Skip to main content
Top

2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Scheduling for Fault-Tolerance: An Introduction

Authors : Guillaume Aupy, Yves Robert

Published in: Topics in Parallel and Distributed Computing

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Parallel execution time is expected to decrease as the number of processors increases. We show in this chapter that this is not as easy as it seems, even for perfectly parallel applications. In particular, processors are subject to faults. The more processors are available, the more likely faults will strike during execution. The main strategy to cope with faults in High Performance Computing is checkpointing. We introduce the reader to this approach, and explain how to determine the optimal checkpointing period through scheduling techniques. We also detail how to combine checkpointing with prediction and with replication.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Footnotes
1
As a side note, one needs only 23 persons for the probability of a common birthday to reach 0.5 (a question often asked in geek evenings).
 
2
By the way, there is a nice little exercise in “Appendix 6: Scheduling a Linear Chain of Tasks” if you are motivated to help.
 
Literature
1.
go back to reference G. Aupy, Y. Robert, F. Vivien, and D. Zaidouni. Checkpointing strategies with prediction windows. In Dependable Computing (PRDC), 2013 IEEE 19th Pacific Rim International Symposium on, pages 1–10. IEEE, 2013. G. Aupy, Y. Robert, F. Vivien, and D. Zaidouni. Checkpointing strategies with prediction windows. In Dependable Computing (PRDC), 2013 IEEE 19th Pacific Rim International Symposium on, pages 1–10. IEEE, 2013.
2.
go back to reference G. Aupy, Y. Robert, F. Vivien, and D. Zaidouni. Checkpointing algorithms and fault prediction. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 74(2):2048–2064, 2014.CrossRef G. Aupy, Y. Robert, F. Vivien, and D. Zaidouni. Checkpointing algorithms and fault prediction. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 74(2):2048–2064, 2014.CrossRef
3.
go back to reference M. Bougeret, H. Casanova, M. Rabie, Y. Robert, and F. Vivien. Checkpointing strategies for parallel jobs. In Proceedings of SC’11, 2011. M. Bougeret, H. Casanova, M. Rabie, Y. Robert, and F. Vivien. Checkpointing strategies for parallel jobs. In Proceedings of SC’11, 2011.
4.
go back to reference F. Cappello, A. Geist, B. Gropp, L. V. Kalé, B. Kramer, and M. Snir. Toward Exascale Resilience. Int. Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, 23(4):374–388, 2009.CrossRef F. Cappello, A. Geist, B. Gropp, L. V. Kalé, B. Kramer, and M. Snir. Toward Exascale Resilience. Int. Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, 23(4):374–388, 2009.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference H. Casanova, Y. Robert, F. Vivien, and D. Zaidouni. Combining process replication and checkpointing for resilience on exascale systems. Research report RR-7951, INRIA, May 2012. H. Casanova, Y. Robert, F. Vivien, and D. Zaidouni. Combining process replication and checkpointing for resilience on exascale systems. Research report RR-7951, INRIA, May 2012.
6.
go back to reference J. T. Daly. A higher order estimate of the optimum checkpoint interval for restart dumps. FGCS, 22(3):303–312, 2004.CrossRef J. T. Daly. A higher order estimate of the optimum checkpoint interval for restart dumps. FGCS, 22(3):303–312, 2004.CrossRef
7.
go back to reference C. Engelmann, H. H. Ong, and S. L. Scorr. The case for modular redundancy in large-scale highh performance computing systems. In Proc. of the 8th IASTED Infernational Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing and Networks (PDCN), pages 189–194, 2009. C. Engelmann, H. H. Ong, and S. L. Scorr. The case for modular redundancy in large-scale highh performance computing systems. In Proc. of the 8th IASTED Infernational Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing and Networks (PDCN), pages 189–194, 2009.
8.
go back to reference K. Ferreira, J. Stearley, J. H. I. Laros, R. Oldfield, K. Pedretti, R. Brightwell, R. Riesen, P. G. Bridges, and D. Arnold. Evaluating the Viability of Process Replication Reliability for Exascale Systems. In Proc. of the ACM/IEEE SC Conf., 2011. K. Ferreira, J. Stearley, J. H. I. Laros, R. Oldfield, K. Pedretti, R. Brightwell, R. Riesen, P. G. Bridges, and D. Arnold. Evaluating the Viability of Process Replication Reliability for Exascale Systems. In Proc. of the ACM/IEEE SC Conf., 2011.
9.
