Skip to main content
Top

2015 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

6. Scanning Conductive Torsion Mode Microscopy

Authors : Ling Sun, Elmar Bonaccurso

Published in: Surface Science Tools for Nanomaterials Characterization

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

In this chapter, we introduce a special non-contact scanning probe based current sensing technique: scanning conductive torsion mode microscopy (SCTMM), which allows for simultaneous topography and electrical current mapping on solid samples. Due to the low interacting force between the probe and sample surface, this new technique is particularly indicated for and usually applied to measurements on soft materials and fragile structures. We first describe the working principle and discuss the advantages of the technique and its limitations. We also review recent applications of this technique, including studies of structure-properties relationship, local conductivity of nanopillar arrays, electropolymerization of conjugated polymers, and molecular orientation of self-assembly structures. In the end, we discuss some potential improvements of future scanning probe based current sensing techniques.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference Sessolo M, Bolink HJ (2011) Hybrid organic–inorganic light-emitting diodes. Adv Mater 23(16):1829–1845CrossRef Sessolo M, Bolink HJ (2011) Hybrid organic–inorganic light-emitting diodes. Adv Mater 23(16):1829–1845CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Xu T, Qiao Q (2011) Conjugated polymer-inorganic semiconductor hybrid solar cells. Energy Environ Sci 4(8):2700–2720CrossRef Xu T, Qiao Q (2011) Conjugated polymer-inorganic semiconductor hybrid solar cells. Energy Environ Sci 4(8):2700–2720CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Baeg K-J, Binda M, Natali D, Caironi M, Noh Y-Y (2013) Organic light detectors: photodiodes and phototransistors. Adv Mater 25(31):4267–4295CrossRef Baeg K-J, Binda M, Natali D, Caironi M, Noh Y-Y (2013) Organic light detectors: photodiodes and phototransistors. Adv Mater 25(31):4267–4295CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Ameri T, Khoram P, Min J, Brabec CJ (2013) Organic ternary solar cells: a review. Adv Mater 25(31):4245–4266CrossRef Ameri T, Khoram P, Min J, Brabec CJ (2013) Organic ternary solar cells: a review. Adv Mater 25(31):4245–4266CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Kelley TW, Granstrom E, Frisbie CD (1999) Conducting probe atomic force microscopy: a characterization tool for molecular electronics. Adv Mater 11(3):261–264CrossRef Kelley TW, Granstrom E, Frisbie CD (1999) Conducting probe atomic force microscopy: a characterization tool for molecular electronics. Adv Mater 11(3):261–264CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Loiacono MJ, Granstrom EL, Frisbie CD (1998) Investigation of charge transport in thin, doped sexithiophene crystals by conducting probe atomic force microscopy. J Phys Chem B 102(10):1679–1688CrossRef Loiacono MJ, Granstrom EL, Frisbie CD (1998) Investigation of charge transport in thin, doped sexithiophene crystals by conducting probe atomic force microscopy. J Phys Chem B 102(10):1679–1688CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Zhu J, Lu L, Zeng K (2013) Nanoscale mapping of Lithium-Ion diffusion in a cathode within an all-solid-state Lithium-Ion battery by advanced scanning probe microscopy techniques. ACS Nano 7(2):1666–1675CrossRef Zhu J, Lu L, Zeng K (2013) Nanoscale mapping of Lithium-Ion diffusion in a cathode within an all-solid-state Lithium-Ion battery by advanced scanning probe microscopy techniques. ACS Nano 7(2):1666–1675CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Hou J, Rouxel B, Qin W, Nonnenmann SS, Bonnell DA (2013) Tip loading effects on AFM-based transport measurements of metal–oxide interfaces. Nanotechnology 24(39):395703CrossRef Hou J, Rouxel B, Qin W, Nonnenmann SS, Bonnell DA (2013) Tip loading effects on AFM-based transport measurements of metal–oxide interfaces. Nanotechnology 