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2020 | Book

Smart Methodologies for Smart Cities: A Comparative Analysis Read chapter Read first chapter

Smart Governance for Cities: Perspectives and Experiences

Editor: Dr. Nuno Vasco Moreira Lopes

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Book Series : EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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About this book

This book provides theoretical perspectives and practical experiences on smart governance for smart cities. It presents a balanced linkage between research, policies and practices on this area. The authors discuss the sustainability challenges raised by rapid urbanization, challenges with smart governance models in various countries, and a new governance paradigm seen as a capable approach able to overcome social, economic and environmental sustainability problems. The authors include case studies on transformation, adaption and transfers; and country, regional, municipal contextualization. Also included are best practices on monitoring and evaluating smart governance and impact assessment. The book features contributions from researchers, academics, and practitioners in the field.

Analyzes smart governance for cities from a variety of perspectives and a variety of sectors – both in theory and in practice

Features information on the linkage between United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and smart governance

Covers the connection between research, policies and practice in smart governance for smart cities

Table of Contents

Frontmatter

Perspectives

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Smart Methodologies for Smart Cities: A Comparative Analysis
Abstract
Smart cities are at the heart of countries’ strategies as an efficient approach for dealing with the global challenges identified by the United Nations in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and in the Paris Climate Agreement. The majority of those challenges reside in urban context and, given the rapid urbanisation trend, they can get worse if nothing is done to mitigate them. The global, national and local challenges, goals and targets are well identified in scientific and policy literature; the problem now is how to address these challenges and achieve the desired goals within a given target. This chapter sheds new light on the understanding on how the challenges can be addressed and the goals achieved through a ten-step methodology approach for smart cities. The proposed methodology for smart cities was a result of a comparative research study carried out with three methodologies of smart cities from Dubai, Istanbul and Montreal and drawn based on the experience gathered by the authors with the design of the smart sustainable city framework of UNU-EGOV.
Nuno Vasco Moreira Lopes, Joanna Rodrigues
Chapter 2. Smart City Governance Model for Pakistan
Abstract
In the context of the unprecedented sustainability challenges provoked by rapid urbanization, this chapter analyzes the unreadiness of actual Pakistan governance model to deal with those challenges and therefore suggests a suitable and flexible governance model for Pakistan cities to become smarter and sustainable. In that sense, the chapter starts by making a summary of Pakistan policy documents on smart cities, then gives a theoretical overview of the concept of smart governance exposed in scientific literature, after that describes the cities’ governance in Pakistan, and, finally, proposes a new governance model for Pakistan to be able to achieve the sustainable development goals stated in UN agenda 2030, through smarter and sustainable cities. The chapter concludes that a two-tier smart governance model grounded in good governance principles such as effectiveness, efficiency, transparency, collaboration and openness, accountability, and pluralism and driven by e-governance and e-government is the most indicated model to achieve the purposes of cities to become smart and sustainable.
Nuno Vasco Moreira Lopes, Shahid Farooq
Chapter 3. Building a Framework for Smart Cities: Strategy Development
Abstract
Smart city initiates the promise to address current problems of climate change, fossil fuels, and others. Decision makers call for innovative strategies to transform cities to smart ones. The transformational process to smart cities is hard, complex, and repetitive. We propose a generalized development process of smart city strategies as a support to the different stakeholders and which is validated with examples of smart city initiatives. In addition, a web-based platform is proposed for strategy formulation, sharing, and simulation. It allows stakeholders to communicate, design, and share strategies for smart city development and it is based on ontologies for a formal design and representation of strategies. A group of stakeholders, especially researchers and decision makers, test the proposed framework in a case of strategy formulation related to educational domain in a Tunisian city. They also evaluate the framework. The preliminary results of the use of the framework show that the latter has been useful for stakeholders in the process of strategy development. It facilitates the process and removes limits. The use of ontologies helps in formal design, representation, adaptation, and sharing of strategies.
Aroua Taamallah, Maha Khemaja, Sami Faiz
Chapter 4. Social Media as Tool of SMART City Marketing
The Role of Social Media Users Regarding the Management of City Identity
Abstract
