Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Business Ethics 4/2022

07-02-2022 | Original Paper

Sex Robots: Are We Ready for Them? An Exploration of the Psychological Mechanisms Underlying People’s Receptiveness of Sex Robots

Authors: Junzhao Ma, Dewi Tojib, Yelena Tsarenko

Published in: Journal of Business Ethics | Issue 4/2022

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered products have started to permeate various spheres of our lives. One of the most controversial of such products is the sex robot, an application of the AI-integrated robotic technology in the domain of human sexual gratification. The aim of this research is to understand the general public’s receptiveness towards this controversial new invention. Drawing upon the social intuitionist model, we find that the fear of AI, emblematic of the broader anxiety of technology’s encroachment on the human sphere, shapes the public’s receptiveness to sex robots. Perceived substitutability of sex robots for human-to-human sexual interactions mediates this relationship. Religiosity is found to moderate this mediated relationship. Our findings are first established with a cross-sectional study. A “big data” field study further validates them. The present research is one of the first empirical studies to examine the underlying psychology of the public’s receptiveness to sex robots. By doing so, we aim to provide relevant government and industry bodies with a better understanding of this important topic for more informed policy making, and to raise awareness of the significant social and ethical implications should sex robots become widely accepted and adopted.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
go back to reference Alaii, J., Nanda, G., & Njeru, A. (2012). Fears, misconceptions, and side effects of modern contraception in Kenya: Opportunities for social and behavior change communication. Research Brief. Washington, DC: FHI, 360. Alaii, J., Nanda, G., & Njeru, A. (2012). Fears, misconceptions, and side effects of modern contraception in Kenya: Opportunities for social and behavior change communication. Research Brief. Washington, DC: FHI, 360.
go back to reference Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5(4), 432.CrossRef Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5(4), 432.CrossRef
go back to reference Allum, N., Sibley, E., Sturgis, P., & Stoneman, P. (2014). Religious beliefs, knowledge about science and attitudes towards medical genetics. Public Understanding of Science, 23(7), 833–849.CrossRef Allum, N., Sibley, E., Sturgis, P., & Stoneman, P. (2014). Religious beliefs, knowledge about science and attitudes towards medical genetics. Public Understanding of Science, 23(7), 833–849.CrossRef
go back to reference Amuda, Y. J., & Tijani, I. B. (2012). Ethical and legal implications of sex robot: An Islamic perspective. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 3(06), 19–28. Amuda, Y. J., & Tijani, I. B. (2012). Ethical and legal implications of sex robot: An Islamic perspective. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 3(06), 19–28.
go back to reference Atran, S. (2002). In gods we trust: The evolutionary landscape of religion. Oxford University Press. Atran, S. (2002). In gods we trust: The evolutionary landscape of religion. Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Barnett, J., Cooper, H., & Senior, V. (2007). Belief in public efficacy, trust, and attitudes toward modern genetic science. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 27(4), 921–933.CrossRef Barnett, J., Cooper, H., & Senior, V. (2007). Belief in public efficacy, trust, and attitudes toward modern genetic science. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 27(4), 921–933.CrossRef
go back to reference Batson, C. D. (1976). Religion as prosocial: Agent or double agent? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 187, 29–45.CrossRef Batson, C. D. (1976). Religion as prosocial: Agent or double agent? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 187, 29–45.CrossRef
go back to reference Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. WW Norton & Company. Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. WW Norton & Company.
go back to reference Buchanan-Oliver, M., & Cruz, A. (2011). Discourses of technology consumption: Ambivalence, fear, and liminality. ACR North American Advances. Buchanan-Oliver, M., & Cruz, A. (2011). Discourses of technology consumption: Ambivalence, fear, and liminality. ACR North American Advances.