24(39):395703CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Yang H, Shin TJ, Ling M-M, Cho K, Ryu CY, Bao Z (2005) Conducting AFM and 2D GIXD studies on pentacene thin films. J Am Chem Soc 127(33):11542–11543CrossRef Yang H, Shin TJ, Ling M-M, Cho K, Ryu CY, Bao Z (2005) Conducting AFM and 2D GIXD studies on pentacene thin films. J Am Chem Soc 127(33):11542–11543CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Hendriksen BLM, Martin F, Qi Y, Mauldin C, Vukmirovic N, Ren J, Wormeester H, Katan AJ, Altoe V, Aloni S, Fréchet JMJ, Wang L-W, Salmeron M (2011) Electrical transport properties of oligothiophene-based molecular films studied by current sensing atomic force microscopy. Nano Lett 11(10):4107–4112CrossRef Hendriksen BLM, Martin F, Qi Y, Mauldin C, Vukmirovic N, Ren J, Wormeester H, Katan AJ, Altoe V, Aloni S, Fréchet JMJ, Wang L-W, Salmeron M (2011) Electrical transport properties of oligothiophene-based molecular films studied by current sensing atomic force microscopy. Nano Lett 11(10):4107–4112CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Jean-Christophe B, Wibren DO, Laurence L, Dirk V, Jean M (2013) The importance of bridging points for charge transport in webs of conjugated polymer nanofibers. Adv Funct Mater 23(7):862–869CrossRef Jean-Christophe B, Wibren DO, Laurence L, Dirk V, Jean M (2013) The importance of bridging points for charge transport in webs of conjugated polymer nanofibers. Adv Funct Mater 23(7):862–869CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Sun L, Wang J, Bonaccurso E (2010) Nanoelectronic properties of a model system and of a conjugated polymer: a study by Kelvin probe force microscopy and scanning conductive torsion mode microscopy. J Phys Chem C 114(15):7161–7168CrossRef Sun L, Wang J, Bonaccurso E (2010) Nanoelectronic properties of a model system and of a conjugated polymer: a study by Kelvin probe force microscopy and scanning conductive torsion mode microscopy. J Phys Chem C 114(15):7161–7168CrossRef
13.
go back to reference Sun L (2010) Nanoscopic studies of conjugated polymer blends by (electric) scanning probe microscopy. Dissertation, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Sun L (2010) Nanoscopic studies of conjugated polymer blends by (electric) scanning probe microscopy. Dissertation, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität
14.
go back to reference Harris P, Huang L, Su C (2010) Electrical testing of soft delicate samples using Torsional Resonance Mode and TUNA. Application note, Bruker Corporation Harris P, Huang L, Su C (2010) Electrical testing of soft delicate samples using Torsional Resonance Mode and TUNA. Application note, Bruker Corporation
15.
go back to reference Vetushka A, Itoh T, Nakanishi Y, Fejfar A, Nonomura S, Ledinsky M, Kocka J (2012) Conductive atomic force microscopy on carbon nanowalls. J Non Cryst Solids 358(17):2545–2547CrossRef Vetushka A, Itoh T, Nakanishi Y, Fejfar A, Nonomura S, Ledinsky M, Kocka J (2012) Conductive atomic force microscopy on carbon nanowalls. J Non Cryst Solids 358(17):2545–2547CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Dang X-D, Dante M, Nguyen T-Q (2008) Morphology and conductivity modification of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) films induced by conductive atomic force microscopy measurements. Appl Phys Lett 93(24):241911CrossRef Dang X-D, Dante M, Nguyen T-Q (2008) Morphology and conductivity modification of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) films induced by conductive atomic force microscopy measurements. Appl Phys Lett 93(24):241911CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Li C, Stephen M, Pittenger, B, Mednick, A, Michele G, Nguyen, T-Q (2011) Simultaneous electrical and mechanical property mapping at the nanoscale with PeakForce TUNA. Application note, Bruker Corporation Li C, Stephen M, Pittenger, B, Mednick, A, Michele G, Nguyen, T-Q (2011) Simultaneous electrical and mechanical property mapping at the nanoscale with PeakForce TUNA. Application note, Bruker Corporation
18.
