
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3385735.
Lynn Stout, The Shareholder Value Myth: How Putting Shareholders First Harm Investors, Corporations And The Public (2012).
Koijen, R. S. J. and M. Yogo, 2017, The Fragility of Market Risk Insurance, Princeton University Working Paper.
Ishita Sen, Regulatory Limits to Risk Management, March 3, 2019 e at:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3345880 P 5.
Hoffmann, P., S. Langfield, F. Pierobon, and G. Vuillemey, 2017, Who Bears Interest Rate Risk, European Central Bank Working Paper.
Ishita Sen, Regulatory Limits to Risk Management, March 3, 2019
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3345880 p37.
Koijen, R. S. J. and M. Yogo, 2015, The Cost of Financial Frictions for Life Insurers, American Economic Review 105 (1), 445–475. Koijen, R. S. J. and M. Yogo, 2015, Risks of Life Insurers: Recent Trends and Transmission Mechanisms, The Economics, Regulation, and Systemic Risk of Insurance Markets, Oxford University Press, chapter 4. Koijen, R. S. J. and M. Yogo, 2016, Shadow Insurance, Econometrica 84 (3), 1265–1287.
Corte, P. D., Kozhan, R., and Neuberger, A. (2017). “The Cross-Section of Currency Volatility Premia”, Working paper, Imperial College Business School, Warwick Business School, and Cass Business School.
Corte, P. D., Sarno, L., and Tsiakas, I. (2011). “Spot and Forward Volatility in Foreign Exchange”, Journal of Financial Economics, 100(3), 496–513.
Xingyi Li and Valeriy Zakamulin, The Term Structure of Volatility Predictability
OECD, “G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance”, OECD Publishing, 2015, page 9.
M. Fenwick and E. Vermeulen, “Technology and Corporate Governance: Blockchain, Crypto and Artificial Intelligence”, European Corporate Governance Institute, ECGI Working Paper No. 424/2018, November 2018.
V. Akgiray, “Blockchain Technology and Corporate Governance”, Report for the OECD Corporate Governance Committee’s roundtable discussion on blockchain technologies and possible implications for effective use and implementation of the G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance, 6 June 2018.
J. Barrdear and M. Kumhof, “The macroeconomics of central bank issued digital currencies”, Bank of England, Staff Working Paper No. 605, July 2016; M. Bech and R. Garratt, “Central bank cryptocurrencies”, BIS Quarterly Review, 17 September 2017.
D. Guégan and C. Hénot, “A Probative Value for Authentication Use Case Blockchain”, Documents de travail du Centre d’Economie de la Sorbonne, 2018; D. Guégan and A. Sotiropoulou, “Bitcoin and the challenges for financial regulation”, Capital Markets Law Journal, Volume 12, Issue 4, October 2017, pp. 466–479.
Financial Conduct Authority, English HM Treasury and Bank of England, “Cryptoassets Taskforce: final report”, October 2018, pp. 11–14; K. Bheemaiah and A. Collomb, “Cryptoasset valuation: Identifying the variables of analysis”, Louis Bachelier Institute, Working Report v1.0, 19 October 2018; G.J. Nowak and J.C. Guagliardo, Pepper Hamilton LLP, “Blockchain and initial coin offerings: SEC provides first US securities law guidance”, Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation, 9 August 2017.
C. Clack, V. Bakshi and L. Braine, “Smart Contract Templates: foundations, design landscape and research directions”, Cornell University Library, 2016 and revised in March 2017. A. Delivorias, “Distributed ledger technology and financial markets”, European Parliamentary Research Service, Briefing, November 2016.
P.J. Ennis, J. Waugh and W. Weaver, “Three Definitions of Tokenomics”, Coindesk, 17 March 2018 (
https://www.coindesk.com/three-definitions-tokenomics). Financial Conduct Authority, English HM Treasury and Bank of England, “Cryptoassets Taskforce: final report”, October 2018, p. 13.