go back to reference Carvalheira, A., Træen, B., & Stulhofer, A. (2015). Masturbation and pornography use among coupled heterosexual men with decreased sexual desire: How many roles of masturbation? Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 41(6), 626–635.CrossRef Carvalheira, A., Træen, B., & Stulhofer, A. (2015). Masturbation and pornography use among coupled heterosexual men with decreased sexual desire: How many roles of masturbation? Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 41(6), 626–635.CrossRef
go back to reference Cheng, L., Zhou, X., Wang, F., & Xiao, L. (2020). A state-level analysis of mortality and Google searches for pornography: Insight from life history theory. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49, 1–7.CrossRef Cheng, L., Zhou, X., Wang, F., & Xiao, L. (2020). A state-level analysis of mortality and Google searches for pornography: Insight from life history theory. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49, 1–7.CrossRef
go back to reference Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233–255.CrossRef Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233–255.CrossRef
go back to reference Choi, H., & Varian, H. (2012). Predicting the present with Google Trends. Economic Record, 88, 2–9.CrossRef Choi, H., & Varian, H. (2012). Predicting the present with Google Trends. Economic Record, 88, 2–9.CrossRef
go back to reference Cohen, I. B. (1980). The fear and distrust of science in historical perspective: Some first thoughts. In: Fear of Science—Trust in Science: Conditions for Change in the Climate of Opinion, publication of the Science Centre, Berlin, 19. Cohen, I. B. (1980). The fear and distrust of science in historical perspective: Some first thoughts. In: Fear of Science—Trust in Science: Conditions for Change in the Climate of Opinion, publication of the Science Centre, Berlin, 19.
go back to reference Cribier, F. (1988). Les difficultés de la contraception: Conflits et paradoxes. Contraception Fertilité Sexualité (1973), 16(6), 459–463. Cribier, F. (1988). Les difficultés de la contraception: Conflits et paradoxes. Contraception Fertilité Sexualité (1973), 16(6), 459–463.
go back to reference Danaher, J. (2017). Robotic rape and robotic child sexual abuse: Should they be criminalised? Criminal Law and Philosophy, 11(1), 71–95.CrossRef Danaher, J. (2017). Robotic rape and robotic child sexual abuse: Should they be criminalised? Criminal Law and Philosophy, 11(1), 71–95.CrossRef
go back to reference DiTecco, D.D.B.-A. (2020). New technology, same old stigma: An analysis of feminist discourses and sex work stigma in sex robot media. New York: Carleton University. DiTecco, D.D.B.-A. (2020). New technology, same old stigma: An analysis of feminist discourses and sex work stigma in sex robot media. New York: Carleton University.
go back to reference Dinello, D. (2005). Technophobia!: Science fiction visions of posthuman technology. University of Texas Press. Dinello, D. (2005). Technophobia!: Science fiction visions of posthuman technology. University of Texas Press.
go back to reference DiNucci, E. (2017). Sex robots and the rights of the disabled. In J. Danaher & N. McArthur (Eds.), Robot sex (pp. 73–88). MIT Press. DiNucci, E. (2017). Sex robots and the rights of the disabled. In J. Danaher & N. McArthur (Eds.), Robot sex (pp. 73–88). MIT Press.
go back to reference Doran, K., & Price, J. (2014). Pornography and marriage. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 35(4), 489–498.CrossRef Doran, K., & Price, J. (2014). Pornography and marriage. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 35(4), 489–498.CrossRef
go back to reference Döring, M. R., & Walter, R. (2020). Design, use, and effects of sex dolls and sex robots: Scoping review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(7), e18551.CrossRef Döring, M. R., & Walter, R. (2020). Design, use, and effects of sex dolls and sex robots: Scoping review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(7), e18551.CrossRef
go back to reference Döring, & Pöschl, S. (2018). Sex toys, sex dolls, sex robots: Our under-researched bed-fellows. Sexologies, 27(3), e51–e55.CrossRef Döring, & Pöschl, S. (2018). Sex toys, sex dolls, sex robots: Our under-researched bed-fellows. Sexologies, 27(3), e51–e55.CrossRef
go back to reference Dubé, E., Vivion, M., & MacDonald, N. E. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy, vaccine refusal and the anti-vaccine movement: Influence, impact and implications. Expert Review of Vaccines, 14(1), 99–117.CrossRef Dubé, E., Vivion, M., & MacDonald, N. E. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy, vaccine refusal and the anti-vaccine movement: Influence, impact and implications. Expert Review of Vaccines, 14(1), 99–117.CrossRef
go back to reference Dunne, M. P., Martin, N. G., Bailey, J. M., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A., & Statham, D. J. (1997). Participation bias in a sexuality survey: Psychological and behavioural characteristics of responders and non-responders. International Journal of Epidemiology, 26(4), 844–854. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/26.4.844CrossRef Dunne, M. P., Martin, N. G., Bailey, J. M., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A., & Statham, D. J. (1997). Participation bias in a sexuality survey: Psychological and behavioural characteristics of responders and non-responders. International Journal of Epidemiology, 26(4), 844–854. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​ije/​26.​4.​844CrossRef
go back to reference Favaro, A. (2019). Digital culture: Fears, hopes and uncertainty about artificial intelligence in Sci-Fi movies. In A. Ayhan (Ed.), New approaches in media and communication. Peter Lang. Favaro, A. (2019). Digital culture: Fears, hopes and uncertainty about artificial intelligence in Sci-Fi movies. In A. Ayhan (Ed.), New approaches in media and communication. Peter Lang.