Competition and cooperation process of the European cities and regions is considered as one of the most important scopes of the scientific discourse among spatial planners, sociologists, geographers, economists, etc. Recent development has shown that hard factors are becoming less and less important and the cities are learning to search for soft factors and they are strategically managing their marketing activities, fostering social participation and involvement of the public. As the cities borrow the knowledge from the commercial business practice in terms of marketing, it is important to investigate the new trends triggered by the widespread use of the Internet and most important by the phenomenon of Web 2.0 and social media. The aim of this chapter is to review the potential of social media regarding city marketing and public participation. Gathered information is confronted with the case study of two Facebook pages administered by the municipality of Bratislava, Slovakia, and by the mayor of Bratislava. Comparison of the activity on social media by these two profiles draws interesting conclusions of the usage of social media in the modern city development.
Dagmar Petrikova, Matej Jaššo, Michal Hajduk
Chapter 5. Inclusive and Accessible SMART City for All
Abstract
Since 2008, the European Union has been facing the economic crisis and many cities need to rethink their current model of socio-economic development in order to meet new challenges—social inclusion and city liveability. Modern cities are adopting smart city concepts all over the world in order to adapt to new emerging technological innovations. To become a smart city is the challenge of the twenty-first century. Smart cities promise the age of innovative urban planning driven by smart technologies that will make cities safer, cleaner, more economical and above all more efficient. However, making our cities not only smart but also more inclusive and accessible will be increasingly important in the following decades. Urban demographic changes require new approaches in urban planning and accessible smart cities represent a promising future. That naturally requires to address different social groups living there in both global and local smart city policies. However, the most vulnerable of them—people with special needs—are not always considered in mainstream policies and therefore cities are urged to rethink their urban agendas with greater focus on social inclusion and accessibility across all development actions. This chapter examines requirements of people with special needs on the quality of urban space for sustainable urban development. The chapter highlights why it is necessary to shift the urban development towards concepts that are aware of the specific needs of the whole population—smart cities for all.
Dagmar Petríková, Lucia Petríková
Chapter 6. AI, IoT, Big Data, and Technologies in Digital Economy with Blockchain at Sustainable Work Satisfaction to Smart Mankind: Access to 6th Dimension of Human Rights
Abstract
The usefulness of this work lies in the need for the world economy to circulate product, service, and wealth in a safe and profitable way. The survival of mankind depends on this. Taxation to smart economy has been the cause of many discussions since 2015. Taxation should provide resources for governments to move the economy and ensure a dignity life for the citizen. It cannot be a cause of economic stagnation like it has been happening in many countries.
Thus, this work is a complete legal doctrine that serves as guideline for rulers, attorneys, lawyers, judges, companies, and anyone who is involved in the digital economy.
The international scenario calls for laws to ensure security, trust, and an inclusive standard for international taxation. Until January 2019, only a few countries have been doing their regulatory framework but there is still no inclusive standard and for this reason the scenario is chaotic and many companies find it difficult to move in full compliance.
The digital economy must be analyzed within the POSITIVE LEGAL FRAMEWORK. This is the set of laws that govern the life of the citizen in the public and private field, within his/her country or in the international field.
Thus, it will not be correct to analyze and discuss the digital economy only in the internal field of a country or consider only commercial conduct because this is part of the life of the citizen and affects all humanity in all fields: social, economic, criminal, civil, tributary, and humanitarian.
It isn’t correct to analyze the digital economy only on a bias. The angle should be 360° because the smart economy makes part of the world.
For these reasons, this legal doctrine is complete and provides a useful guideline for guiding conducts in the gray areas in smart economy.
In the field of law science, commercial or civilian conduct only has three possible commands: ALLOWED, COMPULSORY, AND PROHIBITED. There is no fourth alternative. So, everything that isn’t forbidden will consequently be allowed. The PRINCIPLE OF LEGALITY doesn’t authorize criminalization of conduct that hasn’t been described in law like a crime and there is the possibility that companies may claim the postponement of the effects of the new rules based on the PRINCIPLE OF ANTERIORITY.
Therefore, knowing the actions prohibited or against compliance, automatically, establishes the conduct that is allowed because they aren’t prohibited. This is important at this time where the digital economy doesn’t have a general and transparent international rule.
Establishing technologies like AI, IoT, big data, and smart economy with blockchain and cryptocurrencies as the 6TH DIMENSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS guides governments’ annual budget plans to maximize the application of taxes rather than just creating new forms of taxation that imposes weight unbearable for business and threatens the survival of mankind, and the democratic principles allow it to be brought in a participative way.
This legal doctrine results in peace to business and mankind, safe borders, and human security. It means a SUSTAINABLE WORLD and a SUSTAINABLE WORK SATISFACTION.
Andrea Romaoli Garcia