T. Koffman, “Your official guide to the security token ecosystem”, Medium, 13 April 2018. H. Marks, “The future of US securities will be tokenized”, Medium, 22 May 2018.
U. Chohan, “The Decentralized Autonomous Organization and Governance Issues”, SSRN, Discussion Paper, December 2017; D. Yermack, “Corporate Governance and Blockchains”, Oxford Review of Finance, Volume 21, Issue 1, March 2017, pp. 7–31; P. Paech, “The Governance of Blockchain Financial Networks”, LSE Legal Studies Working Paper No. 16/2017, 16 December 2016; M. Raskin, “The Law and Legality of Smart Contracts”, Georgetown Law Technology Review, Volume 1, 25 September 2016, p. 336.
Jorge Arturo Martínez-González, CFA, Roberto Joaquín Santillán-Salgado Measuring Business Risk through Cash Flow at Risk: Modeling and Hedging Choices in a Multinational Company based in an Emerging Country, at:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2366111 P 17.
Meidell, A., and Kaarbøe, K. (2017), “How the Enterprise Risk Management Function Influences Decision-making in the Organization–A Field Study of a Large, Global Oil and Gas Company”, The British Accounting Review, 49(1), 39–55.
Naciye Sekerci and Don Pagach, Enterprise Risk Management and Firm Ownership: Evidence from Continental Europe July 18, 2019
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3366489.
Aguilera, R. V., Marano, V., and Haxhi, I. (2019), “International Corporate Governance: A Review and Opportunities for Future Research”, Journal of International Business Studies, 1–42.
Srivastav, S (2013). “A study of Enterprise risk management in banks.”
Accman journal of management. Vol. 5, issue 1.
National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling (National Commission). 2011.
Deep Water: The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling. Report to the President. Available at:
http://www.oilspillcommission.gov/final-report.
Power, M. 2009. The risk management of nothing.
Accounting, Organizations and Society 34 (6, 7): 849–855.
Power, M. 2009. The risk management of nothing.
Accounting, Organizations and Society 34 (6, 7): 849–855.
Stulz, R. 1996. Rethinking risk management.
Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 9 (3): 8–24.
Froot, K. A., D.S. Scharfstein, and J. Stein. 1993. Risk management: Coordinating corporate investment and financing policies.
Journal of Finance 48 (5): 1629–1658.
National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling (National Commission). 2011. Deep Water: The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling. Report to the President. Available at:
http://www.oilspillcommission.gov/final-report.
Moody’s Analytics, Inc. 2010.
Enterprise Risk Management. Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC. 2013.
Ratings Direct: Criteria, insurance, general: Enterprise risk management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Pagach, D., and R. Warr. 2011. The Characteristics of Firms that Hire Chief Risk Officers.
The Journal of Risk and Insurance 78(1): 185–211.
Paape, L., and R.F. Speklé. 2012. The adoption and design of enterprise risk management practices: An empirical study.
European Accounting Review 21 (3): 533–564.
Anil Nair, Elzotbek Rustambekov, Michael McShane and Stav Fainshmidt, Enterprise Risk Management as a Dynamic Capability: A test of its effectiveness during a crisis
www.ssrn.com.
Pagach, D., & Warr, R. (2010). The effects of enterprise risk management on firm performance.
www.ssrn.com
SSRN 1155218.
Rejda, G. E., McNamara, M. J., 2011, Principles of Risk Management and Insurance, 12th edition, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
McGrath, R. G. (2013). Transient Advantage.
Harvard Business Review,
91(6), 62.
Zahra, S. A., Sapienza, H. J., & Davidsson, P. (2006). Entrepreneurship and Dynamic Capabilities: A Review, Model and Research Agenda*.
Journal of Management Studies, 43(4), 917–955.
Eisenhardt, K., & Martin, J. (2000). Dynamic Capability: What are they?
Strategic Management Journal, 21(1), 1105–1121.
Helfat C., Finkelstein S., Mitchell W., Peteraf M., Singh H., Teece D., & Winter S. (2007). Dynamic capabilities–understanding strategic change in organizations: Malden, USA: Blackwell. 4.