go back to reference Frewer, L. J., Howard, C., Hedderley, D., & Shepherd, R. (1996). What determines trust in information about food-related risks? Underlying psychological constructs. Risk Analysis, 16(4), 473–486.CrossRef Frewer, L. J., Howard, C., Hedderley, D., & Shepherd, R. (1996). What determines trust in information about food-related risks? Underlying psychological constructs. Risk Analysis, 16(4), 473–486.CrossRef
go back to reference Gherheş, V. (2018). Why are we afraid of artificial intelligence (AI)? European Review of Applied Sociology, 11(17), 6–15.CrossRef Gherheş, V. (2018). Why are we afraid of artificial intelligence (AI)? European Review of Applied Sociology, 11(17), 6–15.CrossRef
go back to reference Ginsberg, J., Mohebbi, M. H., Patel, R. S., Brammer, L., Smolinski, M. S., & Brilliant, L. (2009). Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data. Nature, 457(7232), 1012–1014.CrossRef Ginsberg, J., Mohebbi, M. H., Patel, R. S., Brammer, L., Smolinski, M. S., & Brilliant, L. (2009). Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data. Nature, 457(7232), 1012–1014.CrossRef
go back to reference Goodman, J. K., & Paolacci, G. (2017). Crowdsourcing consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 44(1), 196–210.CrossRef Goodman, J. K., & Paolacci, G. (2017). Crowdsourcing consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 44(1), 196–210.CrossRef
go back to reference Graham, J., & Haidt, J. (2010). Beyond beliefs: Religions bind individuals into moral communities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(1), 140–150.CrossRef Graham, J., & Haidt, J. (2010). Beyond beliefs: Religions bind individuals into moral communities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(1), 140–150.CrossRef
go back to reference Grammich, C., Hadaway, K., Houseal, R., Jones, D. E., Krindatch, A., Stanley, R., & Taylor, R. H. (2010). US Religion census: Religious congregations & membership study. In: Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies.[aPES]. Grammich, C., Hadaway, K., Houseal, R., Jones, D. E., Krindatch, A., Stanley, R., & Taylor, R. H. (2010). US Religion census: Religious congregations & membership study. In: Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies.[aPES].
go back to reference Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814.CrossRef Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814.CrossRef
go back to reference Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective. Pearson. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective. Pearson.
go back to reference Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.