go back to reference Huang L, Su C (2004) A torsional resonance mode AFM for in-plane tip surface interactions. Ultramicroscopy 100(3–4):277–285CrossRef Huang L, Su C (2004) A torsional resonance mode AFM for in-plane tip surface interactions. Ultramicroscopy 100(3–4):277–285CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Kasai T, Bhushan B, Huang L, Su C (2004) Topography and phase imaging using the torsional resonance mode. Nanotechnology 15(7):731–742CrossRef Kasai T, Bhushan B, Huang L, Su C (2004) Topography and phase imaging using the torsional resonance mode. Nanotechnology 15(7):731–742CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Berger R, Butt HJ, Retschke MB, Weber SAL (2009) Electrical modes in scanning probe microscopy. Macromol Rapid Commun 30(14):1167–1178CrossRef Berger R, Butt HJ, Retschke MB, Weber SAL (2009) Electrical modes in scanning probe microscopy. Macromol Rapid Commun 30(14):1167–1178CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Binnig G, Quate CF, Gerber C (1986) Atomic force microscopy. Phys Rev Lett 56(9):930–933CrossRef Binnig G, Quate CF, Gerber C (1986) Atomic force microscopy. Phys Rev Lett 56(9):930–933CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Binnig G, Rohrer H (1982) Scanning tunneling microscopy. Helv Phys Acta 55(6):726–735 Binnig G, Rohrer H (1982) Scanning tunneling microscopy. Helv Phys Acta 55(6):726–735
23.
go back to reference Berger R, Domanski AL, Weber SAL (2013) Electrical characterization of organic solar cell materials based on scanning force microscopy. Eur Polym J 49(8):1907–1915CrossRef Berger R, Domanski AL, Weber SAL (2013) Electrical characterization of organic solar cell materials based on scanning force microscopy. Eur Polym J 49(8):1907–1915CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Musumeci C, Hutchison JA, Samori P (2013) Controlling the morphology of conductive PEDOT by in situ electropolymerization, from thin films to nanowires with variable electrical properties. Nanoscale 5(17):7756–7761CrossRef Musumeci C, Hutchison JA, Samori P (2013) Controlling the morphology of conductive PEDOT by in situ electropolymerization, from thin films to nanowires with variable electrical properties. Nanoscale 5(17):7756–7761CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Musumeci C, Rosnes MH, Giannazzo F, Symes MD, Cronin L, Pignataro B (2011) Smart high-κ nanodielectrics using solid supported polyoxometalate-rich nanostructures. ACS Nano 5(12):9992–9999CrossRef Musumeci C, Rosnes MH, Giannazzo F, Symes MD, Cronin L, Pignataro B (2011) Smart high-κ nanodielectrics using solid supported polyoxometalate-rich nanostructures. ACS Nano 5(12):9992–9999CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Weber SAL, Berger R (2013) Electrical tip-sample contact in scanning conductive torsion mode. Appl Phys Lett 102(16):163105CrossRef Weber SAL, Berger R (2013) Electrical tip-sample contact in scanning conductive torsion mode. Appl Phys Lett 102(16):163105CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Weber SAL, Haberkorn N, Theato P, Berger R (2010) Mapping of local conductivity variations on fragile nanopillar arrays by scanning conductive torsion mode microscopy. Nano Lett 10(4):1194–1197CrossRef Weber SAL, Haberkorn N, Theato P, Berger R (2010) Mapping of local conductivity variations on fragile nanopillar arrays by scanning conductive torsion mode microscopy. Nano Lett 10(4):1194–1197CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Su C, Huang L, Prater C, Bhushan B (2007) Torsional resonance microscopy and its applications. In: Bhushan B, Kawata S, Fuchs H (eds) Applied scanning probe methods series, Series V: nanoscience and technology. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 113–148 Su C, Huang L, Prater C, Bhushan B (2007) Torsional resonance microscopy and its applications. In: Bhushan B, Kawata S, Fuchs H (eds) Applied scanning probe methods series, Series V: nanoscience and technology. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 113–148
29.