Teece, D. J. (2007). Explicating dynamic capabilities: the nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance.
Strategic management journal,
28(13), 1319–1350.
Pagach, D., & Warr, R. (2010). The effects of enterprise risk management on firm performance.
SSRN 1155218 p. 19.
Meulbroek, L. K. (2002). Integrated Risk Management for the Firm: A Senior Manager’s Guide. Retrieved 2008, from Harvard Business School:
www.hbs.edu/research/facpubs/workingpapers/papers2/0102/02-046.pdf.
Hoyt, R.E., Liebenberg, A. P. (2006). The Value of Enterprise Risk Management: Evidence from the U.S. Insurance Industry.
http://www.aria.org/meetings/2006papers/Hoyt_Liebenberg_ERM_070606.pdf; Hoyt, R. E., Liebenberg, A. P. (2008). The Value of Enterprise Risk Management: Evidence from the U.S. Insurance Industry.
http://www.risknet.de; Hoyt, R.E., Liebenberg, A.P., 2010, The Value of Enterprise Risk Management, Journal of Risk and Insurance, 78, 4, 795–822.
Giorgio Stefano Bertinetti, Elisa Cavezzali and Gloria Gardenal The effect of the enterprise risk management implementation on the firm value of European companies Working Paper n. 10/2013 August 2013 the Department of Management at Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia.
Green SD. Towards an integrated script for risk and value management. Project management 2001;7(1):52–8.
Ilona Babenko, Hendrik Bessembinder, Yuri Tserlukevich, Debt Financing and Risk Management,
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3675898.
Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), (2017), Enterprise Risk Management – Integrated Framework Executive Summary. COSO ERM framework (2017).
Boubaker, S., Nguyen, P. and Rouatbi, W. (2016), “Multiple Large Shareholders and Corporate Risktaking: Evidence from French Family Firms”, European Financial Management, 22: 697–745. Hoyt, R. E. and Liebenberg, A. P. (2011), “The Value of Enterprise Risk Management”, Journal of Risk and Insurance, Vol. 78, No. 4, pp. 795–822.
Huang, J., Su, C., Joseph, N. L., and Gilder, D. (2018), “Monitoring Mechanisms, Managerial Incentives, Investment Distortion Costs, and Derivatives Usage”, The British Accounting Review, 50(1), 93–141.
Sekerci, Naciye and Pagach, Donald P., Enterprise Risk Management and Firm Ownership: Evidence from Continental Europe SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3366489 P18; Sekerci, N. (2015). Does Enterprise Risk Management Create Value for Firms? In The Routledge Companion to Strategic Risk Management (pp. 409–440). Routledge.
Brammertz, Willi (2009): Unified financial analysis, Wiley Finance. ORX Operational Risk Reporting Standards (2011),
www.orx.org.
S. Bainbridge,
Corporate Governance after the Financial Crisis, Oxford, p. 172–173 (Oxford University Press, 2012).
Coleman, Thomas S. 2012.
Quantitative Risk Management. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Turnbull, S. 2002.
A new way to govern: Organizations and society after Enron. New Economics Foundation, London,
http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=319867.
www.bis.org Progress in adopting the Principles for effective risk data aggregation and risk reporting April 2020. BCBS, Principles for effective risk data aggregation and risk reporting, January 2013,
www.bis.org/publ/bcbs239.pdf.
Raghavan (2003). “Risk Management in Banks.” Pp. 841–851.
Andrew W. Lo, “Risk Management for Hedge Funds: Introduction and Overview,” Financial Analysts Journal 57 (2001), 16–33.
Stulz, René, 1990, Managerial discretion and optimal financing policies,
Journal of Financial Economics 26, 3–28.
DeMarzo, Peter, and Darrel Duffie, 1991, Corporate financial hedging with proprietary information,
Journal of Economic Theory 53, 261–286.