go back to reference He, G., Mol, A. P., Zhang, L., & Lu, Y. (2013). Public participation and trust in nuclear power development in China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 23, 1–11.CrossRef He, G., Mol, A. P., Zhang, L., & Lu, Y. (2013). Public participation and trust in nuclear power development in China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 23, 1–11.CrossRef
go back to reference Hendriks, F., Kienhues, D., & Bromme, R. (2016). Trust in science and the science of trust. Trust and communication in a digitized world (pp. 143–159). Springer.CrossRef Hendriks, F., Kienhues, D., & Bromme, R. (2016). Trust in science and the science of trust. Trust and communication in a digitized world (pp. 143–159). Springer.CrossRef
go back to reference Hmielowski, J. D., Feldman, L., Myers, T. A., Leiserowitz, A., & Maibach, E. (2014). An attack on science? Media use, trust in scientists, and perceptions of global warming. Public Understanding of Science, 23(7), 866–883.CrossRef Hmielowski, J. D., Feldman, L., Myers, T. A., Leiserowitz, A., & Maibach, E. (2014). An attack on science? Media use, trust in scientists, and perceptions of global warming. Public Understanding of Science, 23(7), 866–883.CrossRef
go back to reference Hou, J., Wu, Y., & Harrell, E. (2017). Reading on paper and screen among senior adults: Cognitive map and technophobia. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2225.CrossRef Hou, J., Wu, Y., & Harrell, E. (2017). Reading on paper and screen among senior adults: Cognitive map and technophobia. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2225.CrossRef
go back to reference Jolley, D., & Douglas, K. M. (2014). The effects of anti-vaccine conspiracy theories on vaccination intentions. PLoS ONE, 9(2), e89177.CrossRef Jolley, D., & Douglas, K. M. (2014). The effects of anti-vaccine conspiracy theories on vaccination intentions. PLoS ONE, 9(2), e89177.CrossRef
go back to reference Julian, K. (2019). Why are young people having so little sex? The Atlantic, 67, 35–39. Julian, K. (2019). Why are young people having so little sex? The Atlantic, 67, 35–39.
go back to reference Juma, C. (2016). Innovation and its enemies: Why people resist new technologies. Oxford University Press.CrossRef Juma, C. (2016). Innovation and its enemies: Why people resist new technologies. Oxford University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Kaplan, A., & Haenlein, M. (2019). Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who’s the fairest in the land? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence. Business Horizons, 62(1), 15–25.CrossRef Kaplan, A., & Haenlein, M. (2019). Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who’s the fairest in the land? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence. Business Horizons, 62(1), 15–25.CrossRef
go back to reference Kaplan, A., & Haenlein, M. (2020). Rulers of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence. Business Horizons, 63(1), 37–50.CrossRef Kaplan, A., & Haenlein, M. (2020). Rulers of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence. Business Horizons, 63(1), 37–50.CrossRef
go back to reference Kearney, M. S., & Levine, P. B. (2015). Media influences on social outcomes: The impact of MTV’s 16 and pregnant on teen childbearing. American Economic Review, 105(12), 3597–3632.CrossRef Kearney, M. S., & Levine, P. B. (2015). Media influences on social outcomes: The impact of MTV’s 16 and pregnant on teen childbearing. American Economic Review, 105(12), 3597–3632.CrossRef
go back to reference Khasawneh, O. Y. (2018). Technophobia without borders: The influence of technophobia and emotional intelligence on technology acceptance and the moderating influence of organizational climate. Computers in Human Behavior, 88, 210–218.CrossRef Khasawneh, O. Y. (2018). Technophobia without borders: The influence of technophobia and emotional intelligence on technology acceptance and the moderating influence of organizational climate. Computers in Human Behavior, 88, 210–218.CrossRef
go back to reference Kim, J. (2019). Fear of artificial intelligence on people’s attitudinal & behavioral attributes: An exploratory analysis of AI Phobia. GSJ, 7, 10. Kim, J. (2019). Fear of artificial intelligence on people’s attitudinal & behavioral attributes: An exploratory analysis of AI Phobia. GSJ, 7, 10.
go back to reference Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and Practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press. Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and Practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press.
go back to reference Kontula, O. (2015). Sex life challenges: The Finnish case. Elsevier. Kontula, O. (2015). Sex life challenges: The Finnish case. Elsevier.
go back to reference Koumpis, A., & Gees, T. (2020). Sex with robots: A not-so-niche market for disabled and older persons. Paladyn, Journal of Behavioral Robotics, 11(1), 228–232.CrossRef Koumpis, A., & Gees, T. (2020). Sex with robots: A not-so-niche market for disabled and older persons. Paladyn, Journal of Behavioral Robotics, 11(1), 228–232.CrossRef
go back to reference Krumpal, I. (2013). Determinants of social desirability bias in sensitive surveys: A literature review. Quality & Quantity, 47(4), 2025–2047.CrossRef Krumpal, I. (2013). Determinants of social desirability bias in sensitive surveys: A literature review. Quality & Quantity, 47(4), 2025–2047.CrossRef
go back to reference Levy, D. (2006). Marriage and sex with robots. Paper presented at the EURON workshop on roboethics, Genoa. Levy, D. (2006). Marriage and sex with robots. Paper presented at the EURON workshop on roboethics, Genoa.