go back to reference P. Flajolet, P. J. Grabner, P. Kirschenhofer, and H. Prodinger. On Ramanujan’s Q-Function. J. Computational and Applied Mathematics, 58:103–116, 1995.MathSciNetCrossRef P. Flajolet, P. J. Grabner, P. Kirschenhofer, and H. Prodinger. On Ramanujan’s Q-Function. J. Computational and Applied Mathematics, 58:103–116, 1995.MathSciNetCrossRef
10.
go back to reference A. Gainaru, F. Cappello, and W. Kramer. Taming of the shrew: Modeling the normal and faulty behavior of large-scale hpc systems. In Proc. IPDPS’12, 2012. A. Gainaru, F. Cappello, and W. Kramer. Taming of the shrew: Modeling the normal and faulty behavior of large-scale hpc systems. In Proc. IPDPS’12, 2012.
11.
go back to reference A. Gainaru, F. Cappello, M. Snir, and W. Kramer. Failure prediction for hpc systems and applications: Current situation and open issues. Int. J. High Perform. Comput. Appl., 27(3):273–282, 2013.CrossRef A. Gainaru, F. Cappello, M. Snir, and W. Kramer. Failure prediction for hpc systems and applications: Current situation and open issues. Int. J. High Perform. Comput. Appl., 27(3):273–282, 2013.CrossRef
12.
go back to reference F. Gärtner. Fundamentals of fault-tolerant distributed computing in asynchronous environments. ACM Computing Surveys, 31(1), 1999.CrossRef F. Gärtner. Fundamentals of fault-tolerant distributed computing in asynchronous environments. ACM Computing Surveys, 31(1), 1999.CrossRef
13.
go back to reference T. Hérault and Y. Robert, editors. Fault-Tolerance Techniques for High-Performance Computing, Computer Communications and Networks. Springer Verlag, 2015. T. Hérault and Y. Robert, editors. Fault-Tolerance Techniques for High-Performance Computing, Computer Communications and Networks. Springer Verlag, 2015.
14.
go back to reference O. Kella and W. Stadje. Superposition of renewal processes and an application to multi-server queues. Statistics & probability letters, 76(17):1914–1924, 2006.MathSciNetCrossRef O. Kella and W. Stadje. Superposition of renewal processes and an application to multi-server queues. Statistics & probability letters, 76(17):1914–1924, 2006.MathSciNetCrossRef
15.
go back to reference D. Kondo, A. Chien, and H. Casanova. Scheduling Task Parallel Applications for Rapid Application Turnaround on Enterprise Desktop Grids. J. Grid Computing, 5(4):379–405, 2007.CrossRef D. Kondo, A. Chien, and H. Casanova. Scheduling Task Parallel Applications for Rapid Application Turnaround on Enterprise Desktop Grids. J. Grid Computing, 5(4):379–405, 2007.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference S. M. Ross. Introduction to Probability Models, Eleventh Edition. Academic Press, 2009. S. M. Ross. Introduction to Probability Models, Eleventh Edition. Academic Press, 2009.
17.
go back to reference B. Schroeder and G. Gibson. Understanding failures in petascale computers. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 78(1), 2007. B. Schroeder and G. Gibson. Understanding failures in petascale computers. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 78(1), 2007.
18.
go back to reference J. W. Young. A first order approximation to the optimum checkpoint interval. Comm. of the ACM, 17(9):530–531, 1974.CrossRef J. W. Young. A first order approximation to the optimum checkpoint interval. Comm. of the ACM, 17(9):530–531, 1974.CrossRef
19.
go back to reference L. Yu, Z. Zheng, Z. Lan, and S. Coghlan. Practical online failure prediction for blue gene/p: Period-based vs event-driven. In Dependable Systems and Networks Workshops (DSN-W), pages 259–264, 2011. L. Yu, Z. Zheng, Z. Lan, and S. Coghlan. Practical online failure prediction for blue gene/p: Period-based vs event-driven. In Dependable Systems and Networks Workshops (DSN-W), pages 259–264, 2011.
20.
go back to reference Z. Zheng and Z. Lan. Reliability-aware scalability models for high performance computing. In Proc. of the IEEE Conference on Cluster Computing, 2009. Z. Zheng and Z. Lan. Reliability-aware scalability models for high performance computing. In Proc. of the IEEE Conference on Cluster Computing, 2009.
21.
go back to reference Z. Zheng, Z. Lan, R. Gupta, S. Coghlan, and P. Beckman. A practical failure prediction with location and lead time for blue gene/p. In Dependable Systems and Networks Workshops (DSN-W), pages 15–22, 2010. Z. Zheng, Z. Lan, R. Gupta, S. Coghlan, and P. Beckman. A practical failure prediction with location and lead time for blue gene/p. In Dependable Systems and Networks Workshops (DSN-W), pages 15–22, 2010.
Metadata
Title
Scheduling for Fault-Tolerance: An Introduction
Authors
Guillaume Aupy
Yves Robert
Copyright Year
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93109-8_6

Premium Partner