Bordo, Michael D. and Christopher M. Meisner (2011). Do Financial Crises Always Rise Inequality? Some Evidence from History. Working paper Hoover Institution. September. Rutger’s University.
Dolde, W., 1993, The trajectory of corporate financial risk management, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 6, Fall, 33–41.
Froot, K., D.S. Scharfstein, and J.C. Stein, 1993, Risk management: Coordinating corporate investment and financing policies, Journal of Finance 48, 1629–1658.
Porter, T., 2010. Risk Models and Transnational Governance in the Global Financial Crisis: The Cases of Basel II and Credit Rating Agencies.
In: E. Helleiner, S. Pagliari, and H. Zimmerman, eds.,
Global Finance in Crisis: The Politics of International Regulatory Change, London: Routledge, 56–73.
Young, K.L., 2012. Transnational Regulatory Capture? An Empirical Examination of the Transnational Lobbying of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision,
Review of International Political Economy, 19 (4), 663–688.
Rangarajan Sundaram and David Yermack, ‘Pay Me Later: Inside Debt and its Role in Managerial Compensation’ (2007) 62
Journal of Finance 1551.
Harrington, S., Niehaus, G.R., 2003. Risk Management and Insurance. Irwin/McGraw-Hill, USA.
Bruner, C. M. (2010). Corporate governance reform in a time of crisis.
Journal of Corporate Law,
36(1).
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1617890.
Lang, W. W., & Jagtiani, J. A. (2010). The mortgage and financial crises: The role of credit risk management and corporate governance.
Atlantic Economic Journal,
38(2), 295–316.
Mantovani G. M., Daniotti E., Gurisatti P. (2013) In Search Of Corporate Risk Measures To Complete Financial Reporting. The Case Of The “Caldarerie”-Industry, In International Research Journal Of Applied Finance, vol. IV, pp. 458–489.
Giorgio Bertinetti, Guido
Max Mantovani, Is There (A Methodology To Measure) A Corporate Governance Risk Premium Into The Corporate Cost Of Capital?
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2372493 P23.
Ashwin Alankar, Peter Blaustein, Myron S. Scholes The Cost of Constraints: Risk Management, Agency Theory and Asset Prices, 2013 Research Paper No. 2135.
Kashyap, A.K., Rajan, R., Stein, J.C., 2002. Banks as liquidity providers: An explanation for the coexistence of lending and deposit-taking. Journal of Finance 57 (1), 33–73.
Saidenberg, M.R., Strahan, P.E., 1999. Are banks important for financing large businesses? Current Issues in Economics and Finance 5 (12), 1–6.
Allayannis, G., Weston, J.P., 2001. The use of foreign currency derivatives and firm market value. Review of Financial Studies 14, 243–276.
Minton, B.A., Schrand, C., 1999. The impact of cash flow volatility on discretionary investment and the costs of debt and equity financing. Journal of Financial Economics 54, 423–460.
Dahiya, S., Puri, M., Saunders, A., 2000. Bank borrowers and loan sales: New evidence on the uniqueness of bank loans. Working Paper, NYU.
A. Sinan Cebenoyan, Philip E. Strahan, Risk management, capital structure and lending at banks Journal of Banking & Finance 28 (2004) 19–43.
Vivian W. Taia, Yi-Hsun Lai, Tung-Hsiao Yang, Min-Teh Yu Corporate Hedging and Corporate Governance: The Role of the Board and the Audit Committee
www.ssrn.com.
Lucian Bebchuk and Holger Spamann, ‘Regulating Bankers’ Pay’ (2010) 98
Georgetown Law Journal 247.
Henry Hansmann and Reinier Kraakman, ‘The End of History for Corporate Law’ (2001) 89
Georgetown Law Journal 439, 439.
Lucian Bebchuk and Jesse Fried,
Pay Without Performance: The Unfulfilled Promise of Executive Compensation, (Harvard University Press, 2004). See also, Lucian Bebchuk and Yaniv Grinstein, ‘The Growth of Executive Pay’ (2005) 21
Oxford Review of Economic Policy 282.