go back to reference Yurtsever A, Gigler AM, Dietz C, Stark RW (2008) Frequency modulated torsional resonance mode atomic force microscopy on polymers. Appl Phys Lett 92(14):143103CrossRef Yurtsever A, Gigler AM, Dietz C, Stark RW (2008) Frequency modulated torsional resonance mode atomic force microscopy on polymers. Appl Phys Lett 92(14):143103CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Yurtsever A, Gigler AM, Stark RW (2009) Amplitude and frequency modulation torsional resonance mode atomic force microscopy of a mineral surface. Ultramicroscopy 109(3):275–279CrossRef Yurtsever A, Gigler AM, Stark RW (2009) Amplitude and frequency modulation torsional resonance mode atomic force microscopy of a mineral surface. Ultramicroscopy 109(3):275–279CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Rabe U, Kopycinska M, Hirsekorn S, Arnold W (2002) Evaluation of the contact resonance frequencies in atomic force microscopy as a method for surface characterization (invited). Ultrasonics 40(1–8):49–54CrossRef Rabe U, Kopycinska M, Hirsekorn S, Arnold W (2002) Evaluation of the contact resonance frequencies in atomic force microscopy as a method for surface characterization (invited). Ultrasonics 40(1–8):49–54CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Wang J, Sun L, Mpoukouvalas K, Fassbender B, Bonaccurso E, Brunklaus G, Muehlebach A, Rime F, Butt H, Wegner G (2009) Facile synthesis of spherical polyelectrolyte brushes as carriers for conducting polymers to be used in plastic electronics. Macromol Chem Phys 210(18):1504–1509CrossRef Wang J, Sun L, Mpoukouvalas K, Fassbender B, Bonaccurso E, Brunklaus G, Muehlebach A, Rime F, Butt H, Wegner G (2009) Facile synthesis of spherical polyelectrolyte brushes as carriers for conducting polymers to be used in plastic electronics. Macromol Chem Phys 210(18):1504–1509CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Wang J, Sun L, Mpoukouvalas K, Lienkamp K, Lieberwirth I, Fassbender B, Bonaccurso E, Brunklaus G, Muehlebach A, Beierlein T, Tilch R, Butt H, Wegner G (2009) Construction of redispersible polypyrrole core-shell nanoparticles for application in polymer electronics. Adv Mater 21(10–11):1137–1141CrossRef Wang J, Sun L, Mpoukouvalas K, Lienkamp K, Lieberwirth I, Fassbender B, Bonaccurso E, Brunklaus G, Muehlebach A, Beierlein T, Tilch R, Butt H, Wegner G (2009) Construction of redispersible polypyrrole core-shell nanoparticles for application in polymer electronics. Adv Mater 21(10–11):1137–1141CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Cornil J, Beljonne D, Calbert JP, Brédas JL (2001) Interchain interactions in organic π-conjugated materials: impact on electronic structure, optical response, and charge transport. Adv Mater 13(14):1053–1067CrossRef Cornil J, Beljonne D, Calbert JP, Brédas JL (2001) Interchain interactions in organic π-conjugated materials: impact on electronic structure, optical response, and charge transport. Adv Mater 13(14):1053–1067CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Pingree LSC, Reid OG, Ginger DS (2009) Scanning probe microscopy: electrical scanning probe microscopy on active organic electronic devices. Adv Mater 21(1):19–28CrossRef Pingree LSC, Reid OG, Ginger DS (2009) Scanning probe microscopy: electrical scanning probe microscopy on active organic electronic devices. Adv Mater 21(1):19–28CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Sun L, Wang J, Butt H-J, Bonaccurso E (2011) Influence of relative humidity on the nanoscopic topography and dielectric constant of thin films of PPy:PSS. Small 7(7):950–956CrossRef Sun L, Wang J, Butt H-J, Bonaccurso E (2011) Influence of relative humidity on the nanoscopic topography and dielectric constant of thin films of PPy:PSS. Small 7(7):950–956CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Yang X, Loos J (2007) Toward high-performance polymer solar cells: the importance of morphology control. Macromolecules 40(5):1353–1362CrossRef Yang X, Loos J (2007) Toward high-performance polymer solar cells: the importance of morphology control. Macromolecules 40(5):1353–1362CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Haberkorn N, Lechmann MC, Sohn BH, Char K, Gutmann JS, Theato P (2009) Templated organic and hybrid materials for optoelectronic applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 30(14):1146–1166CrossRef Haberkorn N, Lechmann MC, Sohn BH, Char K, Gutmann JS, Theato P (2009) Templated organic and hybrid materials for optoelectronic applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 30(14):1146–1166CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Jørgensen M, Norrman K, Krebs FC (2008) Stability/degradation of polymer solar cells. Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 92(7):686–714CrossRef Jørgensen M, Norrman K, Krebs FC (2008) Stability/degradation of polymer solar cells. Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 92(7):686–714CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Moons E (2002) Conjugated polymer blends: linking film morphology to performance of light emitting diodes and photodiodes. J Phys Condens Matter 14(47):12235CrossRef Moons E (2002) Conjugated polymer blends: linking film morphology to performance of light emitting diodes and photodiodes. J Phys Condens Matter 14(47):12235CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Gao W, Sattayasamitsathit S, Uygun A, Pei A, Ponedal A, Wang J (2012) Polymer-based tubular microbots: role of composition and preparation. Nanoscale 4(7):2447–2453CrossRef Gao W, Sattayasamitsathit S, Uygun A, Pei A, Ponedal A, Wang J (2012) Polymer-based tubular microbots: role of composition and preparation. Nanoscale 4(7):2447–2453CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Branzoi F, Branzoi V, Musina A (2013) Coatings based on conducting polymers and functionalized carbon nanotubes obtained by electropolymerization. Prog Org Coat 76(4):632–638 Branzoi F, Branzoi V, Musina A (2013) Coatings based on conducting polymers and functionalized carbon nanotubes obtained by electropolymerization. Prog Org Coat 76(4):632–638
43.