Experiences

Frontmatter
Chapter 7. Modelling of Traffic Load by the DataFromSky System in the Smart City Concept
Abstract
Transport is an economic sector that is growing in the global scale in most of the monitored indicators. There are commensurately increasing negative effects on the urban population health and the environment (emissions, noise, hazardous material transport, congestion, human inactivity, etc.). The issue of sustainable transport, especially in the urban areas, is being discussed more often. Negative impact on the human health can never be avoided, but in a responsible and sustainable society the sets of measures are applied to minimise the impact. One of the possible approaches to the solution is to use the data obtained with the DataFromSky system focused on the intensity modelling and generation of emissions from transport. This system is a software tool that uses the real traffic information about the monitored area of traffic such as the type of the passing vehicles, their speed and acceleration profile. The data are analysed and processed in two stages. The first one is georegistration and the latter one is detection, localisation and cracking of objects of interest in the video sequence. These data are obtained by monitoring the traffic area with the application of the drone technology or camera systems. The measured data can be used for predictions and modelling of the emission development in transport. The aim is to create a supporting tool for traffic control which is in accordance with the smart city concept and leads to reducing the emission load from traffic.
V. Adamec, D. Herman, B. Schullerova, M. Urbanek
Chapter 8. A Combined Data Analytics and Network Science Approach for Smart Real Estate Investment: Towards Affordable Housing
Abstract
Sophisticated tools for smart management and public services are crucial aspects of smart cities and especially affordable housing. In this context, a novel algorithm is introduced, which assists a user to identify locations for real estate investment. The methodology involves an application of data analytics for selection of top attributes of real estate for a user, and based on these attributes stacks of machine learning algorithms like decision trees, principal component analysis (PCA), and K-means clustering identify the location for investment. While data analytics comprising statistical modeling and machine learning techniques can compute the important attributes and thereby identify locations, it is nontrivial to get good insight at the scale of a large complex network consisting of hundreds of attributes and locations. This is mainly due to the underlying assumptions of i.i.d (independent and identically distributed) on random variables of many learning algorithms. Network science provides the necessary tools to analyze interactions and relations among entities in large networks considering the interdependencies of variables. In this chapter, a network created from the locations outputted by machine learning layers is described that utilizes network measures like eigen centrality that helps a user to determine the best location for investment, while providing deeper insight into the location identification problem. In addition, simulation of network dynamics provides the most influential and stable attribute of the designed real estate complex network, in the presence of the random link weight perturbations.
Real estate investment comprises many attributes that can be categorized into social, economic, governmental, and environmental. Of all these, only real estate factors are considered in this work. However, the same work can be extended to other factors as well.
E. Sandeep Kumar, Viswanath Talasila
Chapter 9. The City of L’Aquila as a Living Lab: The INCIPICT Project and the 5G Trial
Abstract
The city of L’Aquila is one of the five Italian cities selected by the Italian Government to host the 5G experimentation. This city has the specificity of being a “living lab,” because it is currently passing through the reconstruction process after the earthquake of 2009, thus offering a “green field” scenario to the scientific community. This process is led according to the innovative paradigm of “Smart City,” whose foundation is the INCIPICT project (INnovating CIty Planning through Information and Communications Technology), described in this chapter. Its main focus is the development of an innovative optical network, which surrounds the city center and connects the main public sites of interest. The optical network represents an open test bed for researchers in optical transmission and networking as well as the basis for innovative wireless technologies and smart city applications.
This chapter describes the INCIPICT project highlighting its role in the ongoing 5G trial hosted in the city of L’Aquila. The 5G experimental activities will be driven by several use cases according to a vertical pilot approach. In this chapter a description of the 5G use cases under the coordination of the University of L’Aquila together with the related experimental activities is provided.
Fabio Franchi, Fabio Graziosi, Andrea Marotta, Claudia Rinaldi
Chapter 10. Mobility in Smart Cities: Will Automated Vehicles Take It Over?
Abstract
This chapter aims to develop an empirical roadmap for the public sector on how to implement automated transport in the urban context. This is a theory-driven and empirics-tested approach, meaning that innovation concepts and smart city frameworks will be mapped with examples from the real-life urban cases. It is expected that smart city aims to solve actual real-life global problems, and thus United Nations sustainable development goals in the case of cities are used. As a framework, main drivers and barriers will be analysed in order to provide public sector decision-makers both negative and positive effects of the automated urban transport.
Ralf-Martin Soe
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Smart Governance for Cities: Perspectives and Experiences
Editor
Dr. Nuno Vasco Moreira Lopes
Copyright Year
2020
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-22070-9
Print ISBN
978-3-030-22069-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22070-9