Richard M. Ridyard, Corporate Governance And Double Liability: Toward A Bank Shareholder-Orientated Model 2013
www.ssrn.com.
Giorgio Bertinetti, Guido Max Mantovani, Is There (A Methodology To Measure) A Corporate Governance Risk Premium Into The Corporate Cost Of Capital?
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2372493.
Bertinetti G.; Mantovani G.M., (2009) Premi al rischio di governance e comunicazione finanziaria dell’impresa in Maggioni V.; Potito L.; Vigano’ R., Corporate governance: governo controllo e struttura finanziaria, Bologna, Il Mulino, vol. 1, pp. 425–446.
Klaus J. Hopt, Comparative Corporate Governance: The State of the Art and International Regulation, 59 Am. J. Comp. L. 1, 6 (2011).
Paul Sweeting, Financial Enterprise Risk Management 1–3 (2011).
COSO & WORLD BUS. COUNC. FOR SUST. DEV. (WBSCD), Enterprise Risk Management: Applying Enterprise Risk Management To Environmental Social And Governance-Related Risks, Oct. 2018, https://
www.coso.org/Documents/COSO-WBCSD-ESGERM-Guidance-Full.pdf.
Philippe Jorion, Value At Risk: The New Benchmark For Managing Financial Risk 495 (3d ed., 2007).
CMTTEE. OF SPONS. ORG. OF THE TREADWAY COMM’N. (COSO), Enterprise Risk Management: Integrating With Strategy And Performance 9 (June 2017) COSO ERM Framework: (i) risk appetite is “the types and amount of risk, on a broad level, that an entity is willing to accept or reject in pursuit of value;” (ii) tolerance is “the boundaries of acceptable variation in performance related to achieving business objectives;” and (iii) risk capacity “is the maximum amount of risk that an entity is able to absorb in the pursuit of strategy and business objectives, [considering] liquidity, stakeholder relationships, capabilities and other factors.”
Marc Moore & Martin Petrin, Corporate Governance: Law, Regulation, And Theory 206 (2017) (“[A]s is now widely acknowledged, the major banking company failures of 2007 and 2008 were [in part] attributable to practices that were regarded at the time as an intrinsic and valuable part of the strategic operations of the firms involved”).
Fabian Hertel, Effective Internal Control and Corporate Compliance (2019). Véronique Magnier, Comparative Corporate Governance: Legal Perspectives (2017).
Asaf Eckstein & Gideon Parchomovsky, The Reverse Agency Problem in the Age of Compliance,
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3460064.
Stavros Gadinis & Amelia Miazad, The Hidden Power of Compliance, 103 Minn. L. Rev. 2135, 2179–84, 2188 (2019).
In re Caremark Int’l Inc. Deriv. Litig., 698 A.2d 959, 971 (Del. Ch. 1996); Stone v. Ritter, 911 A.2d 362, 370, 373 (Del.2006).
In re Citigroup Inc. S’holder Derivative Litig. 964 A.2d 106, 131 (Del. Ch. 2009) (“To impose oversight liability on directors for failure to monitor ‘excessive’ risk would involve courts in conducting hindsight evaluations of decisions at the heart of the business judgment of directors”).
S Zuboff, ‘Big other: surveillance capitalism and the prospects of an information civilization’ (2015) 30 Journal of Information and Technology 75–89. J Hoye and J Monaghan, ‘Surveillance, freedom and the republic’ (2018) 17(3) European Journal of Political Theory 343–63.
Radanliev, Petar., Roure, David De., Page, Kevin., Nurse, Jason R.C., Montalvo, Rafael Mantilla., Santos, Omar., Maddox, La’Treall., and Burnap, Pete, “Cyber risk at the edge: current and future trends on cyber risk analytics and artificial intelligence in the industrial internet of things and industry 4.0 supply chains,” Cybersecurity, Springer Nat., 2020.
Nicolescu, Razvan., Huth, Michael., Radanliev, Petar., and De Roure, David, “Mapping the values of IoT,” J. Inf. Technol., vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 345–360, Mar. 2018.
