Sleep patterns and short-term memory performance among Saudi university students: a structural equation modelling approach

This study examined the relationship between sleep patterns and short-term memory recall abilities among Saudi university students using structural equation modelling. A total of 301 students were recruited through stratified random sampling, warranting balanced representation across demographic variables. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire that assessed sleep patterns, memory recall, academic and lifestyle factors, external influences on sleep, and their perceived connection between sleep and memory. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to validate the instrument’s dimensional structure. Structural equation modelling was used to examine direct, moderating, and mediating relationships among the study variables. The findings revealed that consistently healthy sleep patterns were positively associated with short-term memory recall abilities, while academic demands, poor lifestyle choices, and external factors were negatively related to sleep quality and cognitive performance. Students who perceived a stronger link between sleep and memory exhibited better recall. The study also found that gender, field of study, academic workload, and stress moderated the relationship between sleep and memory. Moreover, students with a history of sleep disorders reported lower sleep quality and weaker memory recall compared to those without such conditions. These results reveal the importance of promoting healthy sleep habits and raising awareness about the cognitive benefits of sleep among university students. The findings have implications for students, teachers, and policymakers in developing targeted interventions and support programs to enhance sleep quality and academic performance.