go back to reference Levy, D. (2009). Love and sex with robots: The evolution of human–robot relationships. HarperCollins. Levy, D. (2009). Love and sex with robots: The evolution of human–robot relationships. HarperCollins.
go back to reference Liang, Y., & Lee, S. A. (2017). Fear of autonomous robots and artificial intelligence: Evidence from national representative data with probability sampling. International Journal of Social Robotics, 9(3), 379–384.CrossRef Liang, Y., & Lee, S. A. (2017). Fear of autonomous robots and artificial intelligence: Evidence from national representative data with probability sampling. International Journal of Social Robotics, 9(3), 379–384.CrossRef
go back to reference Lindell, M. K., & Whitney, D. J. (2001). Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 114–121.CrossRef Lindell, M. K., & Whitney, D. J. (2001). Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 114–121.CrossRef
go back to reference Linkov, I., Trump, B. D., Galaitsi, S., & Hendren, C. (2019). Sex robots–A harbinger for emerging AI risk. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 2, 27.CrossRef Linkov, I., Trump, B. D., Galaitsi, S., & Hendren, C. (2019). Sex robots–A harbinger for emerging AI risk. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 2, 27.CrossRef
go back to reference Liu, H., & Priest, S. (2009). Understanding public support for stem cell research: Media communication, interpersonal communication and trust in key actors. Public Understanding of Science, 18(6), 704–718.CrossRef Liu, H., & Priest, S. (2009). Understanding public support for stem cell research: Media communication, interpersonal communication and trust in key actors. Public Understanding of Science, 18(6), 704–718.CrossRef
go back to reference MacInnis, C. C., & Hodson, G. (2015). Do American states with more religious or conservative populations search more for sexual content on Google? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(1), 137–147.CrossRef MacInnis, C. C., & Hodson, G. (2015). Do American states with more religious or conservative populations search more for sexual content on Google? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(1), 137–147.CrossRef
go back to reference McCredie, M. N., & Morey, L. C. (2019). Who are the Turkers? A characterization of MTurk workers using the personality assessment inventory. Assessment, 26(5), 759–766.CrossRef McCredie, M. N., & Morey, L. C. (2019). Who are the Turkers? A characterization of MTurk workers using the personality assessment inventory. Assessment, 26(5), 759–766.CrossRef
go back to reference Mohamed, H. S. (2018). Embryonic politics: Attitudes about abortion, stem cell research, and IVF. Politics and Religion, 11(3), 459–497.CrossRef Mohamed, H. S. (2018). Embryonic politics: Attitudes about abortion, stem cell research, and IVF. Politics and Religion, 11(3), 459–497.CrossRef
go back to reference Navar, A. M. (2019). Fear-based medical misinformation and disease prevention: From vaccines to statins. JAMA Cardiology, 4(8), 723–724.CrossRef Navar, A. M. (2019). Fear-based medical misinformation and disease prevention: From vaccines to statins. JAMA Cardiology, 4(8), 723–724.CrossRef
go back to reference Nimrod, G. (2018). Technophobia among older Internet users. Educational Gerontology, 44(2–3), 148–162.CrossRef Nimrod, G. (2018). Technophobia among older Internet users. Educational Gerontology, 44(2–3), 148–162.CrossRef
go back to reference Nisbet, M. C., & Myers, T. (2007). The polls-trends. Public Opinion Quarterly, 71(3), 444–470.CrossRef Nisbet, M. C., & Myers, T. (2007). The polls-trends. Public Opinion Quarterly, 71(3), 444–470.CrossRef
go back to reference Oh, C., Lee, T., Kim, Y., Park, S., Kwon, S., & Suh, B. (2017). Us vs. them: Understanding artificial intelligence technophobia over the google deepmind challenge match. In: Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Oh, C., Lee, T., Kim, Y., Park, S., Kwon, S., & Suh, B. (2017). Us vs. them: Understanding artificial intelligence technophobia over the google deepmind challenge match. In: Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
