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2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

5. Security in Outer Space: Rising Stakes for Europe

Authors : Edward Burger, Giulia Bordacchini

Published in: Yearbook on Space Policy 2017

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The ecosystem of the space sector has shifted drastically over the past decades with new technical concepts and business endeavours building on a changing institutional and economic environment. Now a pillar of the modern economy and society, the global space infrastructure enables key services across vital sectors and directly supports public actions to address economic, societal, environmental and security issues at a national and global level. This ever-growing use of space-based data and services by a variety of public and private actors/users has created a virtually invisible dependence on space technologies, which closely relates to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). As the use of space applications becomes more pervasive, brings more benefits and becomes part of the business-as-usual routine, dependence on space infrastructure intensifies, which creates new vulnerabilities for the economy and society at large.

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previous chapter Outcome Report of the 12th ESPI Autumn Conference

next chapter Security in Outer Space: Perspectives on Transatlantic Relations

PwC (2017). Dependence of the European Economy on Space Infrastructures. Brussels: EU Publications. Retrieved from: http://www.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/library/Copernicus_SocioEconomic_Impact_October_2016.pdf

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Ibid.

Specifically, DoD resistance to open SSA data sets, algorithms, and processes to external review and scrutiny, results in the uncertainty of the data and in possible false positive rates. See: https://www.ida.org/idamedia/Corporate/Files/Publications/STPIPubs/2016/P-8038.ashx

Froeliger, J. L. (2017). Greater Industry Cooperation Needed to Avoid Space Collisions. INTELSAT http://www.intelsat.com/news/blog/greater-industry-cooperation-needed-to-avoid-space-collisions/

Space-Track. User agreement. Retrieved from https://www.space-track.org/documentation#/user_agree

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ESA. Space Situational Awareness. https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Space_Situational_Awareness

Suzuki, K. Space Security: Is Europe a Credible Diplomatic Actor? Hokkaido University/Princeton University. Retrieved from https://swfound.org/media/91262/suzuki_kazuto.pdf

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Jeff Foust. (2018) ESA plans second attempt at planetary defense mission. Retrieved from: https://spacenews.com/esa-plans-second-attempt-at-planetary-defense-mission/

The 2009 FP7 work programme of 2009 included a list of external events including “space debris, hostile laser or Anti SATellite systems (ASAT), jamming, viruses, natural or man-made electro-magnetic disturbances”. The work programme of 2010 supported 15 R&D projects. While the 2011 work programme included NEOs, space debris and weather were respectively covered in 2013. Horizon 2020 included a section on ‘Protection of European assets in and from space’ (H2020-PROTEC) in the 2014–2015 work programme, and a section called ‘Secure and safe space environment’ in the work programme 2018–2020. Within FP7, additional financial contributions were allocated to the PEOPLE Programme distributing grants for training and career development, under which the SpaceDebEMC (Space Debris Evolution, Collision risk and Mitigation), and the STARDUST (the Asteroid and Space Debris Network), benefited.

Official Journal of the European Union (2014). Decision No 541/2014/Eu Of The European Parliament And Of The Council. Retrieved from EUR-Lex: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2014/541(1)/oj

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Ibid.

Note: Representatives of China, France, Russia, the UK and the USA as permanent members of the UN Security Council and representatives of Brazil, Chile, Italy, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Romania, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka and Ukraine.

Ministère de la Défense. (2013). Defence And National Security. French White Paper. Retrieved from https://www.defense.gouv.fr/content/download/215253/2394121/White%20paper%20on%20defense%20%202013.pdf

https://www.surrey.ac.uk/surrey-space-centre/missions/removedebris

The IET. (2017). https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2017/07/satellites-to-be-fitted-with-sails-to-take-them-out-of-orbit-and-prevent-space-junk/

http://www.deorbitaldevices.com/

Jessica. (2017) The clean space blog. Retrieved from ESA: http://blogs.esa.int/cleanspace/2017/02/03/cleansat-an-exciting-opportunity-for-the-european-space-industry/

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Code of conduct Working Document 21 (2014). Draft International Code of Conduct For Outer Space Activities. Retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/space_code_conduct_draft_vers_31-march-2014_en.pdf

EEAS (2017). Conference on Disarmament – Working Group on the “Way Ahead” – EU Statement on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space. Retrieved from European Union-External Action: https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/28329/conference-disarmament-working-group-way-ahead-eu-statement-prevention-arms-race-outer-space_en

EEAS (2016). Conference on Disarmament – Working Group of the “Way Ahead”. Geneva. Retrieved from European Union External Action: https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/28329/conference-disarmament-working-group-way-ahead-eu-statement-prevention-arms-race-outer-space_en

Retrieved from CNES (2018): https://syracuse4.cnes.fr/fr/syracuse-4

Retrieved from CNES: https://robusta.cnes.fr/fr/ROBUSTA/Fr/index.htm

Leonardo. (2017) Press release: http://www.leonardocompany.com/en/-/esa-galileo-cyber

European GNSS Agency (2016). Security Accreditation. Retrieved from European GNSS Agency: https://www.gsa.europa.eu/security/accreditation

European Commission. (2018). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the space policy programme of the European Union, relating to the European Union Agency for Space and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1285/2013, No 377/2014 and No 912/2010 and Decision 541/2014/EU. Brussels.

Note: at the time of this report publication, the draft regulation is still under negotiation with member states.

As a way to foster increased international cooperation, establishing standards of responsible behaviour across the full range of space activity, strengthening commitments to non-interference in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, facilitating equitable access to outer space and increasing transparency of outer space activities.

Weeden, B. (2017). Space Situational Awareness Fact Sheet. Retrieved form Space World Foundation: https://swfound.org/media/205874/swf_ssa_fact_sheet.pdf

Title: Security in Outer Space: Rising Stakes for Europe
Authors: Edward Burger
Giulia Bordacchini
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Yearbook on Space Policy 2017
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-05416-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-05417-5

Copyright Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05417-5_5

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