go back to reference Sarac AS, Ozgul SE, Gencturk A, Schulz B, Gilsing HD, Faltz H (2010) Morphological and impedance studies on electropolymerized 3,4-(2,2-dibenzylpropylenedioxy)thiophene nanostructures on micron sized single carbon fiber. Prog Org Coat 69(4):527–533CrossRef Sarac AS, Ozgul SE, Gencturk A, Schulz B, Gilsing HD, Faltz H (2010) Morphological and impedance studies on electropolymerized 3,4-(2,2-dibenzylpropylenedioxy)thiophene nanostructures on micron sized single carbon fiber. Prog Org Coat 69(4):527–533CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Miras HN, Yan J, Long D-L, Cronin L (2012) Engineering polyoxometalates with emergent properties. Chem Soc Rev 41(22):7403–7430 Miras HN, Yan J, Long D-L, Cronin L (2012) Engineering polyoxometalates with emergent properties. Chem Soc Rev 41(22):7403–7430
45.
go back to reference Rosnes MH, Musumeci C, Pradeep CP, Mathieson JS, Long D-L, Song Y-F, Pignataro B, Cogdell R, Cronin L (2010) Assembly of modular asymmetric organic–inorganic polyoxometalate hybrids into anisotropic nanostructures. J Am Chem Soc 132(44):15490–15492CrossRef Rosnes MH, Musumeci C, Pradeep CP, Mathieson JS, Long D-L, Song Y-F, Pignataro B, Cogdell R, Cronin L (2010) Assembly of modular asymmetric organic–inorganic polyoxometalate hybrids into anisotropic nanostructures. J Am Chem Soc 132(44):15490–15492CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Loos J (2005) The art of SPM: scanning probe microscopy in materials science. Adv Mater 17(15):1821–1833CrossRef Loos J (2005) The art of SPM: scanning probe microscopy in materials science. Adv Mater 17(15):1821–1833CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Yurtsever A, Gigler AM, Macias E, Stark RW (2007) Response of a laterally vibrating nanotip to surface forces. Appl Phys Lett 91(25):253120CrossRef Yurtsever A, Gigler AM, Macias E, Stark RW (2007) Response of a laterally vibrating nanotip to surface forces. Appl Phys Lett 91(25):253120CrossRef
48.
go back to reference Desbief S, Hergue N, Douheret O, Surin M, Dubois P, Geerts Y, Lazzaroni R, Leclere P (2012) Nanoscale investigation of the electrical properties in semiconductor polymer-carbon nanotube hybrid materials. Nanoscale 4(8):2705–2712CrossRef Desbief S, Hergue N, Douheret O, Surin M, Dubois P, Geerts Y, Lazzaroni R, Leclere P (2012) Nanoscale investigation of the electrical properties in semiconductor polymer-carbon nanotube hybrid materials. Nanoscale 4(8):2705–2712CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Scanning Conductive Torsion Mode Microscopy
Authors
Ling Sun
Elmar Bonaccurso
Copyright Year
2015
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44551-8_6

Premium Partners