go back to reference Paschen, U., Pitt, C., & Kietzmann, J. (2020). Artificial intelligence: Building blocks and an innovation typology. Business Horizons, 63(2), 147–155.CrossRef Paschen, U., Pitt, C., & Kietzmann, J. (2020). Artificial intelligence: Building blocks and an innovation typology. Business Horizons, 63(2), 147–155.CrossRef
go back to reference Pizzol, D., Bertoldo, A., & Foresta, C. (2016). Adolescents and web porn: A new era of sexuality. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 28(2), 169–173.CrossRef Pizzol, D., Bertoldo, A., & Foresta, C. (2016). Adolescents and web porn: A new era of sexuality. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 28(2), 169–173.CrossRef
go back to reference Preis, T., Reith, D., & Stanley, H. E. (2010). Complex dynamics of our economic life on different scales: Insights from search engine query data. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society a: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 368(1933), 5707–5719.CrossRef Preis, T., Reith, D., & Stanley, H. E. (2010). Complex dynamics of our economic life on different scales: Insights from search engine query data. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society a: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 368(1933), 5707–5719.CrossRef
go back to reference Redmiles, E. M., Kross, S., & Mazurek, M. L. (2019). How well do my results generalize? comparing security and privacy survey results from mturk, web, and telephone samples. Paper presented at the 2019 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). Redmiles, E. M., Kross, S., & Mazurek, M. L. (2019). How well do my results generalize? comparing security and privacy survey results from mturk, web, and telephone samples. Paper presented at the 2019 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP).
go back to reference Rees, J. (2013). Refrigeration nation: A history of ice, appliances, and enterprise in America. JHU Press. Rees, J. (2013). Refrigeration nation: A history of ice, appliances, and enterprise in America. JHU Press.
go back to reference Regnerus, M. D., & Regnerus, M. (2007). Forbidden fruit: Sex & religion in the lives of American teenagers. OUP.CrossRef Regnerus, M. D., & Regnerus, M. (2007). Forbidden fruit: Sex & religion in the lives of American teenagers. OUP.CrossRef
go back to reference Riepma, S. F. (1970). Story of Margarine. Public Affairs Press, Washington, D.C. Riepma, S. F. (1970). Story of Margarine. Public Affairs Press, Washington, D.C.
go back to reference Rosen, L. D., & Weil, M. M. (1995). Computer anxiety: A cross-cultural comparison of university students in ten countries. Computers in Human Behavior, 11(1), 45–64.CrossRef Rosen, L. D., & Weil, M. M. (1995). Computer anxiety: A cross-cultural comparison of university students in ten countries. Computers in Human Behavior, 11(1), 45–64.CrossRef
go back to reference Russell, S., Dewey, D., & Tegmark, M. (2015). Research priorities for robust and beneficial artificial intelligence: an open letter. AI Magazine, 36, 4. Russell, S., Dewey, D., & Tegmark, M. (2015). Research priorities for robust and beneficial artificial intelligence: an open letter. AI Magazine, 36, 4.
go back to reference Samani, H. A. (2011). Lovotics: Love+ robotics, sentimental robot with affective artificial intelligence (Doctoral Dissertation). National University of Singapore. Samani, H. A. (2011). Lovotics: Love+ robotics, sentimental robot with affective artificial intelligence (Doctoral Dissertation). National University of Singapore.
go back to reference Scheufele, D. A., Corley, E. A., Shih, T.-J., Dalrymple, K. E., & Ho, S. S. (2009). Religious beliefs and public attitudes toward nanotechnology in Europe and the United States. Nature Nanotechnology, 4(2), 91–94.CrossRef Scheufele, D. A., Corley, E. A., Shih, T.-J., Dalrymple, K. E., & Ho, S. S. (2009). Religious beliefs and public attitudes toward nanotechnology in Europe and the United States. Nature Nanotechnology, 4(2), 91–94.CrossRef
go back to reference Scheutz, M., & Arnold, T. (2016). Are we ready for sex robots? Paper presented at the 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). Scheutz, M., & Arnold, T. (2016). Are we ready for sex robots? Paper presented at the 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).