Radanliev, Petar., De Roure, David., Nurse, Jason R. C., Mantilla Montalvo, Rafael., Cannady, Stacy., Santos, Omar., Maddox, La’Treall., Maple, Carsten, “Future developments in standardisation of cyber risk in the Internet of Things (IoT),” SN Appl. Sci., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1–16, Feb. 2020. Craggs, Barnaby, and Rashid, Awais, “Smart Cyber-Physical Systems: Beyond Usable Security to Security Ergonomics by Design,” in 2017 IEEE/ACM 3rd International Workshop on Software Engineering for Smart Cyber-Physical Systems (SEsCPS), 2017, pp. 22–25.
S. Kamiya, J.-K. Kang and J. Kim et al., Risk management, firm reputation, and the impact of successful cyberattacks on target firms, Journal of Financial Economics,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2019.05.019 p. 29.
G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, “Communiqué”, Apr. 15, 2020, p. 1.
Blevins, “The Use and Abuse of light touch internet regulation” (2019), 99 Boston Univ. L. Rev. 177.
https://theconversation.com/creating-a-high-speed-internet-lane-for-emergency-situations-79151.
OCC, Semiannual Risk Perspective Spring 2020,
https://www.occ.treas.gov/.
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art. 65(1)(b).
Commission v Greece, C-244/11 (Nov. 8, 2012), para. 67.
FDI Screening Regulation, (EU) 2019/452, Mar. 19, 2019, Recitals (3) and (35).
Regulation, Art. 4(1). Amendment 39 and 40 in Report A8-0198/2018 on Regulation, Art. 4(1).
“Coronavirus: Commission issues guidelines to protect critical European assets and technology in current crisis,” EU Commission press release, Mar. 25, 2020.
1.
go back to reference Demb, A., & Neubauer, F. (1992). The Corporate Board: Confronting the paradoxes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Demb, A., & Neubauer, F. (1992).
The Corporate Board: Confronting the paradoxes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2.
go back to reference Action Plan. European company law and corporate governance – a modern legal framework for more engaged shareholders and sustainable companies, COM (2012) 740 final. Action Plan.
European company law and corporate governance – a modern legal framework for more engaged shareholders and sustainable companies, COM (2012) 740 final.
3.
go back to reference Bechtel, A., Ranaldo, A., & Wrampelmeyer, J. Liquidity risk and funding cost. Working Papers On Finance No. 2019/03. Bechtel, A., Ranaldo, A., & Wrampelmeyer, J.
Liquidity risk and funding cost. Working Papers On Finance No. 2019/03.
4.
go back to reference Djankov, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2006). The law and economics of self-dealing. NBER Working Paper 11883. Djankov, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2006).
The law and economics of self-dealing. NBER Working Paper 11883.
5.
go back to reference Ernst & Young. (2009, February). Market risk capital set to increase. Prudential standards Update. Ernst & Young. (2009, February).
Market risk capital set to increase. Prudential standards Update.
6.
go back to reference European Commission. Communication on building trust in human-centric AI, COM (2019) 168. European Commission.
Communication on building trust in human-centric AI, COM (2019) 168.
7.
go back to reference European Commission. Corporate governance in financial institutions and remuneration policies (Green Paper), COM (2010) 284. European Commission.
Corporate governance in financial institutions and remuneration policies (Green Paper), COM (2010) 284.
8.
go back to reference European Commission. Greenpaper promoting a European framework for Corporate Social Responsibility, 18 July 2001, COM (2001) 366 final. European Commission.
Greenpaper promoting a European framework for Corporate Social Responsibility, 18 July 2001, COM (2001) 366 final.
9.
go back to reference FATF. (2014). Guidance for a risk-based approach. FATF. (2014).
Guidance for a risk-based approach.
10.
go back to reference Galbraith, J. R. (1977). Organization design. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Galbraith, J. R. (1977).