go back to reference Sharkey, N., van Wynsberghe, A., Robbins, S., & Hancock, E. (2017). Our sexual future with robots. Foundation for Responsible Robotics. Sharkey, N., van Wynsberghe, A., Robbins, S., & Hancock, E. (2017). Our sexual future with robots. Foundation for Responsible Robotics.
go back to reference Sparrow, R. (2017). Robots, rape, and representation. International Journal of Social Robotics, 9(4), 465–477.CrossRef Sparrow, R. (2017). Robots, rape, and representation. International Journal of Social Robotics, 9(4), 465–477.CrossRef
go back to reference Stephens-Davidowitz, S. (2014). The cost of racial animus on a black candidate: Evidence using Google search data. Journal of Public Economics, 118, 26–40.CrossRef Stephens-Davidowitz, S. (2014). The cost of racial animus on a black candidate: Evidence using Google search data. Journal of Public Economics, 118, 26–40.CrossRef
go back to reference Sturgis, P., Cooper, H., & Fife-Schaw, C. (2005). Attitudes to biotechnology: Estimating the opinions of a better-informed public. New Genetics and Society, 24(1), 31–56.CrossRef Sturgis, P., Cooper, H., & Fife-Schaw, C. (2005). Attitudes to biotechnology: Estimating the opinions of a better-informed public. New Genetics and Society, 24(1), 31–56.CrossRef
go back to reference Sullins, J. P. (2012). Robots, love, and sex: The ethics of building a love machine. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, 3(4), 398–409.CrossRef Sullins, J. P. (2012). Robots, love, and sex: The ethics of building a love machine. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, 3(4), 398–409.CrossRef
go back to reference Szollosy, M. (2017). Freud, Frankenstein and our fear of robots: Projection in our cultural perception of technology. AI & SOCIETY, 32(3), 433–439.CrossRef Szollosy, M. (2017). Freud, Frankenstein and our fear of robots: Projection in our cultural perception of technology. AI & SOCIETY, 32(3), 433–439.CrossRef
go back to reference Whitehead, A. L., & Perry, S. L. (2018). Unbuckling the Bible belt: A state-level analysis of religious factors and Google searches for porn. The Journal of Sex Research, 55(3), 273–283.CrossRef Whitehead, A. L., & Perry, S. L. (2018). Unbuckling the Bible belt: A state-level analysis of religious factors and Google searches for porn. The Journal of Sex Research, 55(3), 273–283.CrossRef
go back to reference Wolfe, R. M., & Sharp, L. K. (2002). Anti-vaccinationists past and present. BMJ, 325(7361), 430–432.CrossRef Wolfe, R. M., & Sharp, L. K. (2002). Anti-vaccinationists past and present. BMJ, 325(7361), 430–432.CrossRef
go back to reference Złotowski, J., Yogeeswaran, K., & Bartneck, C. (2017). Can we control it? Autonomous robots threaten human identity, uniqueness, safety, and resources. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 100, 48–54.CrossRef Złotowski, J., Yogeeswaran, K., & Bartneck, C. (2017). Can we control it? Autonomous robots threaten human identity, uniqueness, safety, and resources. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 100, 48–54.CrossRef
go back to reference Zollo, L. (2020). The consumers’ emotional dog learns to persuade its rational tail: Toward a social intuitionist framework of ethical consumption. Journal of Business Ethics, 168, 1–19. Zollo, L. (2020). The consumers’ emotional dog learns to persuade its rational tail: Toward a social intuitionist framework of ethical consumption. Journal of Business Ethics, 168, 1–19.
Metadata
Title
Sex Robots: Are We Ready for Them? An Exploration of the Psychological Mechanisms Underlying People’s Receptiveness of Sex Robots
Authors
Junzhao Ma
Dewi Tojib
Yelena Tsarenko
Publication date
07-02-2022
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
Journal of Business Ethics / Issue 4/2022
Print ISSN: 0167-4544
Electronic ISSN: 1573-0697
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05059-4

Other articles of this Issue 4/2022

Journal of Business Ethics 4/2022 Go to the issue