Organization design. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
11.
go back to reference King, G. (2018). Anti-money laundering: An overview. In G. King, C. Walker, & J. Gurule (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of criminal and terrorism financing law. Palgrave Macmillan. King, G. (2018). Anti-money laundering: An overview. In G. King, C. Walker, & J. Gurule (Eds.),
The Palgrave handbook of criminal and terrorism financing law. Palgrave Macmillan.
12.
go back to reference Koethenbürger, M., & Stimmelmayr, M. (2010). Corporate deductibility provisions and managerial incentives, mimeo. Koethenbürger, M., & Stimmelmayr, M. (2010).
Corporate deductibility provisions and managerial incentives, mimeo.
13.
go back to reference Koops, B. J. (2014). The trouble with European data protection law. International Data Privacy Law, 4(4). Koops, B. J. (2014). The trouble with European data protection law.
International Data Privacy Law, 4(4).
14.
go back to reference Heiman, M. R. A. (2020). The GDPR and the consequences of big regulation. Pepperdine Law Review, 47, 945. Heiman, M. R. A. (2020). The GDPR and the consequences of big regulation.
Pepperdine Law Review, 47, 945.
15.
go back to reference Billio, M., et al. Econometric measures of systemic risk in the finance and insurance. NBER Working Paper Series 16223. Billio, M., et al.
Econometric measures of systemic risk in the finance and insurance. NBER Working Paper Series 16223.
16.
go back to reference Oxelheim, L., & Wihlborg, C. G. (1987). Macroeconomic uncertainty: International risks and opportunities for the corporation. New York: Wiley. Oxelheim, L., & Wihlborg, C. G. (1987).
Macroeconomic uncertainty: International risks and opportunities for the corporation. New York: Wiley.
17.
go back to reference Peel, J. (2010). Science and risk regulation in international law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef Peel, J. (2010).
Science and risk regulation in international law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Quelle, C. (2017). The ‘risk revolution’ in EU data protection law: We can’t have our cake and eat it, too. Tilburg Law School, Legal Studies Research Paper Series. Quelle, C. (2017).
The ‘risk revolution’ in EU data protection law: We can’t have our cake and eat it, too. Tilburg Law School, Legal Studies Research Paper Series.
19.
go back to reference Regulation 2016/679, the new General Data Protection Regulation entered into force in May 2018. Regulation 2016/679, the new General Data Protection Regulation entered into force in May 2018.
20.
go back to reference Krämer, R., & Lipatov, V. The effect of corporate taxation and ownership on raising shareholder capital. CESIFO Working Paper No. 4436. Krämer, R., & Lipatov, V.
The effect of corporate taxation and ownership on raising shareholder capital. CESIFO Working Paper No. 4436.
21.
go back to reference Van Duyne, P. C., Harvey, J., & Gelemerova, L. (2018). A ‘risky’ risk approach: Proportionality in ML/TF regulation. In G. King, C. Walker, & J. Gurule (Eds.). The Palgrave handbook of criminal and terrorism financing law. Palgrave Macmillan. Van Duyne, P. C., Harvey, J., & Gelemerova, L. (2018). A ‘risky’ risk approach: Proportionality in ML/TF regulation. In G. King, C. Walker, & J. Gurule (Eds.). The Palgrave handbook of criminal and terrorism financing law. Palgrave Macmillan.
22.
go back to reference Bratton, W. W. (2002). Enron and the dark side of shareholder value. Tulane Law Review, Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper n.035. Bratton, W. W. (2002). Enron and the dark side of shareholder value.
Tulane Law Review, Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper n.035.
23.
go back to reference White Paper on Artificial Intelligence – A European approach to excellence and trust Brussels, 19.2.2020 COM(2020) 65 final. White Paper on Artificial Intelligence – A European approach to excellence and trust Brussels, 19.2.2020 COM(2020) 65 final.
- Title
- Risk Management Developments
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64254-9_5
- Author:
-
Georgios I. Zekos
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Sequence number
- 5
- Chapter number
- Chapter 5